Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood where individuals experience tremendous physical and cognitive growth. During this time, adolescents develop abstract thinking abilities, become more future-oriented, and engage in risk-taking behaviors which can have long-lasting consequences. Peer relationships and influences also impact adolescent development through social learning and pressure to conform. Adolescence is a diverse phase, and supporting healthy development through risk reduction and empowerment can help individuals make a successful transition to adulthood.

1. tremendous physical and
cognitive growth
Adolescence: transitional time between
childhood and adulthood.
Period of tremendous physical and cognitive
growth.
 Able to devise new, complex plans.
A time of risk and opportunity.
 Some risks have long-lasting consequences

2. Adolescence :The cognitive
development
Cognition : the set of all mental abilities and
process related to knowledge.
Thinking
Learning
Understanding
remembering

3. Cognition development in early
Adolescence( 11 -13 yrs)
Growing capacity for abstract thought.
Mostly interested in present than limited thought to
the future.
Intellectual interest expand and become more
important.
Deeper moral thinking.

4. Cognition development in
Middle Adolescence( 14 -18
yrs)
 Continued growth capacity for abstract thought
.
 greater capacity for setting goals.
 Interest in moral reasoning.
 thinking about the meaning of life.

5. Cognition development in Late
Adolescence( 19-21 yrs)
Ability to think ideas through.
Ability to delay gratification.
 examination of inner experiences.
 increased concern for future.
Continued Interest in moral reasoning.

6. Theory of cognitive
development : jean piaget
 The sensorimotar stage
The preoperational stage
 The concrete stage
 The formal operational stage
Jean Piaget describes adolescence as the
stage of life in which the individual's thoughts
start taking more of an abstract form and
egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows
the adolescent to think and reason with a wider
perspective.

7. Jean piaget theory of cognitive
development for adolescence
The formal operational stage begins at
approximately age twelve and lasts into adulthood.
As adolescents enter this stage, they gain the
ability to think in an abstract manner by manipulating
ideas in their head, without any dependence
on concrete manipulation.
The formal operational stage is the fourth and
final stage in Piaget's theory. ... The formal
operational stage is characterized by the ability to
formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to
arrive at an answer to a problem.

8. Physical development during
adolescence
Adolescents experience a tremendous amount of
physical growth and development. This rapid physical
development begins during the prior developmental
stage called Puberty and continues during
adolescence.

9. Changes in height and body
composition
During adolescence, most growth in height generally
occurs during one, single growth period, or "growth
spurt.“
Girls normally start their growth spurt between the
ages of 8 and 13 years, with the most rapid growth
occurring between the ages of 10 and 13 years. Girls
reach their adult height between the ages of 10 and
16 years.
Boys tend to begin their growth spurt a bit later than
girls. On average, guys start their growth spurt
between the ages of 10 and 16 years, with the most

10. Even though guys reach their adult height later than
girls, young men grow to become taller than their
female peers. The average height of adult women is
5'5", and the average height of adult men is 5'10".
Several factors can influence potential height such as
genetics and nutrition, as do certain medical
conditions and medications that interfere with
digestion and appetite.

11. During adolescent growth spurts, the arms and legs
also lengthen and eventually become proportional to
the rest of their body. However, teens may suddenly
feel awkward and uncoordinated during this time
because growth does not always occur at a perfectly
proportional rate. Their limbs may become longer or
shorter relative to the rest of their bodies and it may
confuse or frustrate young teens to inhabit a body
that no longer seems familiar.

12. Body composition
Besides significant changes in height, adolescents also
experience changes in body composition; i.e., the ratio of body
fat to lean muscle mass.
 IN BOYS:
Teen boys' lean muscle mass greatly increases during
adolescence due to the rising levels of male hormones, such
as testosterone, that cause an increase in muscle mass.
In general, boys' straight-lined, square bodies become
broader at the shoulders and more tapered at the waist,
forming the familiar triangular shape of adult males.
Their arms and legs will become more muscular and bulkier.
However, factors such as heredity, nutrition, and muscle-
building exercise can influence muscular development.
If adolescents play sports, lift weights, or routinely workout in
other ways, they are more likely to gain muscle mass. Many
teen boys may feel self-conscious about their body if they
believe they are not building enough muscle in comparison to
their friends and classmates.

13. Body composition in girls
 Teen girls continue to develop muscle mass while also adding
body fat. During adolescence, girls' percentage of body fat will
increase, relative to muscle mass. This additional fat is
deposited in her body's midsection (hips, buttocks, and chest).
Girls' straight-lined, square bodies become wider and broader
at the hips, buttocks, and chest, forming the familiar hour-glass
shape of adult females. Often, teen girls feel uncomfortable or
upset during this growth phase because of the increase in body
fat. In some rare cases, an Eating Disorder may develop as a
result.
Girls should be encouraged to view this change to their body
composition in a positive light: as yet another indication they are
becoming young women. While girls may feel "fat" during this
maturation process, it may be helpful for them to understand
that some additional body fat is necessary for women to have
healthy pregnancies and in order to nurse babies.

14. Begins: Hormonal change
 Puberty is when a child's body begins to develop and change
as they become an adult. Girls develop breasts and start their
periods. Boys develop a deeper voice and facial hair will start to
appear. The average age for girls to begin puberty is 11, while
for boys the average age is 12.
 puberty begins with a sharp increase in the production of sex-
related hormones.
 Androgens are the hormones that give men their 'male'
characteristics.
 testosterone …more in boys.
 Estrogen is a hormone that plays various roles in the body.
In females, it helps develop and maintain both the reproductive
system and female characteristics, such as breasts and pubic
hair.
 adrenal estrogen …more in girls.

15. Psychosocial development
 peer relations
Sexual orientation
 sexual behaviors
Risky behaviors

16. Peer relationship
Peer relationships provide a unique context in
which children learn a range of critical social
emotional skills, such as empathy, cooperation,
and problem-solving strategies.
Peer relationships can also contribute
negatively to social emotional development
through bullying, exclusion, and
deviant peer processes.

17. What is peer groups ?
Peer groups consist of same-aged individuals who
share similar interests and are a part of the same
social class. They can be called friends, pals, and
even BFF.
Peer groups that have positive impact on the
individual is known as good peer groups.
Bad peer group has negative impact on the
individual.

18. Peer pressure and
influences
Peer pressure is pressure or influence from a
person's peers.
 The causes of peer pressure include the need to
fit in, low self-esteem, fear of rejection, and at most
time the need to feel safety and security from peers.
 IN SIMPLE WORDS : A feeling that one must do the
same things as other people of one's age and social
group in order to be liked or respected by them

19. Peer influences
Peer influence is when you choose to do
something you wouldn’t otherwise do, because you
want to feel accepted and valued by your friends. It
isn’t just or always about doing something against your
will.
You might hear the term ‘peer pressure’ used a lot.
But peer influence is a better way to describe how
teenagers’ behavior is shaped by wanting to feel they
belong to a group of friends or peers.
Peer pressure and influence can be positive. For
example, your child might be influenced to become
more assertive, try new activities, or to get more
involved with school.
But it can be negative too. Some teenagers might
choose to try things they normally wouldn’t be
interested in, like smoking or behaving in antisocial

20. Peer pressure and influence
might result in children:
choosing the same clothes, hairstyle or jewellery as
their friends
listening to the same music or watching the same
TV shows as their friends
changing the way they talk, or the words they use
doing risky things or breaking rules
working harder at school, or not working as hard
dating or taking part in sexual activities
smoking or using alcohol or other drugs.

21. Key statement 1
WHO defines adolescents as
individuals in the second
decade of their lives – aged
10-19 years.
WHO recognizes that
adolescence is a phase rather
than a fixed time period in an
individual’s life – a phase
when enormous physical,
psychological and social
changes occur.

22. Key statement 2
Adolescents are a very diverse group.
They:
- Are in different stages of
development
- Live in different circumstances
- Have very different needs and
problems

23. Key statement 3
Many individuals make the transition from childhood
through adolescence into adulthood in good health.
Many others do not.
Deaths: An estimated 1.4 million adolescents die every
year due to road traffic injuries, violence and pregnancy-
related causes.
Illnesses: Tens of millions of adolescents experience
health problems such as depression, anaemia and
underweight, and HIV infection.
Unhealthy behaviours: Hundreds of millions of
adolescents initiate behaviours - such as tobacco use,
physical inactivity and unhealthy eating habits – that
could result in lung cancer, cardiovascular disease and
diabetes in the adulthood.

24. Key statement 4
Risk reduction approaches
are important.
But they alone are
not enough.
- Helping adolescents become aware of risks to their health (e.g.
the risk of HIV infection)
- Teaching them how to avoid these risks (e.g. to refuse unwanted
sex or to have safe safely)
- Giving them the means to protect themselves (e.g. condoms)
- Helping them if they experience problems (e.g. an unwanted
pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection)

25. We need to build the core assets of adolescents
so that they can take greater control of their lives
 Competence
(abilities to do specific
things)
 Confidence
(positive sense of self worth)
 Connection
(positive bonds with people &
institutions)
 Character
(sense of right & wrong, &
respect for standards of right
behaviour)
 Caring
(sense of sympathy and
empathy for others)

26. To grow & develop in good health,
adolescents need
 Information & skills
(they are still developing)
 Safe & supportive
environment
(they live in an adult world)
 Health & counselling
services
(they need a safety net)

27. Key statement 5
Many individuals & institutions need to contribute to the
health & development of adolescents
Politicians
Journalists
Bureaucrats
Relatives
Friends
Family friends
Teachers
Sports coaches
Healthcare providers
Religious leaders
Traditional leaders
Parents
Brothers/Sisters
Adolescents
Musicians
Film stars
Sports figures

28. Key statement 6
Adolescents face sexual and
reproductive health problems

29. Limited & patchy progress
Source: UNFPA Marrying too Young: End Child Marriage. 2012.

30. Limited & patchy progress -
Source: UNFPA. Motherhood in childhood. Facing the
challenge of adolescent pregnancy. 2013.

31.  About 15 % of the estimated
22 million unsafe abortions
that occur every year do so
in 15-19 year olds.
 Of the estimated 3.2 million
unsafe abortions in women
aged 15-19 years, 11% are
in South Asia.
Source: I Shah, E Ahman. Unsafe abortion differentials in 2008
by age and developing country region: High burden among
young women. Reproductive Health Matters, 2012; 20 (39):
169-173.
Limited & patchy progress

32. Key statement 7
Adolescent face these health problems:
- Because they are unprepared and unable to
protect themselves
- Because they are under pressure to marry and
bear children early
- Because they are unable to refuse unwanted sex or
to resist coerced sex
- Because they are compelled to undergo female
genital cutting

33. POLICY
HEALTH FACILITY
FAMILY &
COMMUNITY
INDIVIDUAL
MICROENVIRONMENT
MACROENVIRONMENT