Resources and Reserves are the foundation assets to all E&P companies. Valuation of E&P companies is based on these numbers in their book! It is the most important asset of any E&P company. In Fortune 500 (http://fortune.com/global500/ ) 2,3,4,5,6 11 & 12 are E&P.
This presentation gives an overview to what goes into this MOST IMPORTANT number. You may need to check some basic terms and backup to get a fuller understandign
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann ...ijtsrd
This research paper is focused to estimate the current production rate of the wells and to predict field remaining reserves. The remaining reserve depends on the production points that selected to represent the real well behavior, the way of dealing with the production data, and the human errors that might happen during the life of the field. Reserves estimating methods are usually categorized into three families analogy, volumetric, and performance techniques. Reserve Estimators should utilize the particular methods, and the number of methods, which in their professional judgment are most appropriate given i the geographic location, formation characteristics and nature of the property or group of properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated ii the amount and quality of available data and iii the significance of such property or group of properties in relation to the oil and gas properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated. In this research paper, the calculation of collecting data and sample by volumetric method are suggested to estimate the oil and gas production rate with time by using the geological configuration and the historical production data from CD 3700 3800 sand in Mann Oil Field. San Win "Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann Oil Field" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27945.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/petroleum-engineering/27945/reserve-estimation-of-initial-oil-and-gas-by-using-volumetric-method-in-mann-oil-field/san-win
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
production engineering 2 topic.
which includes the production logging tools, its application, categories of application and also some uses of the log with example in the practical life and physics.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann ...ijtsrd
This research paper is focused to estimate the current production rate of the wells and to predict field remaining reserves. The remaining reserve depends on the production points that selected to represent the real well behavior, the way of dealing with the production data, and the human errors that might happen during the life of the field. Reserves estimating methods are usually categorized into three families analogy, volumetric, and performance techniques. Reserve Estimators should utilize the particular methods, and the number of methods, which in their professional judgment are most appropriate given i the geographic location, formation characteristics and nature of the property or group of properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated ii the amount and quality of available data and iii the significance of such property or group of properties in relation to the oil and gas properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated. In this research paper, the calculation of collecting data and sample by volumetric method are suggested to estimate the oil and gas production rate with time by using the geological configuration and the historical production data from CD 3700 3800 sand in Mann Oil Field. San Win "Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann Oil Field" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27945.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/petroleum-engineering/27945/reserve-estimation-of-initial-oil-and-gas-by-using-volumetric-method-in-mann-oil-field/san-win
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
production engineering 2 topic.
which includes the production logging tools, its application, categories of application and also some uses of the log with example in the practical life and physics.
calculating reservoir pressure, knowing Depth of gas-oil. oil water interface, GOC AND WOC, numeric method to calculate interface. importance of isobaric maps in estimating reservoir pressure.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
Well logs can be states as “a recording against depth of any of the characteristics of the rock formations traversed by a measuring apparatus in the well-bore.”
calculating reservoir pressure, knowing Depth of gas-oil. oil water interface, GOC AND WOC, numeric method to calculate interface. importance of isobaric maps in estimating reservoir pressure.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
Well logs can be states as “a recording against depth of any of the characteristics of the rock formations traversed by a measuring apparatus in the well-bore.”
What is the different between the net pay and resrvoir thicknessStudent
Prepared by Yasir Albeatiy
Contact me with information below:
E-Mail: yasiralbeatiy2015@gmail.com
Phone No. + Whatsapp : +9647828319225
Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
What are my 3P Reserves? Haas Petroleum Engineering Serviceshaasengineering
What is the best way to estimate your 3P reserves? President of Haas Petroleum Engineering Services Thad Toups gave this presentation on Haas' internal analytics and auditing methodology.
UnBBayes-PRM - On Implementing Probabilistic Relational ModelsRommel Carvalho
UnBBayes is a probabilistic network framework written in Java. It has both a GUI and an API with inference, sampling, learning and evaluation. It supports BN, ID, MSBN, OOBN, HBN, MEBN/PR-OWL, PRM, structure, parameter and incremental learning.
This presentation talks about UnBBayes-PRM, a plugin for UnBBayes that has a simple implementation of Probabilistic Relational Models.
This presentation was given by Shou Matsumoto from the University of Brasilia in Brazil via web conference to PhD students at George Mason University in the US on the Friday seminar called Krypton (http://krypton.c4i.gmu.edu/) in October 29, 2010.
A presentation by Chris Bredenhann, southern African energy leader, PWC South Africa. Delivered during African Ports Evolution 2015 in Durban, South Africa.
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
Dear Sir / Madam,
Greetings and Good morning!!!!
Please find attached to this email a copy of my latest Resume. I am interested in applying for the Sr Hydrogeologist position. I have more than 16 years of experience in the field of Geological / Hydrogeological / and Geotechnical investigations in India, Singapore, Papua New Guinea and Bangladesh for soil & rock investigations for offshore and onshore. I believe that my strong technical experience and educational qualifications will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. I am immediately available for joining. If you have any questions or would like to set up a discussion, please let me know.
I look forward to hearing from you
Many Thanks,
Dr John Devadas. Dakey
drjohndevadas@yahoo.co.in
+91 8374568847
Dear Sir / Madam,
Greetings and Good morning!!!!
Please find attached to this email a copy of my latest Resume. I am interested in applying for the Sr Hydrogeologist position. I have more than 16 years of experience in the field of Geological / Hydrogeological / and Geotechnical investigations in India, Singapore, Papua New Guinea and Bangladesh for soil & rock investigations for offshore and onshore. I believe that my strong technical experience and educational qualifications will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. I am immediately available for joining. If you have any questions or would like to set up a discussion, please let me know.
I look forward to hearing from you
Many Thanks,
Dr John Devadas. Dakey
drjohndevadas@yahoo.co.in
+91 8374568847
This was the presentation of design project 1 (PGE 405).A project about Improved reservoir Evaluation. In this project, I discussed using different techniques in reservoir evaluation as well as using downhole fluid analysis.
This thesis focuses on assessing and integrating the information available during the
beginning of the exploration phase when an exploratory well has been drilled and has
found a new accumulation. The studied data set consist of cores and fluid laboratory
analysis, logs, well testing and seismic. The main objectives are: (i) develop the static
and dynamic models from the outset of the exploration stage when the geological
framework is still poorly understood; (ii) predict reservoir properties, e.g., permeabilitythickness
product, reservoir average permeability and productivity index by applying
analytical and numerical solutions. In order to achieve the goals this thesis proposes an
innovative manner to model the reservoir based on hydraulic flow unit concept. The
workflow generated allows decoupling of geological rock facies from reservoir fluid
flow behavior.
The early data integration and modeling permits to identify and address the key
uncertainties concerning the discovery and to assist and buttress well test design and
interpretations. Moreover, it allows a preliminary understanding of the reservoir and
helps to guide the subsequent steps of the exploration.
The hydrocarbon accumulation consists of a deepwater carbonate reservoir revealing to
be highly heterogeneous and in general composed by thin layers displaying a significant
contrast in flow potential. Despite such heterogeneity the employed methodology
succeeds in adjusting a permeability curve with core measurements. Following the
workflow the entire upscaling process moving from cores to well-logs, from well-logs
to static model and finally, from static model to dynamic model is described.
Furthermore, all the steps to populate the models with petrophysical attributes and the
analytical methods to predict reservoir parameters are also presented.
A Review on Associative Classification Data Mining Approach in Agricultural S...Editor IJMTER
Data mining in agriculture is a very recent research topic. It consists in the
application of data mining techniques to agriculture. Recent technologies are nowadays able to
provide a lot of information on agricultural-related activities, which can then be analyzed in
order to find important information. A related, but not equivalent term is precision agriculture.
This research aimed to assess the various classification techniques of data mining and apply
them to a soil science database to establish if meaningful relationships can be found. A large
data set of soil database is extracted from the Soil Science & Agricultural department, Bhopal
M.P and National Informatics Centre, The application of data mining techniques has never
been conducted for Bhopal soil data sets. The research compares the different classifiers and
the outcome of this research could improve the management and systems of soil uses
throughout a large number of fields that include agriculture, horticulture, environmental and
land use management.
There are a number of self-help life-style ideas. Each of the important ones are captured in 1 slide each in this share.
1. Eisenhower decision matrix 2. SMAC & SMART tasks 3. Top-Down & Bottom-Up approach 4. Prioritising work 5. 6-Steps to make it happen 7. Comfort Zone to happiness and 8. Living Consciously.
The reality of – big crew change in E&P. Srikanth G
E&P's resource crunch is top news world-over. It is conventionally analyzed as the consequence of
1) Cyclicity in E&P (oil prices, industry boom, recruitment)
2) Lower interest in E&P subjects due to dominant perception of the business being CAUSE for climate change (dirty business)
3) Sophistication of the technical subjects - needing "EXPERT" guidance
This presentation analyses it from a COMPLETELY DIFFERENT perspective. E&P crew crunch is due to "lagging behind" in the science and technology methodology.
It can be proved that E&P is indeed significantly stuck in 20th century principles and concepts.
Tips for successful interviews in entry level positions.
Recognize that YOU are the center of the interview and the reason for the success.
Technical competency and behavior maturity needs development over time
IIT is the best place to broaden your ideas and integrate all learning into discovery
Given at IIT Bombay Earth Science on 10th Aug 13
A job offer is NOT the only measure of successful interview performance. Your FEEL-GOOD is an important success factor. In most situations the offer is an interaction between your GOOD performance and the ground REALITY at the company and interview members. However, a FEEL_GOOD performance is completely your own making!
Hydrocarbon E&P processes applications and computer usesSrikanth G
Petroleum E&P business processes are described. The suite of computer applications used in the technical workflows are introduced. A suitable summary for all readers
Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production is a versatile and technologically diverse business. This presentation given to IT teams provides a overview
4th paradigm geo science iitb talk march2011Srikanth G
Introduction to 4th Paradigm and its impact in Petroleum Geoscience.
Additional information at:
https://sites.google.com/site/4thparadigmgeoscience/
https://groups.google.com/group/4th-paradigm-geoscience?hl=en
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Petroleum Resources - Outline
1. Petroleum Resources – Types
i. Conventional
ii. Unconventional
2. Volumes of Petroleum
i. In Reservoir
ii. At Point-of-Sale (Production)
3. Principles of Estimation
4. Standards and Terminology
5. Uncertainty and Assessment
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
2
3. Petroleum Resources & Reserves
• Estimated volumes of oil & gas in an area of
investigation.
• Determined indirectly from may different methods of
investigation
• Inherent uncertainty in the relationship between the
measurement – volumes of oil & gas exists
• The determined volumes and their value are of
strategic importance in company – national and global
economics
• Are treated as “Assets” in the company books
• Determines the valuation of the company and assets of
nations.
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
3
4. Petroleum resource - types
• Petroleum resources are volumes of oil & gas that occur as
deposits in the layers of earth
• In principle these are similar to the other mineral deposits
• Rocks in the crust of earth have pore-space that is filled
with – i) Water ii) Gases and iii) Petroleum
– Petroleum occurs in 2 primary phases : i) Oil and ii) Gas
• Significant quantities (that can be discovered and
produced) occur in 2 types of deposits :
i) Conventional : discrete accumulations – with map
boundaries & distinct hydrodynamic realms
ii) Unconventional : continuous accumulations in a wide
area & not affected by or separated by distinct hydrodynamic
realm (from the pervasive water)
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
4
5. Types of Petroleum Resources
Conventional
Confined to clear areas of Petroleum
Unconventional
Large unconfined areas have variable volumes
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
5
The difference in nature of these 2 types determines the
methods of assessment and recovery
6. Types of Petroleum Resources
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
6
Conventional : discrete accumulations –
with map boundaries & distinct
hydrodynamic realms
Unconventional : continuous
accumulations in a wide area & not
affected by or separated by distinct
hydrodynamic realm
7. Volumes of Petroleum
Reservoir
• The amount of Oil & Gas that
occurs in the subsurface
– Yet to be discovered =
Prospective (opportunity)
– Discovered (Known)
• Undeveloped – Value yet to be
realized
• Developed – Value is realized
and mechanism to produce
and sell are in-place.
– Produced - Volumes
produced and sold
(monetized)
• Volumes are in the conditions
of the deposit (Reservoir)
– Reservoir = Petroleum Deposit
in the subsurface.
Reserves (Saleable)
• The Amount of Oil & Gas that is
or can be produced and sold at
given time.
– Discovered + Developed
– Engineering and processing
facilities are built
– Operational aspects of the
reservoir and its facilities are
known (in-place)
• Volumes are in the surface
conditions of extraction,
processing, transportation and
sale. (Reserves)
– Field = Petroleum reservoir that is
developed and producing (ready).
– Reserves = Volumes a field is
capable of production and sale.
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
7
8. Resources : Reserves
Classification System
Stages of Discovery and
Development
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
8
↑ Producing
↑ Developing
↑ Design
↑ Appraisal
↑ Discovery
↑ Prospect
↑ Play
↑ Basin
1. Resource = Not established for commercial recovery
a. Prospective = Not yet discovered – estimated from Geological Chance
b. Contingent = Discovered, yet not established as commercial project
2. Reserve = Established for commercial recovery
9. Industry Classification of Resources –
Reserves
Basin
•Large area with Petroleum
System
Play
•Identified components of
effective Petroleum System
Prospect
•Discrete Accumulations
•Predicted volumes
Field
•Drilled and discovered HC
09-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
9
10. E&P Organization & Reserves
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
10
Production & Operations
Field Development
Appraisal & Commerciality
Exploration (Basin, Play and
Prospect analysis)
Business Development (Acquire
Blocks)
12. Equation for Resources in-place
09-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
12
http://www.epgeology.com/general-discussion-f29/hciip-formula-t5776.html
13. Reservoir Volumes - HCIIP
In-Place Hydrocarbons
• HCIIP = Volume of Petroleum in-place
within the reservoir
– Volume of Reservoir Rock (Gross-Rock
Volume GRV)
– Part of GRV that is made of Pore-Space
(Pore-Rock Volume PRV)
– Part of PRV that is filled with Petroleum
(Hydrocarbon Pore Volume HCPV)
• Reservoir are made of 3D of space
– GRV = Volume of Space
– PRV = GRV * Average Porosity
– HCPV= PRV * Average Saturation Shc
• All these parameters are estimated
from samples taken from 1 or more
wells drilled in the reservoir
– Geophysical methods like seismic support
the estimates
– Techniques like Well-Logs, Well-Tests, PVT
analysis etc. support
Computing methods
1. GRV
- Area of the Closure
- Average Thickness
- 3D Volume above FWL
2. PRV
- Porosity samples (Core/ well
log)
3. HCPV
- Saturation measurements
(well log)
- Saturation Height function
(Reservoir Rock types)
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
13
14. Uncertainty in Volumes and Potential :
Resources & Reserves
Parameters
All these are :
a. Spatial variables
b. Sampled mostly by wells
c. Estimated indirectly from
physical measurements
d. Change in different directions
-- Anisotropy
e. Influenced by trends and
other causes -- Non-
Stationary
f. Difficult to determine
{Measure & bind}
Nature of Uncertainty
1. Sample distribution of the
parameters (GRV, NTG,Ø, Sg,
FVF)
? Minimum
? Maximum
?Most-Likely
1. Reservoir Average of the
Parameters (Population)
2. Other dependencies
3. Methods of assessment of
Ranges
4. Assessment of Quantification of
Uncertainty
5. Impact on Resource in-place
6. Impact on Reserves
08-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
14
15. Resource Estimation
Volumetric
Equation
Average & Ranges
Distribution &
Estimation
Monte Carlo
Map
Based
X,Y,p data
Map Framework
Interpolation
Method
Geostatistics
3D Model
Based
X,Y,Z,p data
Model
Framework
Parameter
Interpolation
Simulation
09-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
15
16. Towards Reserves
Development Scheme
Production
Operations
Geology: Faults &
Facies, Stratigraphy
Rock-Fluid
interactions
Formation Volume
Factor (FVF)
HCIIP
Connectivity
Wells (V|H) &
Spacing
Rate of Flow
Ease of Flow
(Permeability)
Fluid Phases
09-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
16
17. Standards & Methods
PRMS (Petroleum Resource
Management System)
• Standard classification
methods
– SPE & AAPG
• Categories of “Uncertainty”
– Technical
• HCIIP
• Recovery Efficiency
– Commercial
• Market | Prices | Contracts
• Classification of
“Commerciality”
Methods for estimation
1. Analytical
– Analog
2. Volumetric
– Equation
– Maps
– 3D Models
3. Material Balance
4. Production Performance
Analysis
09-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
17
18. Methods of Estimation
Parameters & Results are Determined as most-likelyDeterministic
•A single value for each sample in the parameter
•Single value of HCIIP or Reserves estimated
•Classified as “Proved – Probable – Possible” or “1P – 2P – 3P”
Realizations Method. 3 or more deterministic estimatesScenario
•Using Deterministic Method as foundation
•Ranges of Parameters and Results are created as Scenarios
•Assigned Low-Medium-High case of likelihood
Statistical uncertainty of Samples, Parameters and ResultsProbabilistic
•Sample data for each Parameter is assessed for their Probability and Distributions
•Results are derived by random sampling of the parameters (Monte Carlo) or by Other statistical
simulation
•Large number of realizations are created and ranked (P10-P50-P90)
09-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
18
http://www.spe.org/industry/docs/PRMS_Guidelines_Nov2011.pdf Chapter-5
19. At the End
• Reserve reporting is very sensitive aspect
regulatory reports in all E&P companies
• Reserves define “THE GOAL” and “THE RESULT”
of the E&P company
• It is nearly impossible to exactly estimate the
HCIIP or the Reserves
• Different methods carry sets of advantages and
disadvantages – there is no clear winner
• Integrity and Process plays important role in fair
and consistent assessment
09-04-2016
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
Department of Earth Sciences.
19
20. An Example of Resource and
Reserve Estimation
A-For Apple Field
MMRA Reserve Analysis
Zone Name: Sandstone
Country: Ireland
Business Unit: Domestic 2
Basin:
Play: Stratigraphic
Analysis Run Date: 24-10-2012 18:03:47 by: K-Katy
Status: Prospect Pre-Drill
http://www.roseassoc.com/software-oil-gas-prospect-play-portfolio/multi-method-risk-analysis/
21. Net Rock Volume A-For Apple Field, Sandstone, Domestic 2
Gross
Rock
Volume
Percent
Trap
Fill
Net to
Gross
Ratio
Net
Rock
Volume
Area
(for Net
Pay
Cross
Check)
Average
Net Pay
(Implied)
(Million
cubic
metres) (%) (%)
(Million
cubic
metres) (sq km) (metres)
P99 191.705 100.0 15.3 53.776 NA NA
P90 300.000 100.0 24.7 98.549 NA NA
Mode 432.408 100.0 35.5 139.601 NA NA
P50 519.615 100.0 37.3 189.110 NA NA
Mean (P99-
>P01)
563.644 100.0 37.4 209.313 NA NA
P10 900.000 100.0 50.0 363.425 NA NA
P01 1,408.417 100.0 59.8 624.866 NA NA
Shape LOGNORMAL NORMAL NORMAL OUTPUT NA NA
Input Values
P90=300.00
P10=900.00
P90=100.00
P10=100.00
P90=25.00
P10=50.00
NA NA NA
Clipping
LClip=None
HClip=None
LClip=None
HClip=None
LClip=None
HClip=None
NA NA NA
Correlation NA NA 0% to GRV NA NA NA
Results above after Input Truncations are applied (0%->100%).
Max % Fill Allowed is 100%
NRV P10/P90 = 3.7 NA NA
CROSSCHECK
24-Oct-12
P99
P98
P95
P90
P80
P70
P60
P50
P40
P30
P20
P10
P05
P02
P01
10 100 1,000
CumulativeProbability>>>
Net Rock Volume
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 200 400 600 800
NRV P99 to P01
Gross Rock Volume
Net to Gross Ratio
Area
Average Net Pay
Percent Trap Fill
NRV Mean
NotesSet Net Rock Volume
MMRA Analysis: A-For Apple Field,
Sandstone (Domestic 2)
08-04-2016 21
22. HC Recovery Yield A-For Apple Field, Sandstone, Domestic 2
Calculated Yield
Oil Raw Gas
Average
Porosity(%)
AverageHydrocarbon
Saturation(%)
PrimaryRecovery
Efficiency(%)
OilFormationVolume
Factor(reservoir/stock
tankunits)
SolutionGasYield
(SCF/Stdbbl)
SolutionGasRecovery
Efficiency(%)
PrimaryRecovery
Efficiency(%)
GasExpansionFactor
(standard/reservoir
units)
CondensateYield(bbls
CondperMMCF)
CondensateRecovery
Efficiency(%)
OilRecoverableYield
(bblsperacre-foot)
GasRecoverable
Yield
(MCFperacre-foot)
Shrinkage&Surface
Loss(Adjustmentof
TotalRawGastoSales
OilProportion
(%ofreservoirvolume)
P99 12.4 47.3 NA NA NA NA 41.8 255.7 NA NA NA 546.2 0.0 0.0
P90 16.2 54.9 NA NA NA NA 50.1 280.0 NA NA NA 751.9 0.0 0.0
Mode 20.6 63.3 NA NA NA NA 59.9 311.4 NA NA NA 1,134.1 0.0 0.0
P50 20.6 64.5 NA NA NA NA 60.0 311.7 NA NA NA 1,062.9 0.0 0.0
Mean (P99-
>P01)
20.6 64.6 NA NA NA NA 60.0 311.8 NA NA NA 1,079.5 0.0 0.0
P10 25.0 74.3 NA NA NA NA 70.1 343.8 NA NA NA 1,437.3 0.0 0.0
P01 28.7 82.2 NA NA NA NA 78.3 371.6 NA NA NA 1,833.8 0.0 0.0
Shape NORMAL NORMAL NA NA NA NA NORMAL NORMAL NA NA NA OUTPUT NORMAL BETA
Input Values
P90=16.00
P10=25.00
P90=55.00
P10=74.00
NA NA NA NA
P90=50.00
P10=70.00
P90=280.00
P10=344.00
NA NA NA NA
P90=0.00
P10=0.00
P90=0.00
P10=0.00
Clipping
LClip=None
HClip=None
LClip=None
HClip=None
NA NA NA NA
LClip=None
HClip=None
LClip=None
HClip=None
NA NA NA NA
LClip=None
HClip=None
LClip=None
HClip=None
Correlation NA
0% to
Porosity
NA NA NA NA
0% to
Porosity
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Selected Products:
Secondary Products:
O&G Recoverable Yield P10/P90 = NA 1.9
Reservoir
Parameters
24-Oct-12
Surf
Loss
(%)
Oil Prop
(%)
HC Rec Yield Estimating
Mode: COMPONENTS
Primary Oil
Components
Primary Gas
Components
Primary Gas
P99
P98
P95
P90
P80
P70
P60
P50
P40
P30
P20
P10
P05
P02
P01
100 1,000 10,000
CumulativeProbability>>>
HC Rec Yield
0 0 0 1 1 1
Oil Recoverable Yield
Oil Yield P99 to P01
Oil Rec. Eff.
Porosity
HCSaturation
Oil FVF
Oil Yield M ean
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000
Gas Recoverable Yield
Gas Yield P99 to P01
Porosity
Gas Rec. Eff.
HCSaturation
Gas GEF
Gas Yield M ean
NotesSet HC Rec Yield
MMRA Analysis: A-For Apple Field,
Sandstone (Domestic 2)
08-04-2016 22
23. A-For Apple Field, Sandstone, Domestic 2
Oil
Raw
Gas
Oil
Total
Cond
Non-
Assoc
Soln
MMB
O
BCF
MMB
O
MMB
O
BCF BCF MMBOE MMBOE MMBOE
P99 0.00 79.75 0.00 0.00 47.57 0.00 7.93 NA NA
P90 0.00 151.35 0.00 0.00 91.58 0.00 15.26 NA NA
Mode 0.00 236.88 0.00 0.00 149.77 0.00 24.96 NA NA
P50 0.00 319.40 0.00 0.00 198.28 0.00 33.05 NA NA
Mean (P99-
>P01)
0.00 368.79 0.00 0.00 231.41 0.00 38.57 NA NA
P10 0.00 673.67 0.00 0.00 428.32 0.00 71.39 NA NA
P01 0.00 1183.24 0.00 0.00 769.65 0.00 128.27 NA NA
Pg- Chance of
Geologic
Success (>=Ab
Min resource)
Pc- Chance of
Commercial
Success
(>=MCFS)
(Option is OFF)
Pe- Chance of
Economic
Success
(>=MEFS)
(Option is OFF)
31.1% NA NA
24-Oct-12
Simulation P10/P90 Ratio=4.7 versus
Predicted: Ampl with Downdip Conformance: 2 - 4
Liquids Sales Gas
Above
Commercial
Threshold
(Option is
OFF)
Current settings...
Estimating method:
VOLUMETRIC (Net Rock Volume X HC Yield)
Intermediate Simulation: 5000 Iterations
Resources Simulation: 15000 Iterations
Truncations:
Input= 0.00/1.00
Output= 0.00/1.00
Raw Gas Surface Loss: NONE
Percentile Sorting: Each product sorted
individually. (Warning...resource components
will not sum across to HC Equiv.)
Chance of
Success >>
Above
Economic
Threshold
(Option is
OFF)
Simulation
Not Current
Resources
Prospective Undiscovered Recoverable
Resources
Original In
Place
Total
Geologic
Pre-Drill
Mode: EXPLORATION PROSPECT
P99
P98
P95
P90
P80
P70
P60
P50
P40
P30
P20
P10
P05
P02
P01
1.00 10.00 100.00 1,000.00
CumulativeProbability>>>
Resources
Economic reso urces M MBOE
Comm ercial resources MM BOE
Geolo gic re source s MMBOE
Th reshold resource component MMBOE
In-place resources MM BOE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Geologic EUR (Equivalent)
EUR P99 to P01
Net Rock Volume
Gas Yield
Oil Yield
Productive Area
Productive Area
EUR Mean
Simulation Settings Notes
MMRA Analysis: A-For Apple Field,
Sandstone (Domestic 2)
08-04-2016 23
24. Chance Checklist A-For Apple Field, Sandstone, Domestic 2 24-Oct-12
EXPLORATION PROSPECT Chance Success Ratings ( 0.00-1.00 )
Confidence of P99 Resources: 7.93 MMBO
0.80
0.80
MINIMUM FACTOR 0.80 High Good Lots
Confidence of P99 Resources: 7.93 MMBO
0.90
0.90
0.90
MINIMUM FACTOR 0.90
Confidence of P99 Resources: 7.93 MMBO
0.70
0.60
0.60 Low Bad Good Poor Limited
Reservoir MINIMUM FACTOR 0.60 News News
Confidence of P99 Resources: 7.93 MMBO
0.90 "Coin Toss"
0.90
0.90
MINIMUM FACTOR 0.90 Fwd $ Ready to Drill ($MM):
Confidence of P99 Resources: 7.93 MMBO Value of Information EMV ($MM):
0.85 Date:
0.80 G&G/Eng Estimator(s): 24-Oct-12
0.90 Peer Review:
0.90 RCT Review:
MINIMUM FACTOR 0.80 Manager Review:
31.1%
31.1%
Directions: The default value for each chance factor is 1.0. Use the Chance Adequacy Matrix shown below to guide the assessment of each factor or sub-factor (not the overall chance of geologic, appraisal or
development success. This program uses the “weak link” (i.e. – the smallest sub-factor is used whenever values for more than one are entered) approach in assigning values for each factor. Enter comments by clicking
the Comments icon.
SOURCE COMPONENTS
Quantity/Volume (include Monetizable Product)
Quality/Richness
CHANCE ADEQUACY MATRIXMaturation
Timing of Expulsion
0.0 - 0.2
TIMING/ MIGRATION COMPONENTS
Timing of Closure / Trap 0.8 - 1.0
0.4 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.8
Effective Migration Pathway
0.2 - 0.4
If additional technical work is required to move this prospect to Ready-To-Drill
status, capture details in the Risk Mitigation section of the Comments icon.Data Quality
Reservoir Performance
RESERVOIR COMPONENTS
0.3 - 0.45 0.45 - 0.55Presence
Quality
0.55 - 0.7
CLOSURE COMPONENTS
Map Reliability & Control
Presence
CONTAINMENT COMPONENTS
Top / Base Seal Effectiveness
EXPLORATION PROSPECT Chance of Success (calculated)
Preservation from Spillage or Depletion
Preservation from Degradation
Uncertainty Index: 0.50
EXPLORATION PROSPECT Chance of Success OVERRIDE
FINAL Chance of Success
Participants:
K-KatyLateral Seal Effectiveness
Reservoir
Critical Chance Factor(s):
Confidencelevel
Quality
Quantity
Control
NotesClear Chance SubComponents
MMRA Analysis: A-For Apple Field,
Sandstone (Domestic 2)
08-04-2016 24