This document discusses the process of percolation. Percolation is when a liquid passes slowly through a filter, coming from the Latin words meaning "through" and "to strain." Common examples given are coffee percolation. The process of percolation generally involves five steps - comminution, imbibition, packing, maceration, and percolation. Modified forms of percolation are also discussed, such as reserved, continuous hot, and continuous cold percolation which use specialized equipment.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
R. VIJAYAKUMAR., M Pharm,
Research Scholar
department of Pharmaceutical Technology.
Anna university- BIT
Tiruchirappalli
III Semester.
UNIT-IV / Micromeritics
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
R. VIJAYAKUMAR., M Pharm,
Research Scholar
department of Pharmaceutical Technology.
Anna university- BIT
Tiruchirappalli
III Semester.
UNIT-IV / Micromeritics
the all u need to know about syrup is here its a verified information.and will help u to incerease your knowledge about liquid dosage forms especially Syrup
Powder Technology
Particle analysis in pharmaceuticals
Determination of particle size and surface area
Large scale equipment for powders
Types of powders
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
the all u need to know about syrup is here its a verified information.and will help u to incerease your knowledge about liquid dosage forms especially Syrup
Powder Technology
Particle analysis in pharmaceuticals
Determination of particle size and surface area
Large scale equipment for powders
Types of powders
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
All about extraction methods in pharmacognosy.
The procedure of separating active compounds, active substances, or active medications from basic materials derived either directly from plants or animals,
It is the separation of medicinally active tissues from inert or inactive components in plants or animals using specific solvents.
Solvent ;
Can be Polar or Non-polar
Depends on the nature of secondary metabolite
Example;
Polar Solvents; Water, Alcohol etc.
Non- polar; Benzene, chloroform etc.
Ideal properties of the solvent;
Must be highly selective for the compound to be extracted
Inert with the extracted compound or with other compounds in the plant material
Cost effective
Be harmless to man & eco-friendly
CHOICE OF EXTRACTION METHODS DEPENDS ON;
Size of Sample
Quantity of the extract required
Choice of solvent
The time taken for extraction
Cost
Terms used in extraction;
MENSTRUUM;
Solvent or solvent mixture used for extraction.
MISCELLA /Extract;
Solution containing extracted substances.
MARC;
Inert insoluble material that remains after extraction.
Drying of crude drugs;
To prevent microbiological contamination, it is necessary.
Drugs should be dried below 60°C unless otherwise specified.
Shade drying
Lowered heat exposure
Less chance to chemical alteration
Sun drying
Use less intense sun light
Economic, Most efficient
Far infrared drying
Less explored yet
Expensive, Used for expensive drugs
Vacuum Drying
Low Pressure rapid drying method
For thermolabile compounds
Oven/Hot air drying
Often used
Steps of Extractions;
Size reduction
Maximum surface area
Mesh size is 30-40 optimum
Extraction
Maceration, Infusion, Percolation, soxhlation etc.
Filtration
With the help of musciline cloth, filter paper, filter press
Concentration
By evaporation of solvent
Drying
Spray drying
Extraction;
Extraction is the process of efficiently dissolving & separating the desired chemical constituents from the crude drug with the use of solvent.
Types Of Extraction ;
Solid Extraction
The name refers to the separation of solid components from solid substance by using appropriate solvent. This type of extraction is generally performed before any further separation or processing..
2. Solvent Extraction
The liquid-liquid extraction is one in which phytoconstituents that are extracted by solid extraction process are partitioned between any two immiscible solvents.
Ideally this process needs to be carried out after solid extraction process & it is considered as purification process.
On a laboratory scale Solvent extraction is carried out in a separating funnel.
Mechanism of .......
Extraction
Various methods
Extraction with reflux
Extraction with agitation
Counter current extraction
reserve percolation process, continuous hot percolation process
decoction
infusion
digestion
Extraction with agitation
Maceration with adjustment
I am professionally pharmacist.
These slides provide for education especially for pharmacy department student's. I hope students get more benefits about these slides.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
what is extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion, factors, procedure for infusion, procedure for decoction, procedure for maceration, factors for extraction
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Introduction
Percolation is the process of a liquid slowly
passing through a filter.
Percolation comes from the Latin word
percolare, “Per” which means “through”
and “Colare” means to “strain”
Percolation happens when liquid is strained
through a filter, like when someone makes
coffee.
3. COMMON EXAMPLES
Coffee: In coffee percolation soluble
compounds leaves the coffee and join the
water. Insoluble components remain within
the coffee filter.
Coffee percolation
4. PROCESS
The process of percolation includes five
steps.
Comminution of drug
Imbibition of drug
Packing
Maceration
Percolation
5. COMMINUTION
It is the size reduction of drug usually from
coarse powder to fine powder so that....
To increase surface area
To ensure complete removal of drug
To slow down the movement of menstrum
For uniform packing
6. IMBIBITION
Imbibition Swelling of drug by absorbing
menstrum. It is allowed to stand for 4 hours in
a closed container. It is done to achieve
following objectives;
To avoid choking(difficulty in movement)
To remove air
To avoid washing out of fine particles
7. PACKING
PACKING
After imbibition drug is evenly packed into the
percolator.
The a filter paper is placed on the bottom to support
the column of drug.
Then the moistened drug is placed on the filter paper.
Over the moistened drug another filter paper is
placed having weight on it.
Then menstrum is added. Close the lid if menstrum is
volatile.
8. MACERATION
MACERATION
After packing sufficient menstrum is added and
covered with lid.
When liquid begins to drop the lower orifice is
closed.
Then percolator is set aside 24 hours.
10. PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
After 24 hours lower orifice is opened and menstrum is
collected with a controlled speed until ¾ of menstrum is
collected.
Then more menstrum is added and collected from the
lower orifice so that marc does not become dry.
Then marc is pressed to get extract which is combined
with previous liquid.
Then it is allowed to stand and then it is filtered.
11. MODIFIED PERCOLATION
MODIFIED PERCOLATION
Reserved percolation
Continuous hot percolation
Continuous cold percolation Reserved
Reserved percolation:
This type of percolation is done to get concentrated
preparation.
Process:
In this method the first portion(about ¾ portion) of
percolate contains maximum amount of active
constituent(70 to 80%) is reserved as such..
12. The last portion of percolate(about ¼ ) is
collected separately and menstrum is
evaporated to get syrupy consistency and
mixed with reserved percolate. Final volume is
adjusted by adding more menstrum. Usually
alcohol is use as menstrum for reserved
percolation.
Example: Liquorice liquid extract
13. CONTINUOUS HOT PERCOLATION
This process is done for those drugs in which percolation of
menstrum into cellular tissues is very low.
Apparatus:
The apparatus use for this process is called as KUMAGAWA
EXTRACTOR.
Process:
The menstrum present in the flask is heated and vapours are
taken to a condenser where the condensed liquid is return to
the drug to continue extraction.
ADVANTAGES:
Smaller volume of menstrum can be use again and again.
