PET Application In Psycology
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PET scans use radioactive tracers to produce 3D images of functional brain processes. They have provided insights into mental disorders like depression and schizophrenia. Studies with depressed patients found abnormalities in prefrontal cortex activity and lower glucose metabolism, suggesting deficits in these brain regions. PET scans have also found less serotonin transporter binding in depressed individuals, indicating differences in the serotonin system between healthy and depressed people. For schizophrenia, PET scans have found greater dopamine receptor binding, revealing abnormalities in the dopamine system that may underlie the disorder.
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This document provides floor plans and financial reports for a building with office and dormitory spaces. The ground floor includes the main entrance, lobby, stairs, office space and a board room. The second floor has offices, 4 bedrooms for rent, bedrooms with cabinets for rent, a toilet and bathroom. The roof deck is available for functions. Financial reports summarize revenues, expenses, purchases and loan balances from 2011-2015 for the building and alumni center. The document also outlines the purpose and membership levels of the PMMA Alumni Foundation which will own and manage the building and center.
Plastic material classification from the product designer perspective.
The great variety of different plastic grades and their characteristics is confusing. How to classify them based on what is expected from the end product.
POLYIMIDES
Polyimides are strong, heat and chemically resistant polymers formed from acid dianhydrides and diamines. They have applications as coatings, insulators, and mechanical parts due to their strength and durability. Polyimides are synthesized through a two-step polyaddition and dehydration reaction of acid anhydrides and diamines. They can replace metals and glass in applications due to their high heat resistance, strength, and transparency to microwaves.
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High Performance Polyamides – A Global Market Overview
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Plastic material classification from the product designer perspective.
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(a) Several brain areas have been found to have abnormal activity or structure in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy controls, including the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex.
(b) Imaging studies have found both hypoactivity and hyperactivity in different areas, and treatment has been shown to help normalize some of these abnormalities.
(c) The prefrontal cortex and limbic system including the hippocampus and amygdala appear to be particularly involved, and their structural and functional connections may contribute to MDD.
Anti depression
This document provides an overview of anti-depression including definitions, epidemiology, etiology, hypotheses, symptoms, diagnosis, and antidepressants. It defines depression according to the WHO as a common mental disorder characterized by sadness and loss of interest. It notes the lifetime prevalence varies from 3-17% depending on country, and is higher in women. Several hypotheses for the etiology of depression are discussed related to neurotransmitters, receptors, and neuroendocrine factors. Common symptoms and diagnosis criteria from the DSM-V are outlined. Finally, it describes several classes of antidepressants including TCAs, MAOIs, SSRIs, and SNRIs and discusses their mechanisms of action, advantages/disadvantages, side
Neuroleptics & Anxiolytics (Abstract)
This document discusses neuroleptics (antipsychotic drugs) and their mechanisms and uses. It covers:
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2) The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia which proposes excessive dopamine activity plays a role, and how neuroleptics act to block this.
3) Other indications for neuroleptics beyond schizophrenia, including bipolar mania, psychosis with other disorders, and non-psychiatric uses for their antiemetic effects.
Antidepressants.pptx
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The symptoms of depression are feelings of sadness and hopelessness, s well as the inability to experience pleasure in usual activities, changes in sleep patterns and appetite, loss of energy, and suicidal thoughts. Mania is characterized by the opposite behavior: enthusiasm, anger, rapid thought and speech patterns, extreme self-confidence, and impaired judgment.
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This document discusses several hypotheses for the causes of psychosis and schizophrenia. The serotonin hypothesis suggests that excess stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors may underlie hallucinations, while 5-HT2A receptor blockade by atypical antipsychotics is key to their mechanism of action. The dopamine hypothesis proposes that excessive limbic dopaminergic activity causes psychosis, and antipsychotics block D2 receptors. Imaging studies show increased striatal dopamine levels in schizophrenia. The glutamate hypothesis involves hypofunction of NMDA receptors on GABAergic neurons leading to disinhibition and hyperstimulation through other glutamate receptors.
Serotonin pharmacology
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan. It is found extensively in the gastrointestinal tract and in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system. Serotonin receptors include 5-HT1-7 and are involved in various physiological functions like mood, appetite, sleep, and pain perception. Imbalances in the serotonergic system are associated with disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and impulse control disorders. Drugs that affect the serotonergic system include SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans, 5-HT3 antagonists, buspirone, and MAOIs.
Serotonin : diseases and therapeutics
Short review of serotonin receptors and new drugs targeting those receptors; various diseases related to serotonin and their pathophysiology.
Bio se en_2008_1+bareme
The document summarizes information about several nervous system diseases:
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The document discusses neurotransmitters and their roles in synapses and psychostimulant addiction. It describes how neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate are involved in the "reward pathway" in the brain and can be impacted by addictive drugs. Several studies discussed used animal models to explore strategies for modulating neurotransmitters like dopamine to potentially help treat or reduce psychostimulant addiction in humans. However, more research is still needed to prove these strategies would be effective for treating addiction in people.
Neurotransmitters
The document discusses neurotransmitters and their role in psychostimulant addiction. It describes how neurotransmitters like dopamine work at synapses between neurons and how drugs can affect these neurotransmitters. Specifically, it explains that psychostimulant drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward system and how this leads to addiction. The document also summarizes studies that tested strategies for manipulating dopamine receptors and transporters to potentially treat addiction by blocking the drugs' effects on the brain's reward system.
Typical antipsychotics
This document provides a summary of typical antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history of antipsychotics beginning with phenothiazines in the 1950s. It then classifies typical antipsychotics and describes their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, indications, precautions, adverse reactions, and reviews several individual drugs including chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, and zuclopenthixol.
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Detailed description of role of serotonin in psychiatry. Disorders having its dysfunction. Drugs acting on serotonergic system
Neurobiology and functional brain circuits in mood disorders
Mood disorders involve biological abnormalities in brain circuits and neurotransmitter systems. Key circuits include the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. In depression, these circuits demonstrate reduced activity of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine which impacts mood, motivation, and emotional processing. Mania involves hyperactivity in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal regions due to elevated serotonin and dopamine levels, leading to symptoms like grandiosity, risk-taking, and pressured speech. Neuroimaging supports changes in these brain regions and circuits in mood disorders.
Antipsychotics
This document discusses dopamine receptors and their subtypes. It describes the five subtypes of dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5), their classification into D1-like and D2-like families based on their mechanisms of action, and their roles and expression in different brain regions. It also briefly outlines some therapeutic uses of drugs that target specific dopamine receptor subtypes, such as antipsychotics that bind to D2 receptors.
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The document discusses addiction and the brain pathways involved. It describes how drugs of abuse hijack the brain's reward system by stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This leads to compulsive drug seeking behavior even as tolerance and dependence develop. Imaging studies using PET scans show how drug use changes brain activity patterns and how memory of drug cues can trigger craving even after recovery.
Serotonin and its role in psychiatry Aditya.pptx
Serotonin plays an important role in many psychiatric diseases. It is synthesized from tryptophan and found mainly in the gastrointestinal system and brain. In the brain, serotonin is produced in the raphe nuclei and projects to various areas influencing mood, anxiety, sleep and other functions. Dysregulation of serotonin pathways and receptors are implicated in depression, anxiety, OCD, schizophrenia and other disorders. Many psychiatric drugs work by altering serotonin levels and receptor activity, such as SSRIs which increase serotonin through SERT blockade, atypical antipsychotics which are 5HT2A antagonists, and triptans which are 5HT1B/1D agonists for migraine treatment.
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This document discusses the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and acetylcholine. It focuses on antimuscarinic agents like atropine, describing their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. Atropine is a competitive inhibitor of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine. It has various clinical uses including as a bronchodilator for asthma, to dilate the pupils, and to treat Parkinson's disease. Common side effects include dry mouth and blurred vision. The document provides details on the pharmacology of atropine and other anticholinergic drugs.
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The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
Antipsychotics
The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
Neurotransmitters- serotonin & dopamine by dr. rujul modi
This document provides information about neurotransmitters, focusing on dopamine and serotonin. It defines neurotransmitters and lists the key processes involved in their action. It classifies neurotransmitters and describes the biogenic amines dopamine and serotonin in detail. For each neurotransmitter, it discusses their synthesis, pathways in the brain, receptors, and roles in psychiatry. The document aims to comprehensively summarize the current understanding of dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission.
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Neurobiology and functional brain circuits in mood disorders
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PCR exponentially amplifies small fragments of DNA through thermal cycling to generate thousands to millions of copies. Sanger sequencing allows us to read nucleotide sequences and search for mutations, which was crucial for genetic disorder diagnosis. The Cole lab researches genes like ABCA3 that encode proteins involved in surfactant function, and receives patient referrals to sequence genes like ABCA3 and build a database. During the summer, students sequenced 32 ABCA3 exomes from 13 patient referrals.
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