Chapter3 Power Point Lecture
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- Charles Sherrington coined the term "synapse" in 1906 to describe the junction between neurons and conducted research on reflexes. - He observed that reflexes are slower than neural conduction, repeated weak stimuli can have a cumulative effect, and opposing muscle groups are activated in reflexes. - This led to the concepts of temporal and spatial summation and supported the idea that communication must occur between neurons, validating the idea of the synapse.
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Unit 29 Endocrine System
The nervous system and endocrine system communicate between organ systems to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system works quickly using electrical and chemical signals, while the endocrine system works more slowly using chemical signals through the bloodstream. Neurons are specialized cells that receive and transmit electrochemical signals through their dendrites, cell body, and axon. The senses detect internal and external stimuli which are transmitted by the nervous system. The central nervous system interprets this information and communicates with the peripheral nervous system to stimulate responses. The endocrine system produces hormones that influence cells and affect growth, development, and other processes through chemical messengers in the bloodstream.
14 inst guide
The document outlines the key concepts of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It begins by comparing the ANS and somatic nervous system, noting the ANS innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands. It then describes the two divisions of the ANS - the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions - and their roles in maintaining homeostasis. The document proceeds to discuss ANS anatomy, including pathways and ganglia, as well as physiology concepts such as neurotransmitters. It concludes by examining homeostatic imbalances related to the ANS and developmental aspects.
Detail The Components Of A Synapse And Describe The...
Synapses allow neurons to communicate by transmitting chemical and electrical signals. They connect the axon of one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons. The brain contains around 100 billion neurons, each with around 7,000 synaptic connections. This vast network of interconnecting neurons underlies all of our cognitive functions and behaviors. At the microscopic level, a synapse contains release sites on the presynaptic axon terminal and receptor sites on the postsynaptic dendrite, separated by a narrow gap called the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles in the presynaptic terminal and diffuse across the cleft to bind receptors, transmitting the signal to the next neuron.
details on Nervous system, Cholinergic System (acetylcholine) and Drugs
The nervous system detects and responds to changesinside and outside the body. Together with the endocrinesystem it controls important aspects of body function andmaintains homeostasis. Nervous system stimulation providesan immediate response while endocrine activity is, In the main, slower and more prolonged.
synaptictransmission
This document summarizes the chemicals involved in synaptic transmission between neurons. It describes the structure of the synapse including the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes separated by the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal and released into the cleft via exocytosis in response to an action potential. The major classes of neurotransmitters - small molecules like acetylcholine, amines, amino acids and nitric oxide and larger neuropeptides - are outlined along with their functions and roles in excitation or inhibition. The process of synaptic transmission and vesicle fusion is also depicted.
The autonomic nervous system
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It begins by describing the ANS's role in controlling involuntary body functions and its division into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system elicits the fight or flight response and is involved in processes like increased heart rate and blood flow to muscles. The parasympathetic system governs rest and repair functions like digestion. The document then discusses the anatomy and functional roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in more detail. It explains the pathways, ganglia, neurotransmitters and receptors involved in each system.
2 .sexual preference in rats final
1) The study examined how oxytocin and dopamine influence sexual preference in female rats. It found that both oxytocin and dopamine are involved in forming partner preferences, with the nucleus accumbens playing an important role.
2) Tests showed that administering oxytocin or a dopamine agonist led to partner preferences, while blocking oxytocin or dopamine receptors prevented this. The two neurotransmitters seem to interact to regulate social bonding.
3) A further study determined that activating both oxytocin and dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens is essential for forming partner preferences in rats. This suggests the nucleus accumbens is an important brain area where oxytocin and dopamine interact to regulate pair
Chapter 17
The nervous system forms a communication network throughout the body. It has two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of nerves. Neurons are specialized to carry electrical signals and come in three types - sensory, inter and motor. The brain is the control center and is divided into the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum and brain stem. Diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, strokes and meningitis can affect the brain.
The Puerperium & Lactation Parturition Fetal Attachmen.docx
The Puerperium & Lactation
Parturition
Fetal Attachment & Gestation
Early Embryogenesis &
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
Ovulation & Fertilization
Cyclicity
Tract Function
Puberty
Prenatal
Development
... " ( \
' '
Spermatogenesis
Tract Function
Pub erty
Prenatal
Development
Take Home Message
Hormones m·e secreted by endocrine glands or nerves. They enter tlte blood and cause
cells in target tissues containing specific receptors to secrete new products or new hormones.
Hormones and their products are necessm y for successful reproduction. Protein hormones
act via plasma membrane receptors am/ exert effects in the cytoplasm of the target cell. Ste-
roid hormones act through nuclear receptors that regulate transcription factors that cause
gene expression t'slow responses", days to weeks) in target cells. Steroid hormones also
act through plasma m embrane receptors that cause "rapid responses" (minutes to hours) in
target tissues. Both types of hormones cause changes in tlzeftmction oftlze target cells.
Reproduction is regu lated by a remarkable
interplay between the nervous system and the en-
docr-ine system. These two systems interact in a
consistent display of teamwork to initiate, coordinate
and regul ate all reproductive f unctions. In order
to understand and appreciate the role of these two
systems, we must fi rst focus on the contro l that each
system exerts independently.
Neural control requires:
• simple neural reflexes or
• neuroendocrine reflexes
The fimdamental responsibility ofthe nervous
system is to translate or transduce external stimuli
into neural signals that bring about a change in the re-
productive organs and tissues. The primary pathways
of nervous involvement are a simple neura l reflex and
a neuroendocrine reflex. The fimctiona l components
of these two pathways are sensory neurons (afferent
neurons taking neural signals toward the spinal cord),
the spinal cord, efferent neurons (nerves leaving the
sp inal cord and traveling to the target tissue) and
target tissues (See Figure 5-1). Target tissues are
those organs that respond to a specific set of stimuli
or hormone.
The bas ic difference between the si mp le
neural reflex and the neuroendocrine reflex is the
type of de livery system each u ses . For example,
a simple neural reflex employs nerves that release
their neurotransmitters (messengers) directly onto
the target tissue. In other words, the target tissue is
directly innervated by a neuron and responds to a
neurotransmitter. In contrast, a neuroendocrine reflex
requires that a neurohormone (a substance released
by a neuron) e nter the blood and act on a remote target
tissue. Neurons releasing neurohonnones are also
called neurosecretory cells . D irect innervation of
the target tissue does not exist in the neuroendocrine
reflex. Instead, the neurohormone in the blood is the
messenger between the neurosecretory cell and the
target .
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission (Latin: transmission "passage, crossing" from transmitter "send, let through"), is the process by which signalling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron
Chemical transmissionbetweennervecells
Chemical transmission between nerve cells occurs across synaptic clefts. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters diffuse across and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, triggering a response. Neurotransmitters are then removed from receptors by breakdown, reabsorption, or diffusion to terminate the signal. Common examples use acetylcholine, which is broken down by acetylcholinesterase to allow rapid transmission of up to 1000 impulses per second at neuromuscular junctions.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs. The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.
Banin munir
This document discusses neurohumoral transmission and the criteria for identifying neurotransmitters. It describes several major neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and others. It explains the principles of chemical transmission including Dale's principle and denervation supersensitivity. The document provides details about the synthesis, storage, release and termination of various neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, adrenaline, serotonin, ATP and others. It also discusses cotransmission and neuromodulation in neurotransmission.
Farmakologi Autonom.ppt
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and neurotransmission. It begins by explaining key terms like adrenergic and cholinergic systems, pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic nerves, and receptors. It then summarizes the main components and functions of the ANS, including its division into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The document also covers neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, the processes of neurotransmission like the roles of vesicles and receptors, and differences between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
7&8- The Neuromuscular Junction & Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contraction .ppt
The document discusses the neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle contraction. It defines the key components of the neuromuscular junction including the motor end plate, synaptic cleft, and acetylcholine receptors. It explains how a nerve impulse causes acetylcholine release, generating an end plate potential that triggers muscle contraction. Contraction occurs via sliding filament mechanism involving actin, myosin, calcium, and ATP hydrolysis. Drugs can affect the neuromuscular junction by blocking or enhancing acetylcholine transmission or by interfering with acetylcholinesterase.
L4+5 -Muscle_Contraction_(Dr_taha) and nmj medical.2020.ppt
The document discusses the neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle contraction. It defines the key components of the neuromuscular junction including the motor end plate, synaptic cleft, and acetylcholine receptors. It explains how a nerve impulse causes acetylcholine release, generating an end plate potential that triggers muscle contraction. Contraction occurs via sliding filament mechanism involving actin, myosin, calcium, and ATP hydrolysis. Drugs can affect the neuromuscular junction by blocking or enhancing acetylcholine transmission or by interfering with acetylcholinesterase.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)2
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, specifically focusing on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It describes the cranial and sacral portions of the parasympathetic division and what structures each innervates. It then discusses the synthesis and destruction of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine, as well as the different types of receptors for each neurotransmitter and their functions.
IGCSE Biology Edexcel (9-1)- Co-ordination and response (humans)
The document provides information about coordination and response in humans. It discusses the nervous system and endocrine system. The nervous system uses electrical signals and neurons to trigger fast responses. The endocrine system uses hormones to trigger slower responses. Key hormones like insulin, adrenaline, testosterone and estrogen are discussed. Their roles, effects and sources are outlined. The differences between the nervous and endocrine systems are compared.
Neuron and neurotransmitter pp
This document discusses neurons, neurotransmitters, and their impact on human behavior. It defines key terms like neuron, dendrite, axon, synapse, and neurotransmitter. It explains how neurons communicate via neurotransmitters released at the synapse between neurons. Serotonin imbalance is linked to depression, and SSRIs work by blocking serotonin reuptake. The document also summarizes a study that found acetylcholine plays a role in memory formation by manipulating its levels in rats. Dopamine is associated with reward and motivation rather than directly creating pleasure.
Exercise physiology 4
This document provides an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems and their role in controlling muscle movement. It describes the main components of the central nervous system including the brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. It explains how sensory input is received and integrated with motor output to enable movement through pathways, neurons, and neurotransmitters. Sensory input can trigger reflexes or reach higher brain centers to initiate more complex voluntary motor commands.
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Detail The Components Of A Synapse And Describe The...
Detail The Components Of A Synapse And Describe The...
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二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
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留信网认证的作用:
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Chapter3 Power Point Lecture
- 3. Fig. 3-1, p. 52
- 6. Fig. 3-2, p. 53
- 8. Fig. 3-3, p. 54
- 10. Fig. 3-4, p. 54
- 13. Fig. 3-5, p. 55
- 15. Fig. 3-6, p. 55
- 21. Fig. 3-8, p. 59
- 23. Table 3-1, p. 60
- 25. Fig. 3-9, p. 61
- 28. Fig. 3-10, p. 61
- 31. Fig. 3-11, p. 63
- 34. Fig. 3-12, p. 63
- 37. Table 3-2a, p. 64
- 38. Table 3-2b, p. 64
- 40. Fig. 3-13, p. 65
- 42. Fig. 3-14, p. 65
- 44. Fig. 3-15, p. 66
- 46. Fig. 3-16, p. 66
- 51. Fig. 3-1, p. 52
- 56. Fig. 3-18, p. 72
- 58. Fig. 3-19, p. 72
- 61. Fig. 3-20, p. 73
- 69. Fig. 3-21, p. 75
- 70. Table 3-3, p. 76