This document provides an overview of recent approaches to managing urban and household pests. It begins by defining urban pests and categorizing them into groups such as indoor nuisance pests, outdoor nuisance pests, structural pests, and pests of turf/ornamental plants. Specific examples like cockroaches, mosquitoes, termites, and fleas are then discussed. The document outlines management methods for different urban pest categories and provides case studies on approaches for mosquitoes, bed bugs, and termites.
Novel insecticides, New chemistry, Novel mode of action, New group of insecticides, New insect control chemicals, Novel chemicals for insect management
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
Control of 25 Household Pests (Pests of Medical Impotance)Amos Watentena
This is an outline of the possible control mechanisms of the major household pests. The pests are a nuisance to humans and pose serious public health problems.
Novel insecticides, New chemistry, Novel mode of action, New group of insecticides, New insect control chemicals, Novel chemicals for insect management
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
Control of 25 Household Pests (Pests of Medical Impotance)Amos Watentena
This is an outline of the possible control mechanisms of the major household pests. The pests are a nuisance to humans and pose serious public health problems.
Insecticide resistance management strategies in Stored grain pestsramya sri nagamandla
References
Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297.
Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia.
Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104.
Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385.
Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575.
Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245.
Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210.
Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science.
Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003.
Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467.
Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.
Insecticide resistance management strategies in Stored grain pestsramya sri nagamandla
References
Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297.
Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia.
Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104.
Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385.
Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575.
Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245.
Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210.
Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science.
Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003.
Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467.
Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.
MICROBIAL INSECTIDES...USES AND APPLICATIONS OF INSECTICIDESlokismicrobiology
Microbial insecticides are those microorganisms or their products that are capable of attacking and killing pest insects. This may be considered to be an aspect of biological control, but when one is dealing with the products of such microbes the control may be termed chemical.
Arthropod predators and insect pest controlResearchWap
Insect pests are those insect species that are injurious or a nuisance. They cause injury or damage to crops in the field and grains in storage. Man and his domesticated animals are also attacked by insect pests. Arthropod predators belong to the phylum Arthropoda and are most times beneficial in the control of insect pests. Arthropod predators are members of the phylum Arthropoda which capture and feed on the prey. They are generally larger than their prey and kill or consume many prey during their life time.
Effects of pest and insects on various food, use of
pesticides in agriculture, pesticide cycle, organophosphorus and
organochlorine pesticides analysis, determination of pesticide residues in grain, fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products.
Bio-control agents:Insecticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensisManisha G
This presentation is all about bio control agents, stressing more about the use of insecticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis as potent biocontrol agent.
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done, and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.
To deal with pests, such as mealybugs or spider mites, most farmers use chemical pesticides which can impact health, pollute water supplies through runoff, and, if pesticides are misused or overused, can actually kill plants. You can avoid toxic chemicals by using natural pest control methods instead. Taking a preventative approach will also save you time and MONEY. The following presentation presents ways in which we can fight pests without using pesticides.
Digital transformation in plant protection leads to
o Increased efficiency: Reduced manual labour, operational costs, improved resource allocation, and optimised workflows.
o Data driven decision making: Farmers can make more informed choices based on data-driven insights, leading to better pest and disease management strategies.
o Automation and predictive analytics: Automation of tasks like pesticide application has reduced human error and resource waste. Predictive analytics models optimise preventive measures.
o Monitoring: Digital solutions enable real-time monitoring by using cell phones.
o Knowledge sharing and innovation: Rapid sharing of knowledge, best practices, and information among farmers, researchers, and stakeholders is possible.
Also, digital transformation opens up avenues for communication among farmers, scientists, and government bodies, resulting in a multitude of indirect benefits: scientists gain better data access, governments improve their policy-making processes, and farmers attain increased crop productivity.
STOCKHOLM Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.pdfPrajwal Gowda M.A
Stockholm Convention (also known as Stockholm Declaration) on Persistent Organic Pollutants is an international environmental treaty, signed on 22 May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden and effective from 17 May 2004, that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Black Soldier Fly: The Star of Insect Farming
The Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L.), is a wasp-like fly from the Stratiomyidae family of the order Diptera. It is native to the tropical regions of South America and is found globally in tropical and warm temperate regions between latitudes 45°N and 40°S. The insect completes its life cycle in around 25 days, consisting of four developmental stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larvae undergo six instars, where the final instar develops into a mobile, prepupa.
BSF larvae are commercially mass produced for various purposes, viz., fish and livestock feed, organic waste management, chitin production, bioplastic manufacturing, compost preparation, and many other commercial uses. BSF can also be consumed as human feed in a fried or salted state. BSF prepupae are reported to constitute around 36% to 65% of protein content and 4% to 38% of crude fat content, along with various aminoacids and micronutrients. The prepupal stage of BSF has an average nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium content of 3.26%, 0.98%, and 1.03%, respectively.
The larval stage of BSF is capable of bioconversion of organic wastes such as animal faeces, kitchen waste, vertebrate remains and decompose them into homogeneous substrate in a shorter time period as compared to vermicompost production. Depending on the size and stage of the larvae, type of the substrate available and environmental conditions, the larvae consume around 25 to 500 mg of organic matter per larva on daily basis (Kim et al. 2021). Larvae can be easily mass produced at farm level with minimal space requirements and its prepupae are used as a perfect substitute for the expensive soybean meal and fish meal diets.
The BSF larval frass and its residues are applied as organic fertiliser, which improves the growth and development of plants (Lopes et al. 2022). By diverting organic waste to BSF larvae, the waste is efficiently converted into biomass, significantly reducing methane and other greenhouse gas emissions. Chitin can be produced from the BSF pupal shells, which has many applications in agriculture, textiles, and the pharmaceutical industry. BSF-derived oil has a high concentration of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (27% to 50% total fatty acids), which makes it potentially an ideal substrate for producing high-quality biodiesel. The lactic acid fermented products of BSF possess a high antimicrobial biomass, which inhibits pathogens like Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli.
Due to its fast growth, reproduction, and ease with which it can be maintained, the BSF has gained recognition as a highly promising insect for farming and thus earned its reputation as the "Star of Insect Farming". BSF farming can be particularly effective in regions with limited access to traditional protein source, which can improve food and nutritional security. Moreover, India’s climate is well suited for BSF.
. INTRODUCTION
Insecticides are chemicals specifically designed to kill or control insect populations. They are widely used in agriculture, public health, and other industries to protect crops, livestock, and human health from insect-related damage and diseases. Once applied, insecticides undergo various metabolic processes in insects, which can affect their effectiveness and potential environmental impact.
The metabolism of insecticides in insects involves several key mechanisms:
1. Absorption: Insecticides can enter an insect's body through various routes, such as ingestion, contact with the exoskeleton, or inhalation. The mode of entry depends on the formulation and application method of the insecticide.
2. Phase I metabolism: In this initial phase, insecticides are often transformed by enzymes into more polar compounds through processes such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. These metabolic reactions aim to make the insecticides more water-soluble and facilitate their elimination from the body.
3. Phase II metabolism: Once insecticides undergo phase I metabolism, they may be further conjugated with endogenous compounds such as sugars, amino acids, or glutathione. Conjugation reactions increase the water solubility of the insecticides even more, making them easier to excrete from the insect's body.
4. Detoxification mechanisms: Insects have developed various enzymatic systems to break down insecticides and render them less toxic. For example, insects possess enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases, which are involved in the detoxification of many insecticides. These enzymes can modify the chemical structure of insecticides, making them less harmful to the insect.
5. Excretion: Once metabolized, insecticides and their metabolites are eliminated from the insect's body. This process generally occurs through excretory organs such as Malpighian tubules, which function similarly to the kidneys in vertebrates. Insecticides and their metabolites can be excreted in the faeces, urine, or through other excretory pathways.
Microsomal oxidation refers to a type of metabolic reaction that occurs in the microsomes, which are subcellular organelles found in cells. Microsomes contain various enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, responsible for catalyzing oxidative reactions in the body.
A. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including pesticides, toxins, and foreign substances. These enzymes play a crucial role in the oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of various molecules, making them more water-soluble and easier to eliminate from the body.
B. Microsomal oxidation mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes involves the addition of an oxygen atom to a substrate molecule, resulting in the oxidation of the substrate.
Invasive pests & their characteristics, Process of invasion, Methods of introduction, Invasion Rules, List of inavsive pests in India- Origin, distribution, Hosts, Damage symptoms, Natural enemies, Locusts & its lifecycle, Prevention and Management strategies of Invasive Pests
Electrophoresis, Light Microscope, Transmission & Scanning electron microscop...Prajwal Gowda M.A
Steps involved in Electrophoresis, Light Microscope, Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope.
Differences among them, Advantages and Limitations.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. RECENT APPROACHES IN URBAN AND HOUSEHOLD PEST
MANAGEMENT.
PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Department of Entomology
COURSE NO : ENT -591
Course In-charge: Dr. S.J Rahman
(Senior Professor & University Head)
Chairman: Dr. J.C Sekhar
(Principal Scientist IIMR)
Presented by
Prajwal Gowda MA
M.Sc(Ag) 2nd Year
RAM/2020-50
Dept. of Entomology
2. Contents
Introduction
Categories of Urban Pests
Types of Household Pests
Management of Urban & Household pests
Indigenous & Innovative science in stored grain pest management
Case Studies
Conclusion
3. URBAN PESTS
The urban environment is a complex of habitats developed by humans from natural sites
or agricultural land.
Ex: Houses, villages, gardens, cities, buildings, yards etc.
Urban pest means a destructive insect or other animal which has human health or
aesthetic implications.
Urban pests includes turf pests, structural pests, ornamental plant pests, indoor and
outdoor nuisance pests.
Pest status for insects and other arthropods in the urban environment may or may not be
based on a measurable feature.
W.H Robinson, 2015
4. The damage caused to structures by termites or other wood-infesting insects can
be measured.
The health threat or medical importance, such as from stinging insects, vectors of
diseases cannot be measured by costs.
Urban pests status studied based on aesthetic & medical consideration.
Aesthetic injury may be associated with a specific number of individual pests, such
as sighting one to two cockroaches or chirping crickets within 24 h indoors.
Medical importance insects are those which bite, sting, suck blood, transmit
parasites and pathogens, or because they induce allergies or entomophobia.
Example mosquitoes, head louse and bed bugs.
5. URBAN PESTs CATEGORIES & EXAMPLES
Urban pests category Examples
Indoor Nuisance Mosquito, ant, flea, louse
Outdoor Nuisance Wasp, hornets, ticks
Turf and Ornamental
Plants
White grub, aphids, plant bugs,
whiteflies, thrips
Home Garden Slug, snail, flea beetle
Structural Termite, carpenter ant, powder post
beetle.
Κ. D. Racke, 2003
6. Indoor Nuisance Pest Control.
Broadcast floor sprays may be made for pests such as fleas.
Spot and surface treatments are made to control cockroaches and ants.
Insecticidal baits are employed for these same invaders.
Total release aerosol bombs or slow-release pest strips can also be used.
Aerosol bomb Pest strips
7. Structural Pest Control.
Distinctive pesticide use patterns are made to control structural pests such as
termites.
A preventative approach, which involves the treatment of timber with
insecticides (Hgcl2, Chlorpyriphos) prior to construction.
For buildings under construction, application of insecticide formulations may be
made to the soil underneath the slab or foundation.
Exposed wood surfaces may be subject to insecticide drenches(imidacloprid) for
control of wood-boring beetle pests.
In extreme cases an entire structure may be fumigated(sulfuryl fluoride) to provide
control.
8. Outdoor Nuisance Pest Control.
High volume- low concentration sprays of insecticides may be made to
exterior building surfaces.
Insecticidal dusts may also be applied.(e.g., wasp nests, ant mounds).
Fogging with insecticides may be employed for very mobile pests such as
mosquitoes or blackflies.
For rodents control, rodenticidal baits are used.
9. Turf and Ornamental Pest Control.
Both foliar sprays and granular applications of insecticides may be applied for control of
surface feeding as well as soil- dwelling insect pests.
For ornamental plants & shrubs, foliar sprays are most commonly followed.
Poison baiting & use of pheromone can also be done.
10. Home Garden Pest Control.
Insecticide sprays, granules, and dusts may all be employed.
Insecticidal aerosol sprays are also employed on crops such as tomatoes and
potatoes.
Fruit bearing trees and vines in the home garden are often subject to foliar
insecticide sprays.
11. MOSQUITOES
Only females bite. One blood meal is sufficient for her to produce many (300) eggs.
Larvae are aquatic. Both sexes of mosquito feed on various juices of flower nectar & fruits.
Acts as a vector of diseases also.
o Anopheles- Malaria (Proven by Ronald Ross)
o Culex- Filariasis &
o Aedes- Dengue, Chickengunya.
Graham in 1905 was the first to prove mosquito transmission of dengue.
Management
o Use of Mat vaporizers @ one per 30sq m and use of FIK aerosols like propoxur 1%.
o DEET, DEBA & DEPA repellents for skin application – 5g of the lotions are
recommended to offer 6 to 8hrs protection.
o Home electric LED & black light traps (U.V) are also effective. Singhamapatra, 2020
14. Synthetic pheromone:
Chemical 1-Octen-3-ol which acts as an
attractant can be used.
The activity of pheromone persists in the
established breeding place for four days after
application.
Physical method:
Using infrared radiation. Mosquitoes are attracted by a
500W quartz infrared lamp.
Pingxi Xu et al., 2015
15. Biocontrol method
Bacterial insecticide- Bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis serotype H14, strain 164
is highly effective against early instar larva.
It’s applied at 0.5g/ sq m of water or at 0.5% by knapsack sprayer at 3 weeks interval.
Bacillus sphaericus also effective against larva.
By releasing fishes like Gambusia, Poecilia, Tilapia which are larvivorous.
Chemical method.
Application of fenitrothion at 1g a.i/sq.m on the surface of breeding water.
Use of mosquito nets of 16 meshes/sq inch impregnated with deltamethrin 2.5% or
lambda cyhalothrin @ 25mg/sq m.
Repellents containing citronella oil are used, Commercial products are Odomos & Replex
Lacey, 2007
16. Insecticides (Outside). For adults, spray window screens and around doors and windows.
Use aerosols of pyrethroids like Deltamethrin, Cyfluthrin.
• Fenthion 82.5EC recommended for highly polluted water.
• Standing water can be treated with Methoprene(JH’A) and Diflubenzuron 25WP(IGR)
which are effective against all species at 50g & 100g a.i/ha.
Insecticides (inside).
• Pirimiphos methyl @ 2g/m2 area.
• Spray- Cypermethrin, Ortho Flying Insect Killer (tetramethrin & phenothrin), Ortho
“Mosquito-B-Gon”(0.2% pyrethrins & 1% piperonyl butoxide).
• Temephos can be used in portable water.
Novel methods.
• Wolbachia- Incompatible insect technique.
• Sterile insect Technique.
• RIDL Method.
Brad Kard et al., 2016
17. Wolbachia spp. are Gram-negative α-proteobacteria which is an obligate intracellular.
It is the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere.
These include inducing
1. infected females to reproduce without mating (parthenogenesis).
2. Feminization of males such that they become functional phenotypic female.
3. Selective killing of male embryos, and Cytoplasmic incompatibility which prevents
infected males from producing offspring with uninfected females.
They are cytoplasmically inherited (Wolbachia are present in mature eggs, but not mature
sperm- only infected females pass the infection on to their offspring).
Two Types of incompatibility,
Unidirectional: occurs when sperm from a Wolbachia infected male fertilizes an
uninfected egg. But the reciprocal cross is compatible.
Bidirectional: occurs when a male & female harbor two different strains of Wolbachia that
are mutually incompatible.
Sthouthamer et al., 1999
18. 2 Kinds of Releases.
Release of male and female mosquitoes with Wolbachia over a number of weeks.
These mosquitoes then breed with the wild population.
Over time, the percentage of mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia grows until it
remains high without the need for further releases.
Release of only male mosquitoes with Wolbachia. When these mosquitoes mate
with wild female mosquitoes without Wolbachia, they are unable to reproduce.
This method reduces the ability of mosquitoes to transmit zika, dengue, chikungunya
and yellow fever on to people.
Iturbe-Ormaetxe et al., 2011
19. CONSEQUENCES.
Altering the biting position.
Affects brain tissues of host.
Interferes viral replication inside
host.
Affect nutritional status of
host.
Reduces hosts lifespan.
Indirectly kills virus.
Affect host development.
20. STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE (SIT):
Genetically manipulated insects are released among the wild populations to make the
matings infructuous (eggs will be non viable or sterile) or to introduce lethal genes
into the eggs of the females so that they do not develop beyond certain stage.
This is also called as autocidal method.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS:
A method inducing sterility without impairing sexual behaviour of insects.
Good intermingling of released and natural populations.
A quantitative information on the natural population density.
Information on the rate of population increase.
LIMITATIONS
Not effective against insects that are prolific breeders.
21. • Sterile insects are not self-replicating and, therefore, cannot become
established in the environment.
• Repeated release of sterile males can further reduce and in cases of isolation
eliminate pest populations.
• The released insects are preferably male, as this is more cost-effective and
the females may in some situations cause damage by laying eggs in the crop,
or, in the case of mosquitoes, taking blood from humans.
• The sterile males compete with wild males to mate with the females,
females that mate with a sterile male produce no offspring,
thus reducing the next generation's population.
Bouyer and Lefrancois, 2014
22.
23. Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (Bti) bacteria is found in soil.
Bti is used as a larvicide to kill larvae before
they can grow into adults that can bite people.
How Bti Works?
• When eaten by mosquito larvae it produces toxins that kill these insects.
How Bti is Used?
• Bti comes in many forms including tablets, pellets, granules, or liquid.
• Bti can be added to standing water, ponds, septic tanks, and pools that are not in use.
The recommended dose is 7.5kg/ha in clean water and 10kg/ha in polluted water.
(source: nvbdcp.gov.in)
24. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
An alternative method to sterilize males for population
suppression has been developed in which a self-limiting
gene is introduced into mosquito through genetic
engineering.
This approach, was called as Release of Insects
Carrying a Dominant Lethal (RIDL).
The lethal gene can be repressed using an antidote
(tetracycline) so that mosquitoes can be reared to
adulthood in lab facilities prior to the release of males
into wild populations, which then mate with wild
females, producing offspring that die at the larval
stage in the absence of tetracycline.
This approach is species-specific (like IIT and SIT) &
eliminates the population in the release area. Benelli et al., 2016
25. HOUSE FLIES
Grey-bodied fly, black stripes on thorax, and slightly hairy appearance.
• These breed in manure, garbage, and fermenting crop wastes.
• They may carry and spread diseases like cholera, dysentery, anthrax & leprosy.
Control
A flyswatter is very useful.
Electric light traps & sticky traps are very effective.
For adults, aerosol bombs are effective.
Fly paper, insecticidal hanging strips(DDVP) are useful.
Insecticides:
Diflubenzuron @30g/m2 with 3 lit of water.
RTU sprays of Alphacypermethrin @0.1%
Bait: Sugar solution + Imidacloprid @0.5%
Propoxur granules @2% can also be used.
Bed net impregnated with cyfluthrin 5%EW @50mg/m2.
27. Bedbugs- Cimex sps
Wingless insects that usually attack and take a blood meal at night.
Bed bugs feed on blood of man and animals itching that can lead to scratching and
infection.
These pests remain hidden near sleeping place during daylight hours.
Note:
• Do not treat bedding with any
chemical; wash in hot water with
detergent and place in hot dryer
for 30 minutes to kill bedbugs.
28. CONTROL
• Thoroughly vacuum bedstead, floor, cracks, and crevices.
• Climb-Up® Insect Interceptor” capture and exclusion devices placed under bed legs.
• Insecticides- DeltaDust, Drione dust, Cyper TC, Tempo SC Ultra are effective against bed
bugs.
29. Fleas-Pulex sps & Xenopsylla cheopsis
Larve feed on organic matter. Only adult is parasitic on warm
blooded animals. Both the sexes feed on blood. It’s bite causes
irritation & soreness. It transmits bubonic plague.
Management of Fleas
Vacuum carpets thoroughly.
Spray propoxur @0.5%.
Apply Petcor (pyrethrin+methoprene)@1% over the animals
DeltaDust can be used to treat lawn.
Headlouse- Pediculus humanus captis
Due to biting- skin scarred, thickened with brownish spots.
Transmits relapsing & epidemic typhus fever.
Fleas
Louse
For Head louse- Lotions of Permethrin 1%, Benzyl alcohol 5%, ivermectin 0.5%,
Malathion 0.5% & Spinosad 0.9% topical suspension.
Use lindane shampoo 1%. www.cdc.gov/parasites
30. Social insects that live almost entirely inside wood on which they feed or inside mounds.
Signs of Damage:
Sightings of termite swarmers (flying termites) or discarded wings – Usually the first
sign of infestation.
Mud in cracks of timber & mud falling from walls.
Hollow timbers.
Termites- Odontotermes obesus & Cryptotermes brevis
31. A method which kills all castes of termite.
Unpack and assemble stations.
Place stations over termite infestation.
Check every 15 days.
Principle
Attracts termites,
Feeds termites,
(Cellulose mixed with Beauveria bassiana
spores)
& kills termites due to white muscardine
disease.
Decke indoor baiting technique
32. Termiticides.
Can be applied directly to soil or for aboveground surfaces.
Chlorpyriphos 2% RTU can be used.
Sprays of Termex (Imidacloprid) 30.5SC @ 0.2% is very effective.
Termidor (Fipronil)SC @ 0.06%, Cyper TC @ 0.1%, Baseline(bifenthrin),
Permethrin TC.
To protect wood & buildings (pre/post construction)- Chlorpyriphos 20EC@
50ml/lit is applied.
Additionally, sprays of borate products like Tim-Bor, Bora-Care & Board Defense
treatments to wood surfaces also suggested.
33. White grub
Drying in Patches
Nature of damage
Feeds below the soil surface on the roots and
rhizomes of all commonly used turfgrass
& are capable of eliminating the entire root
system.
Symptoms of damage
Turf in such areas can be easily lifted from
the soil surface or rolled like a carpet,
revealing the C-shaped white grubs
underneath.
34. Management
Apply Chlorpyriphos 50 EC 4 lit/ ha through sprinkler irrigation method.
Spray Clothianidin @0.5ml/lit, bifenthrin @2ml/lit, Imidacloprid @80ml/acre
Newer insecticides are Chlorantraniliprole @0.4ml/lit, Cyantraniliprole @1g/lit.
Metarhizium brunneum – formerly known as M. anisopliae @1.5 Kg/acre.
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora @4.5 kg/ha.
A recently-introduced biological insecticide is Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae @ 1kg/ha.
- A new species of nematodes, Steinernema scarabaei, has been showing promising results
in research studies.
Geethanjali devi et al., (2018)
Stock and Koppenhofer, 2003
36. The main difference between them is that a snail has a shell and a slug does
not.
SLUGS SNAILS
SLUGS & SNAILS
37. Damage symptoms
• They are especially active at night, feeding
early in the spring when new growth is
luxurious.
• Large, irregular holes in leaves or petals
and succulent stems snipped in half.
• Silvery, slimy trails of drying mucus.
Ragged Holes
38. MANAGEMENT
Baiting-
• Acetamiprid 20SP or Emamectin benzoate
5SG are used at 10% as bait in 1kg wheat
husk, 250g jaggery & 25g yeast extract in
water.
• Sugar water and yeast mixed together
which acts as an attractant.
• Use metaldehyde 2.5% at 2kg/acre or Iron
phosphate.
• Use malted beer as an attractant.
Baiting using beer
www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
39. Barrier
• Use copper barriers around planting beds and trees to give snails and slugs an electric
shock.
(Molluscans use Haemocyanin in their blood to transport oxygen. These Haemocyanin
proteins contain two copper atoms. This makes all molluscans very sensitive to the ingestion
of additional quantities of copper. So it prevents oxygen movement).
40. SPIDERS
Bites from some are venomous (Recluse & Widow spiders).
-Spiders can affect small children and hypersensitive individuals, causing redness and
swelling of the skin.
-Spiders are mainly beneficial because they feed upon pest insects, but are also a food
source for many birds, reptiles and mammals. So non dangerous spiders should not be
indiscriminately killed.
Control
o Keep spiders out with weather stripping & spider catcher.
o Use of sticky cards placed flat on the floor in room corners kill many spiders.
o Caulk and seal all exterior entry points around door, window and walls.
42. PESTICIDES:
a. Insecticide treatments with sprays and dusts around outside of the wall.
b. Cypermethrin 25EC @0.1%, Deltamethrin spray@ 0.05%, Deltamethrin granules 0.1%
and Drione dust (pyrethrins+piperonyl butoxide) can be used against spiders.
Weather Stripping Glue trap
43. WASPS AND HORNETS
They build their single comb, paper-like nests under house eaves or in sheltered areas
such as sheds, barns, garages, or within ground cavities (yellow jackets).
Stinging insects build nests near dwelling places and may become nuisance or danger
to those allergic to their sting.
Hornets will only attack to defend their colony.
These are larger in size and has red or orange color body.
Management
Use screens in buildings.
If one or two enter, use a flyswatter.
For underground nests like yellow jackets, apply insecticide directly into the entrance hole
and close over immediately with soil.
Hornet
45. Household pests
Any undesired vertebrates or invertebrates that have a history of living, invading, causing
damage, eating human foods, acting as disease vectors or causing harms in human habitation.
Household pests constitute any-other unwanted invasion in the home.
Generally household pests are a subset of urban pests.
The common household pests includes- Ants, Silverfish, Powder post beetles, Carpet beetle,
Cloth moth & Cricket.
It prefer moisture, active at night and hide during the day.
Eat foods high in protein or starch
(e.g., glue or paste, bookbindings, starch in clothing, and rayon fabrics.)
Mullick, 2003
Silverfish- Ctenolepisma sps
46. Management of silverfish
Spray propoxur @0.5%
Poison baiting: Oatmeal, Sodium fluoride or white arsenic, sugar & common salt.
Very fine sawdust on or beneath wood and small round or oval shot holes in wood surfaces
indicate infestation.
Powder post beetle: Sinoxylon sudanicum
Management:
• Fumigation with methyl bromide.
• Borate liquid applications to wood surfaces are
beneficial.
• Treat wood with Copper sulphate or Zinc
chloride @0.2%.
• Paint with varnish or tar.
47. Carpet beetle- Anthrena Pimpinella
• Grub & adults bite holes in fabrics like clothings, curtain.
• They also attack silk, insect specimens & dried meat.
Cloth Moth- Trichophaga abruptella
• Larva attack wool, leather, fish meal, dead insects & animals.
Cricket- Gryllus sps
• Live in crevices & males causes nuisance by making chirping
noise at night.
Management
Use PDCB crystals/Napthalene balls.
DeltaDust applied to cracks and crevices.
Spray Demand CS, Dragnet FT, Suspend SC, Tempo SC Ultra.
Caulk, seal all openings & use of sticky traps was found
effective against cricket.
48. ANTS- Monomorium criniceps
Feeding on all kinds of food materials,
Including sweets, starches and fatty foods.
Management
Keep food refrigerated @<10°C.
Using caulk and screening to exclude ants is effective.
Home-made bait of syrup mixed with boric acid powder (3 tsp. BA + 100ml. syrup) is
effective.
When using these baits and traps do not clean near area where baits are placed because
chemical foraging trails can be erased.
Harrison, 2006
49. Insecticides (indoor).
Combat® (hydramethylnon) or MaxForce® (fipronil) ant bait gel,
or a contact insecticides like DeltaDust® (deltamethrin) @ 1.25g/lit
or Ortho Home Defense® (bifenthrin) @0.5ml/lit spray have been effective.
-Boric acid is available in liquid bait & also in spray formulation under trade name ‘Terro’.
Insecticides (outdoor).
Products containing pyrethroids such as cypermethrin @1ml/lit, permethrin @1.5ml/lit and
lambda-cyhalothrin @1ml/lit are effective as perimeter applications.
50. Cockroaches exit their hiding places at night and feed on all types of food-stuffs as well as
starchy materials such as book binding glues.
- During the day, roaches congregate in dark places such as inside kitchen cabinets and
under sinks & around bathroom fixtures.
They also feed on milk, soda, beer, cheese, meat and dead insects. They are often attracted
by food residue and garbages.
It produces foul smell with excreta spread over.
Control
• Caulk to repair holes and cracks in walls.
• Use sticky traps to aid in control.
COCKROACHES- Periplanata americana
51. Insecticides (indoor).
RTU sprays of several insecticides that contain permethrin and
bifenthrin are effective.
Silica gel powder or baits containing boric acid are also effective.
Products containing hydroprene (Gentrol), or MaxForce®FC Roach
Killer Bait Gel (fipronil) or MaxForce
ProRoach Killer Bait Gel (hydramethylnon) are effective.
DeltaDust can also be used.
Imidacloprid gel bait is effective.
Etofenprox @ 1mg/sq cm.
Imiprothrin + Cypermethrin
52.
53. Rodents
1. House mouse
- Mus musculus
2. House rat/ Black rat
- Rattus rattus
3. Brown rat /Norway rat /Sewer rat
- Rattus norvegicus
1.House mouse 2.Black rat
3.Sewer rat
54. About 4.5% losses are caused due to rodents in storage annually.
Rodents causes serious damage not only to stored products but also to buildings.
Rodents not only feed on the grains but also contaminate more than 20% what they
consume, with their faeces, urine and hair.
Prolonged attacks results in serious quantitative losses, up to 3-4%, of stored products.
Decrease in quality of the foodstuffs, caused by the filth secretions rodents.
Indeed, rodents are often the vectors of a number of serious diseases like rabies,
leptospirosis etc
Rodents.
Gubler et al., 2001
55. Destroy books, papers, and clothes.
Chew through electrical wires and increase electrocution risk.
Cause structural damage to wood, drywall, insulation, and other building materials.
56. RODENTS MANAGEMENT
1. Ultrasonic technology
1. The ultrasonic deterrent devices
emit a sound undetectable by
humans.
2. The pressure and frequency of this
emitted sound drives mice and rats
away.
57. PROPER PROOFING
• Apertures should be 6 mm maximum.
• Materials must be resistant to gnawing, e.g. galvanized steel.
TRAPS
Old types
a. Snap neck trap
b. Live catch trap
c. Wonder/ Glue trap
Live trap Snap trap
58. REPRODUCTIVE INHIBITORS
Given through Bait @ 0.5% -Tetradifon, Furadantin and Colchicine.
A germ cell mutagen, Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and also reduces fertility in both
male and female.
USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS
First-generation/Multiple dose anticoagulants-
Warfarin & fumarin @0.025%,
Diphacinone and Chlorophacinone @0.03%.
-Racumin (coumatetralyl) has been commercialized in India to be used as 0.75% tracking
powder or 0.0375% cereal bait.
Application:
Liquid bait: Warfarin – one part & Water – 19 parts.
Solid bait: Warfarin– one part, Sugar – one part, Vegetable oil – one part & Crushed grain –
17 parts.
Mattison and Thomford, 2020
59. Second generation/ Single dose anticoagulant rodenticides
These needs to be eaten by rats only once before they die. Since, the rodents feel no
pain, there is no warning & they continue to feed if the bait is attractive.
difenacoum, brodifacoum,
bromadiolone RB(Ready Bait) @0.005%,
flocoumafen and difethiolone(0.0025%).
One piece should be kept at hiding place or runways etc.
Witmer et al.,(2013)
60. Household Stored Product Pests.
Insects and rodents feed on the stored products & also contaminate them which
make food unfit for human consumption.
Among biotic factors, insects causes nearly 10 -20% of damage to total stored
produce (Tyagi et al., 2019).
About 500 species of insects have been associated with stored grain products.
• 100 species of insect pests of stored products cause economic losses.
• Storage insect pests are categorized into two types.
• Primary storage pests : Insects that damages sound/whole grain.
a) Internal feeders- insects feed entirely within the kernels or grain.
b) External feeders- feed on the grains from outside/ grain surface.
• Secondary storage pests: Insects feed on broken grains or on materials which
are out of condition and dump.
61. Common Name Scientific Name Host Food
Rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae Rice, wheat, sorghum, barley,
maize.
Lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica Rice, wheat, maize.
Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella Paddy, wheat and maize.
Pulse beetles Callosobruchus chinensis,
C. maculatus
Pulses, gram and bean.
Cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne Peanut, spices, turmeric, chillies,
ginger, stored tobacco.
Drug store beetle Stegobium paniceum Turmeric, coriander, ginger, dry
vegetables & animal matter.
INTERNAL FEEDERS.
62. External feeder
Common Name Scientific Name Host Food
Long headed flour beetle Latheticus oryzae Broken grains, damaged grains
Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis Dry fruits, rice, wheat, maize,
cereals
Grain/flour mites Acarus siro Cereal grains, flour, other
vegetables
Common Name Scientific Name Host Food
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum,
T. confusum
Processed foods like flour,
grains, cornflakes
Secondary pests
63. Rice weevil Lesser grain borer Pulse beetle Cigarette beetle
Drug store beetle Flour beetle Long head flour beetle Grain mites
64. Recent advances in stored grain pest management
1. Plant volatile organic compounds (PVOC)
Bioactive, typically volatile in nature. PVOC may act as a growth inhibitors, oviposition
deterrents, antifeedants, repellents and chemosterilants.
PVOC are essential oils consist of alcohols, aldehydes and terpenoids and extracts from many
plants (Rajashekar, 2012).
• Aqueous extracts of cocklebur Xanthium strumarium leaf shows insecticidal properties
against C. chinensis (Roy et al., 2014).
• 1, 8 cineole, which was extracted from essential oils of Lamiaceae(mints) plants affects
oviposition of rice weevil.
• The asarone isolated from rhizomes of A. calamus possess chemosterilant properties.
• The essential oils of cardamom (Elletaria cardamum) (Zingiberaceae), Cinnamum
zeylanicum (Lauraceae), Sygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae), Eucalyptus spp. and Azadirachta
indica (Meliaceae) found to have ovicidal effect on the eggs of T. castaneum
(Hong et al., 2018).
65. Nanoparticles or Nanoformulations
Many forms of nanoparticles used against stored grain pests like Silica Aerogel, Aluminium
oxide (Al2O3), Zinc oxide (ZnO), Copper oxide (Cu2O), Titanium dioxide (TiO2).
The metal nanoparticles are utilized for making such formulations & these can be used as
insecticides.
Amorphous silica nano particles have 100 percent mortality against T. castaneum.
Al2O3 had the strongest deterrent impact on S. oryzae (Keratum et al., 2015).
Nano-Diatomaceous-earth killed the eggs of T. confusum.
Mode of Action of Nanoparticles
Insects utilizes a variety of cuticular lipids to maintain their water barrier intact and hence
avoid death due to dehydration.
When it absorbs nano-silica into the cuticular lipids, If nanoencapsulation is released, then
death occurs due to changes in diffusion, biodegradation, dissolution and osmotic
pressure.
66. Ionizing Radiation
o Strong ionizing radiation (at a dose of 0.6 kGy) causes death of stored grain insects
by producing highly reactive free radicals or ions.
o Irradiation can effectively kill all life stages of insects.
o All the stages of S. oryzae will be killed 1MHz sound exposure for 5 minutes.
Behavioral Control by Using Insect Pheromones
The pheromones are utilised to trap Tribolium spp, Sitophilus spp, Drugstore beetle and
Cigarette beetle.
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
Methoprene inhibits the metamorphosis of O. surinamensis at 1 mg/kg,
while hydrophene shows complete inhibition of larval growth in Sitophilus oryzae at a
dose of 10-20 mg/kg.
67. Spinosad as a natural grain protectant
o This is a low-risk pesticide, can be applied at a rate of 0.3ml/lit.
o It’s effective against psocid species as well as economically important beetle and moth
pests associated with stored grains (Nayak et al., 2005).
Other Synthetic grain protectants
o Reldan 4E (Chlorpyrifos-methyl) @10ml/lit. It’s labeled for use on barley, rice, grain
sorghum and wheat but is not labeled on corn. This does not have activity on lesser
grain borer.
o Storcide II (Chlorpyrifos-methyl + deltamethrin) @5ml/lit. Broad spectrum, effective
against lesser grain borer also.
o Actellic 5E (Pirimiphos-methyl) is registered for use on corn and grain sorghum.
68. Indigenous practices for eco-friendly storage of food grains and
seeds.
1. Sun drying of grains 11. Use of garlic cloves
2. Use of ash 12. Use of salt & chilli powder
3. Red soil coating 13. Use of Camphor
4. Plastering of bins with clay & cow dung 14. Use of castor powder
5. Storage of pulses with common salt 15. Sand mixture method
6. Turmeric application method 16. Use of dried red chillies
7. Mixing of leaves 17. Use of lime powder
8. Use of neem leaves 18. Use of Tulsi seeds
9. Use of neem leaves & dry chillies 19. Use of custard apple seed powder
10. Use of neem oil 20. Use of ginger & rhizome
Prakash et al., 2016
69. 1. Red soil coating method
Red soil and water are mixed to form a paste in a
container. Seeds are transferred into this pot and
mixed well so that the soil completely adheres to
the seeds.
- Seeds are dried under shade and stored in dark.
Scientific rationale:
i. As it covers the grains, the insect could not able
to feed, lay eggs as it acts as a barrier.
ii. Soil absorbs left out moisture in the seeds.
iii. Improves germination.
Target crops: Pulses, ragi, maize.
70. 2. Use of Ash
Seeds are filled in earthen pots to its 3/4 volume and
rest 1/4th filled by ash. By this method we can store
grains upto 6 months.
Farmer’s view: Wide range of storage pests are
controlled.
Scientific view: i. Ash contains silica which
interferes with insect feeding.
ii. Ash dust reduces the R.H.
iii. Egg laying and larval development could be
hampered because ash dust covers the grain seeds.
Target crops: Pulses
71. 3. Use of Neem oil.
Neem oil is manually applied on pulses to coat
every grain uniformly.
Farmer’s view: The bitter taste of Neem gives
protection against pests and pathogens.
Scientific rationale
Margosa oil acts as repellent to many insects
such as beetles, moths and weevils.
Neem oil kills insects at the egg stage itself.
-Neem oil also has antifeedant & molting
inhibitor property.
Target crops: Pulses
72. 4. Mixing of leaves
Calotropis
Chinese chaste
Neem
Leaves of Neem,
Nirgandi/Chinese chaste tree
(Vitex nigundo), Calotropis are
collected and dried under shade
till it becomes papery. Then
leaves are mixed with seeds.
Farmer’s view: Leaves are readily available.
Scientific rationale: Leaves of Neem, Nirgandi &
Calotropis has very good insecticidal properties and
also acts as antifeedents, repellents and growth
inhibitors.
Target crops: Pulses and cereals
73. 5.Turmeric application method
Turmeric powder is another good method to prevent the
grains from insect pests.
Grains and seeds are mixed with turmeric powder
before storing them in bags. This provides protection for
upto 6-8months.
Farmer’s view: Easy method and kills the storage
pests.
Scientific rationale:
i. Turmerones and arturmerone are the components
which act as insect repellent in turmeric.
ii. Its strong smell keep the insects away from food
grains.
Target crops: Pulses and cereals
74. Case Study 1
They studied the effect of gamma irradiation emitted by a cesium on sexual maturation
and mating success of males and compared the sexual competitiveness of sterile versus
wild males in the presence of wild females in semi-field(cage) conditions.
In the absence of competition, untreated and sterile males were able to inseminate
the same number of virgin females. Daily mating success of single sterile males followed
the same pattern as for untreated ones.
Lemperiere et al., (2016)
76. Insemination ability of Untreated vs Sterile male mosquito according to age
NS indicates non significant & * stands for significant difference
77. Mean fecundity and fertility values of wild females in different conditions
(ratio of sterile male: wild male: wild female)
78. The competitiveness index of sterile males in semi-field conditions was
only 0.14 when they were released at 1-day old, but improved to 0.53
when the release occurred after a 5-day period in laboratory conditions.
This SIT simulation experiment suggests that sterile males could be
sufficiently competitive to mate with wild females, a 5:1 sterile to wild
male ratio allowed a two-fold reduction of the wild population’s
fertility.
So that it helps in controlling the wild mosquito population.
CONCLUSION
79. Case Study 2
A gel-baiting technique is the most effective tool to control ants with less insecticides
released into the environment.
In this study two commercial gel baits; the Boric acid (2.5% boric acid) and the
Fipronil (0.01% fipronil) baits, were evaluated against laboratory made baits (lab
baits).
The lab baits, consists of : 3% boric acid + fructose (F3) and 3% boric acid +
fructose + molasses (M3) were evaluated based on mortality rates of the common
household ant species: the Monomorium chinensis and the Anoplolepis gracilipes
under lab conditions.
80. Mortality of M. chinensis at different time interval under lab conditions.
α HAT = Hours after treatment β LT50 values (h) were determined by Probit analysis
81. Mortality of A. gracilipes at different time interval under lab conditions.
α HAT = Hours after treatment β LT50 values (h) were determined by Probit analysis
82. Conclusion
Commercial fipronil bait caused a mortality within a short time.
Lab bait M3 also had a faster killing speed than the commercial boric acid
bait and the lab bait F3.
Based on the results we can conclude that lab bait M3 was an efficient
ant bait and is a potential alternative control measure to the current
commercial baits.
83. Case Study 3
The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of different insecticide-free
baits against house fly by incorporating flower methanol extract of Helianthus
annuus (sunflower) and Tagetes erecta (marigold) at 10%, 20% and 30% bait
formulation of corn syrup, dried milk and water.
Syrup A- made with Fructose, Syrup B- Sweetless(no sugars) & Syrup C-
Sucrose.
However, imidacloprid and thiacloprid (each at 5% concentration) were also included
in the study for comparison.
Case Study 3
84. Comparison of mean mortality % of housefly exposed to flower extracts
& insecticides in corn syrups after 48h.
85. Results showed that insecticide baits were superior in causing mortality of adult
housefly, but dependent upon syrup.
The mortality rate in 30% baits of flower extracts having fructose had a similar
impact as observed in case of imidacloprid and thiacloprid baits.
A concentrated plant extract could cause the highest mortality up to the impact of
synthetic insecticides.
Therefore, biological baits could play a more active and safer role in the management
of housefly as compared to synthetic insecticides.
Conclusion:
86. Methods: Aqueous extracts of four different plant materials; ripe fruits of hot pepper,
fruit peelings of orange, leaves of Mexican marigold and bulbs of garlic were
studied against bedbugs in a controlled lab settings and their effect based on chemotaxis
and mortality observed.
Each treatment; V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 were treated with 5ml of 10mg/ml of
extracts from Capsicum annuum, fruit peelings of Citrus sinensis, leaves of Tagetes
minuta, bulbs of Allium sativum and a concoction of the four extracts at the ratio of
1:1:1:1 respectively. Treatment V6 was treated with commercial synthetic insecticide
(Bedlum®, acetamiprid as active compound) as a positive control and V7 was
treated with distilled water as a negative control.
Case Study 4
87. Time of action for plant extracts to cause 100% mortality on bed bugs.
88. Time of action for plant extracts to cause 100% motility
(Negative chemotaxis) on bedbugs
89. Conclusion
Lab findings revealed that the bed bugs possess a negative chemotaxis
(movement away from chemical stimuli) to Concoction & acetamiprid.
Capsicum annum and C. sinensis had a direct killing effect on the bedbugs.
The combination of extracts from the four plants showed 100% mortality
within the shortest time of 10 seconds as compared to individual plant extracts.
90. Bed bug infestations are difficult to eradicate, further aggravated by widespread resistance to
pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides.
This study evaluated the efficacy of the newly developed fungal biopesticide Aprehend™,
containing Beauveria bassiana.
2 Strains of bed bugs are used here
• Harold Harlan strain(indoor) which is susceptible to insecticides
• & Courtyard strain(outdoor) which is resistant to insecticides
Case Study 5
91. Proportional survival of adult bed bugs after 15 min exposure to fabric treated with
B. bassiana and deltamethrin. Control was treated with water.
94. Conclusion:
Overall mortality for the Harold Harlan (insecticide-susceptible) strain was high (98–
100%) following exposure to Aprehend™ or Suspend SC (deltamethrin).
Pyrethroid-resistant courtyard bed bugs also susceptible to infection by B. bassiana,
resulting in MSTs <6 days and >94% overall mortality.
But, the mortality of insecticide-resistant courtyard bugs to Suspend SC was only 16-
40%.
Aprehend™ is equally effective against both insecticide-susceptible and
insecticide-resistant bed bugs and could provide pest control operators with a promising new
tool.
95. Community approach must be followed.
Adopt less hazardous or non-chemical methods of control.
Emphasis should be given on reduced risk options like baits.
Biocontrol should be encouraged which seems to be
sustainable & target specific.
Studies on botanicals is very much essential, since many
household pests are showing resistance to synthetic pesticides.
IPM- must be considered for an effective & economical control.
96. Referenc
es:
• Afzal, H., Ahmed, S., Khan, R.R., Sufian, M., Arshad, M and Qasim, M. 2020. Management of house fly,
Musca domestica L.(Muscidae: Diptera), through botanical baits. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 64.
• Barbarin, A.M., Bellicanta, G.S., Osborne, J.A., Schal, C and Jenkins, N.E. 2017. Susceptibility of
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98. Acknowledgements
Course in-charge : Dr. S.J Rahman
(Senior Professor & University Head)
Chairman : Dr. J.C Sekhar
(Principal Scientist IIMR)
Faculty,
Seniors, Juniors
and Friends