1. An attitude consists of three components - affective (feelings), behavioral (actions), and cognitive (thoughts). The three-component model is most popular in describing attitudes.
2. Attitudes serve important functions like knowledge, pursuing goals, self-esteem, and expressing values. They also allow for cognitive consistency between how we feel about objects and people.
3. Attitudes can be formed through direct experience, conditioning, social influence from parents and peers, and exposure to media. Specific attitudes better predict behaviors than general attitudes.
Formation of Attitude, How it is Changed and Rule of PrejudiceEHSAN KHAN
Let's quickly define the word attitude. An attitude is the value a person assigns to something or someone. How do you feel about the current president of the United States? What do you think about classical music? These questions will reveal your level of value towards these things, or, your attitude about the president or classical music.
This document discusses attitudes and their formation. It defines attitudes as evaluations of objects that can be positive or negative. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive component involves beliefs and knowledge about an object, the affective component involves feelings toward the object, and the behavioral component involves tendencies to behave in certain ways toward the object. Attitudes are formed through various determinants like community influences, cultural factors, experiences, socialization, needs, media, and personality traits. The theoretical perspective of attitude formation is explained through social learning theory and concepts like classical and instrumental conditioning.
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of INC for the Basic BSc nursing. presentation is a brief information for the students so for better knowledge please refer the books.
Attitudes can be defined conceptually or operationally. Conceptually, attitudes are mental states that influence responses to objects and situations. Operationally, attitudes are measured using questionnaires to assess tendencies to evaluate objects favorably or unfavorably. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Measurement methods include self-report scales, indirect tests, observation, and reaction techniques. Attitude change considers characteristics of the attitude, personality of the holder, and group affiliations. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes reducing incompatibility between cognitions. The attitude-behavior relationship is complex, depending on moderating factors like situations, attitudes, individuals, and behaviors.
This document discusses attitudes in psychology. It defines an attitude as a tendency to evaluate things positively or negatively. Attitudes are formed through direct experience, observation, social roles, and social norms. They influence behavior but the relationship is complex. Attitudes can change through learning, persuasion, and reducing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and actions. Attitudes serve functions like helping organize knowledge, protecting self-esteem, and expressing values. They are measured both explicitly through self-reports and implicitly through response times.
Social perception involves forming impressions of others based on available information such as physical appearance and verbal and non-verbal cues. Self-concept refers to how people judge and perceive themselves, which can be influenced by factors like parents, friends, and media. Attitudes are tendencies to evaluate people, objects, or ideas positively or negatively, and involve affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. The attribution process helps explain the causes of behaviors, which can be internal factors like work ethic or external factors like luck. Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help people understand the world, and can be adjusted through assimilation of new information into existing ideas or accommodation which replaces old ideas with new information.
Unit – i introduction to psychological basis ofKanchan Arya
This document discusses several methods used in psychological research: introspection, observation, and experimentation. Introspection involves self-examination but has limitations such as the inability to be replicated. Observation allows one to see behavior naturally but subjects can hide feelings and establishing cause and effect is difficult. Experimentation allows controlling variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships, but not all phenomena can be experimentally studied and it is costly. Overall, the document outlines strengths and weaknesses of different research methods in psychology.
This document discusses attitudes, including definitions, characteristics, formation, factors influencing formation, and implications for nursing. It defines attitude as an enduring organization of processes regarding an aspect of one's world. Attitudes are learned and range from positive to negative, consisting of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. They serve knowledge, self-expression, adaptation, and ego-defensive functions. Attitudes are formed through family, social norms, peers, school, experiences, and media, and can be changed through education, propaganda, fear, modeling, experiences, and changing beliefs/values. Nursing implications include avoiding prejudiced attitudes, understanding patient attitudes, and cultivating a professional attitude.
Formation of Attitude, How it is Changed and Rule of PrejudiceEHSAN KHAN
Let's quickly define the word attitude. An attitude is the value a person assigns to something or someone. How do you feel about the current president of the United States? What do you think about classical music? These questions will reveal your level of value towards these things, or, your attitude about the president or classical music.
This document discusses attitudes and their formation. It defines attitudes as evaluations of objects that can be positive or negative. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive component involves beliefs and knowledge about an object, the affective component involves feelings toward the object, and the behavioral component involves tendencies to behave in certain ways toward the object. Attitudes are formed through various determinants like community influences, cultural factors, experiences, socialization, needs, media, and personality traits. The theoretical perspective of attitude formation is explained through social learning theory and concepts like classical and instrumental conditioning.
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of INC for the Basic BSc nursing. presentation is a brief information for the students so for better knowledge please refer the books.
Attitudes can be defined conceptually or operationally. Conceptually, attitudes are mental states that influence responses to objects and situations. Operationally, attitudes are measured using questionnaires to assess tendencies to evaluate objects favorably or unfavorably. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Measurement methods include self-report scales, indirect tests, observation, and reaction techniques. Attitude change considers characteristics of the attitude, personality of the holder, and group affiliations. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes reducing incompatibility between cognitions. The attitude-behavior relationship is complex, depending on moderating factors like situations, attitudes, individuals, and behaviors.
This document discusses attitudes in psychology. It defines an attitude as a tendency to evaluate things positively or negatively. Attitudes are formed through direct experience, observation, social roles, and social norms. They influence behavior but the relationship is complex. Attitudes can change through learning, persuasion, and reducing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and actions. Attitudes serve functions like helping organize knowledge, protecting self-esteem, and expressing values. They are measured both explicitly through self-reports and implicitly through response times.
Social perception involves forming impressions of others based on available information such as physical appearance and verbal and non-verbal cues. Self-concept refers to how people judge and perceive themselves, which can be influenced by factors like parents, friends, and media. Attitudes are tendencies to evaluate people, objects, or ideas positively or negatively, and involve affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. The attribution process helps explain the causes of behaviors, which can be internal factors like work ethic or external factors like luck. Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help people understand the world, and can be adjusted through assimilation of new information into existing ideas or accommodation which replaces old ideas with new information.
Unit – i introduction to psychological basis ofKanchan Arya
This document discusses several methods used in psychological research: introspection, observation, and experimentation. Introspection involves self-examination but has limitations such as the inability to be replicated. Observation allows one to see behavior naturally but subjects can hide feelings and establishing cause and effect is difficult. Experimentation allows controlling variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships, but not all phenomena can be experimentally studied and it is costly. Overall, the document outlines strengths and weaknesses of different research methods in psychology.
This document discusses attitudes, including definitions, characteristics, formation, factors influencing formation, and implications for nursing. It defines attitude as an enduring organization of processes regarding an aspect of one's world. Attitudes are learned and range from positive to negative, consisting of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. They serve knowledge, self-expression, adaptation, and ego-defensive functions. Attitudes are formed through family, social norms, peers, school, experiences, and media, and can be changed through education, propaganda, fear, modeling, experiences, and changing beliefs/values. Nursing implications include avoiding prejudiced attitudes, understanding patient attitudes, and cultivating a professional attitude.
The document discusses pedagogy and andragogy. Pedagogy refers to teacher-focused education for children, where the teacher determines what is learned. Andragogy refers to learner-focused education for people of all ages, where the learner drives their education. The document outlines key assumptions about learners in pedagogy versus andragogy, such as adults needing to know why they are learning something and being problem-centered rather than subject-centered learners. It also discusses theories of adult learning styles and stages in the learning process from novice to expert.
Allport proposed that personality develops through stages of selfhood from infancy to adulthood. The earliest stage is the bodily self in infancy, focused on physical sensations and needs. Next is the personal self of childhood, where a sense of identity separates from others. In adolescence and beyond, the social self emerges through relationships and roles. The final stage is the transpersonal self, oriented toward universal principles like justice that transcend individual concerns. Allport saw personality developing as an increasingly complex self-concept at the core of one's being.
There are several key characteristics of group formation:
1. Groups involve people who perceive themselves as a coherent unit distinct from other groups.
2. Groups can be common-bond or common-identity, depending on how members are linked to each other.
3. Important group characteristics include status hierarchies, roles that members take on, norms that guide behavior, and cohesiveness or bonding between members.
4. Theories of group formation examine how and why individuals come together into coherent social units.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
Attitudes can be formed through direct experiences and observations based on behavioral theories. They can be measured explicitly through questionnaires and scales, or implicitly through physiological responses, language usage, priming techniques, and implicit association tests. Common scales include Likert, Thurstone, Guttman and Osgood's semantic differential which assess attitudes through agreement levels or connotative meanings. Physiological methods analyze facial expressions and brain activity, while covert measures evaluate biases in language, reaction times to primed concepts, and implicit associations.
This document defines attitudes and discusses their key characteristics and components. It states that attitudes are learned evaluations people hold towards objects, ideas, events, or other people. Attitudes have three components - affective (feelings), behavioral (actions), and cognitive (beliefs). They are formed through learning via association, observation, rewards/punishment, exposure to information, and cultural/social influences like family, peers, media, and education. Attitudes can be either explicit and conscious, or implicit and unconscious, and influence decisions and behavior.
This document outlines the objectives and content covered in a Human Development class. The class will review and reflect on social psychology topics and experiments like the Milgram and Zimbardo studies. It will also cover community psychology and ways of promoting social change. Finally, the class will discuss what interests students about human development, including understanding oneself and others better across the lifespan. Key aspects of physical, cognitive, socioemotional, and moral development will be examined.
This document provides an overview of AQA A-Level Psychology content on attachment. It discusses caregiver-infant interactions, animal studies by Lorenz and Harlow, explanations of attachment including learning theory and Bowlby's theory, Ainsworth's Strange Situation research, cultural variations in attachment, Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis, and the influence of early attachment on later relationships.
this presentation is on Perception- individual behavior
it covers following points :-
Introduction of Perception
Nature of Perception
Process of Perception
Importance of Perception
Factors Influencing Perception
The document provides an overview of personality, including definitions, theories, and approaches to understanding personality. It discusses:
1. Definitions of personality from different perspectives such as philosophical, sociological, and psychoanalytic.
2. Major personality theories including Freud's psychodynamic theory consisting of id, ego, superego; Erikson's psychosocial stages of development; and Sullivan's interpersonal theory of personality development.
3. Approaches to classifying personality including traits, temperament, physiological types, and the five-factor model of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
The document discusses various theories and mechanisms related to attitude formation and change. It describes four main ways attitudes can be formed: mere exposure, associative learning, self-perception, and functional reasons. Attitude change can occur through self-perception, learning theory, cognitive dissonance, and persuasion. The theory of planned behavior model proposes that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence behavioral intentions and actual behaviors.
This document summarizes several theories of child psychology and learning. It discusses Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Abraham Maslow, Margaret Mahler, and Urie Bronfenbrenner. For each theorist, it provides background information and an overview of their major theory, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, psychosocial development stages, cognitive development stages, social learning theory, hierarchy of needs, separation-individuation theory, and ecological systems theory. The document concludes by noting the application of learning theories to pediatric dentistry.
The document discusses the concept of attitudes and how they relate to an iceberg. It states that only 10% of an iceberg is visible above water, while 90% is below the surface. Similarly, only a small part of a person's attitudes are visible to others through their observable behavior, while most attitudes lie below the surface, unknown to others.
The document then provides definitions of attitudes, discusses their nature and components. It explains how attitudes are learned and developed through experiences, trauma, and adopting the attitudes of others. Factors influencing attitude formation include intellectual, emotional, social, and environmental factors. Attitudes can be changed through education, propaganda, modeling good behaviors, and direct experiences. Assessing attitudes can be
Last year 2013 I was studying about Attitude, then this year 2014 I discovered that is not about 'Attitude' BUT 'Ego'; Hence I was very interested to study about Ego, I came across one very interesting Theory developed by Dr. Erick Berne in 1958 known as 'Transactional Analysis'. The theory outlines how we have developed and treat ourselves, how we relate and communicate with others, and offers suggestions and interventions which will enable us to change and grow. Many times we think that its because of our attitudes that we can't relate well with others, NO it is because of our Ego. In case you need practical tests to discover your EGO, don't hesitate to write to me Through my Email address: kvndhillon@gmail.com.
Concept and of adjustment, Causes of maladjustmentDr.Amol Ubale
Concept and of adjustment, Causes of maladjustment, Problems of adjustment in adolescents and role of school, and teachers in helping the students facing following problems- Anxiety, withdrawal, aggression, delinquency, drug addition, failure and low achievement
Adjustment and maladjustment - Education Psychology (BEd)- its meaning,definition, process,students and teachers behavior, Maladjustment , symptoms and treatments
This document discusses personality from several perspectives, including:
- Psychoanalytic perspective focusing on Freud's ideas of the id, ego, and superego.
- Behavioural perspective emphasizing conditioning and response tendencies.
- Humanistic perspective centered on Rogers' ideas of self-actualization and unconditional positive regard.
- Biological perspectives examining the role of genes and neuroscience.
It also covers the Big Five model of personality traits and compares various theories on the development and structure of personality.
The document discusses motivation from a psychological perspective. It defines motivation as a feature that arouses individuals to act towards goals and sustain goal-directed behaviors. Motivation has roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas, and can originate from basic needs or inner drives. Theories of motivation discussed include drive reduction, drive induction, hedonism, incentive theory, and humanism. Motivation is important in education as it can direct behavior towards goals, increase effort and persistence, and improve performance. Motivation is key to success as it helps people get started, keep moving forward despite obstacles, do more than necessary, and make the journey towards success an enjoyable one.
This document discusses concepts related to adjustment and mental health. It defines adjustment as a state of balance between an individual and their environment where their needs are met and they conform to social demands. Adjustment is an ongoing process of adapting behavior. Mental health is the ability to adjust to life's stresses, while maladjustment involves physical, behavioral, or emotional symptoms. The document outlines several models of adjustment and lists common adjustment mechanisms like defense mechanisms, escape behaviors, and psychosomatic illness.
The document discusses factors that influence attitude formation and change. It describes four main ways attitudes can be formed: mere exposure, associative learning, self-perception, and functional reasons. Attitudes can also change through self-perception, learning theories, cognitive dissonance, and persuasion. A key model for predicting behavior is the theory of planned behavior, which says behavioral intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
Lesson 2 Attitude and Concept of Attitude.pptxMMerllanMier
Attitudes are sets of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward an object, person, thing or event. They are influenced by experience, social factors, learning, and conditioning. Attitudes are formed through direct experience, observing others, social roles and norms, classical conditioning using imagery to create positive associations, and operant conditioning using feedback to shape opinions. While attitudes influence behavior, the relationship is not perfect as other factors also impact behavior. Learning theory shows how conditioning and observation can be used to change attitudes.
The document discusses pedagogy and andragogy. Pedagogy refers to teacher-focused education for children, where the teacher determines what is learned. Andragogy refers to learner-focused education for people of all ages, where the learner drives their education. The document outlines key assumptions about learners in pedagogy versus andragogy, such as adults needing to know why they are learning something and being problem-centered rather than subject-centered learners. It also discusses theories of adult learning styles and stages in the learning process from novice to expert.
Allport proposed that personality develops through stages of selfhood from infancy to adulthood. The earliest stage is the bodily self in infancy, focused on physical sensations and needs. Next is the personal self of childhood, where a sense of identity separates from others. In adolescence and beyond, the social self emerges through relationships and roles. The final stage is the transpersonal self, oriented toward universal principles like justice that transcend individual concerns. Allport saw personality developing as an increasingly complex self-concept at the core of one's being.
There are several key characteristics of group formation:
1. Groups involve people who perceive themselves as a coherent unit distinct from other groups.
2. Groups can be common-bond or common-identity, depending on how members are linked to each other.
3. Important group characteristics include status hierarchies, roles that members take on, norms that guide behavior, and cohesiveness or bonding between members.
4. Theories of group formation examine how and why individuals come together into coherent social units.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
Attitudes can be formed through direct experiences and observations based on behavioral theories. They can be measured explicitly through questionnaires and scales, or implicitly through physiological responses, language usage, priming techniques, and implicit association tests. Common scales include Likert, Thurstone, Guttman and Osgood's semantic differential which assess attitudes through agreement levels or connotative meanings. Physiological methods analyze facial expressions and brain activity, while covert measures evaluate biases in language, reaction times to primed concepts, and implicit associations.
This document defines attitudes and discusses their key characteristics and components. It states that attitudes are learned evaluations people hold towards objects, ideas, events, or other people. Attitudes have three components - affective (feelings), behavioral (actions), and cognitive (beliefs). They are formed through learning via association, observation, rewards/punishment, exposure to information, and cultural/social influences like family, peers, media, and education. Attitudes can be either explicit and conscious, or implicit and unconscious, and influence decisions and behavior.
This document outlines the objectives and content covered in a Human Development class. The class will review and reflect on social psychology topics and experiments like the Milgram and Zimbardo studies. It will also cover community psychology and ways of promoting social change. Finally, the class will discuss what interests students about human development, including understanding oneself and others better across the lifespan. Key aspects of physical, cognitive, socioemotional, and moral development will be examined.
This document provides an overview of AQA A-Level Psychology content on attachment. It discusses caregiver-infant interactions, animal studies by Lorenz and Harlow, explanations of attachment including learning theory and Bowlby's theory, Ainsworth's Strange Situation research, cultural variations in attachment, Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis, and the influence of early attachment on later relationships.
this presentation is on Perception- individual behavior
it covers following points :-
Introduction of Perception
Nature of Perception
Process of Perception
Importance of Perception
Factors Influencing Perception
The document provides an overview of personality, including definitions, theories, and approaches to understanding personality. It discusses:
1. Definitions of personality from different perspectives such as philosophical, sociological, and psychoanalytic.
2. Major personality theories including Freud's psychodynamic theory consisting of id, ego, superego; Erikson's psychosocial stages of development; and Sullivan's interpersonal theory of personality development.
3. Approaches to classifying personality including traits, temperament, physiological types, and the five-factor model of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
The document discusses various theories and mechanisms related to attitude formation and change. It describes four main ways attitudes can be formed: mere exposure, associative learning, self-perception, and functional reasons. Attitude change can occur through self-perception, learning theory, cognitive dissonance, and persuasion. The theory of planned behavior model proposes that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence behavioral intentions and actual behaviors.
This document summarizes several theories of child psychology and learning. It discusses Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Abraham Maslow, Margaret Mahler, and Urie Bronfenbrenner. For each theorist, it provides background information and an overview of their major theory, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, psychosocial development stages, cognitive development stages, social learning theory, hierarchy of needs, separation-individuation theory, and ecological systems theory. The document concludes by noting the application of learning theories to pediatric dentistry.
The document discusses the concept of attitudes and how they relate to an iceberg. It states that only 10% of an iceberg is visible above water, while 90% is below the surface. Similarly, only a small part of a person's attitudes are visible to others through their observable behavior, while most attitudes lie below the surface, unknown to others.
The document then provides definitions of attitudes, discusses their nature and components. It explains how attitudes are learned and developed through experiences, trauma, and adopting the attitudes of others. Factors influencing attitude formation include intellectual, emotional, social, and environmental factors. Attitudes can be changed through education, propaganda, modeling good behaviors, and direct experiences. Assessing attitudes can be
Last year 2013 I was studying about Attitude, then this year 2014 I discovered that is not about 'Attitude' BUT 'Ego'; Hence I was very interested to study about Ego, I came across one very interesting Theory developed by Dr. Erick Berne in 1958 known as 'Transactional Analysis'. The theory outlines how we have developed and treat ourselves, how we relate and communicate with others, and offers suggestions and interventions which will enable us to change and grow. Many times we think that its because of our attitudes that we can't relate well with others, NO it is because of our Ego. In case you need practical tests to discover your EGO, don't hesitate to write to me Through my Email address: kvndhillon@gmail.com.
Concept and of adjustment, Causes of maladjustmentDr.Amol Ubale
Concept and of adjustment, Causes of maladjustment, Problems of adjustment in adolescents and role of school, and teachers in helping the students facing following problems- Anxiety, withdrawal, aggression, delinquency, drug addition, failure and low achievement
Adjustment and maladjustment - Education Psychology (BEd)- its meaning,definition, process,students and teachers behavior, Maladjustment , symptoms and treatments
This document discusses personality from several perspectives, including:
- Psychoanalytic perspective focusing on Freud's ideas of the id, ego, and superego.
- Behavioural perspective emphasizing conditioning and response tendencies.
- Humanistic perspective centered on Rogers' ideas of self-actualization and unconditional positive regard.
- Biological perspectives examining the role of genes and neuroscience.
It also covers the Big Five model of personality traits and compares various theories on the development and structure of personality.
The document discusses motivation from a psychological perspective. It defines motivation as a feature that arouses individuals to act towards goals and sustain goal-directed behaviors. Motivation has roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas, and can originate from basic needs or inner drives. Theories of motivation discussed include drive reduction, drive induction, hedonism, incentive theory, and humanism. Motivation is important in education as it can direct behavior towards goals, increase effort and persistence, and improve performance. Motivation is key to success as it helps people get started, keep moving forward despite obstacles, do more than necessary, and make the journey towards success an enjoyable one.
This document discusses concepts related to adjustment and mental health. It defines adjustment as a state of balance between an individual and their environment where their needs are met and they conform to social demands. Adjustment is an ongoing process of adapting behavior. Mental health is the ability to adjust to life's stresses, while maladjustment involves physical, behavioral, or emotional symptoms. The document outlines several models of adjustment and lists common adjustment mechanisms like defense mechanisms, escape behaviors, and psychosomatic illness.
The document discusses factors that influence attitude formation and change. It describes four main ways attitudes can be formed: mere exposure, associative learning, self-perception, and functional reasons. Attitudes can also change through self-perception, learning theories, cognitive dissonance, and persuasion. A key model for predicting behavior is the theory of planned behavior, which says behavioral intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
Lesson 2 Attitude and Concept of Attitude.pptxMMerllanMier
Attitudes are sets of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward an object, person, thing or event. They are influenced by experience, social factors, learning, and conditioning. Attitudes are formed through direct experience, observing others, social roles and norms, classical conditioning using imagery to create positive associations, and operant conditioning using feedback to shape opinions. While attitudes influence behavior, the relationship is not perfect as other factors also impact behavior. Learning theory shows how conditioning and observation can be used to change attitudes.
This document provides an overview of the course "Behavioural Science II" taught by Esther Ohenewa. The goal of the course is to help students understand individual and group behavior, attitudes, and social influences. Key topics covered include social psychology, social perception, understanding behavior and attribution theory, attitude formation and functions, social relations like stereotypes and prejudice, group dynamics and influence, and conflict resolution. Assessment of behaviors, attitudes, and social interactions is discussed.
Kuliah 5-attitude and attitude change.pdfMohdAkif12
This document discusses how attitudes are formed and changed through social influence. It covers several key points:
1. Attitudes have three components - affective, cognitive, and behavioral - and are influenced by our experiences, environment, and social learning.
2. Attitudes can form in different ways, such as through classical and operant conditioning, self-perception, or observation of our own behaviors.
3. Attitudes can be explicit or implicit, and people are often unaware of their implicit attitudes.
4. Attitudes change through social influence from others, cognitive dissonance when our attitudes and behaviors clash, and persuasive communications depending on the message, source, and audience characteristics.
This document discusses attitudes and how they are formed. It defines attitudes as psychological responses that influence our behaviors and can be positive or negative. Attitude formation is a result of learning from others, experiences, social roles and norms. Attitudes have explicit, implicit and dual components and include affect, cognition and behavior. They can positively or negatively impact one's behavior and can be infectious. Maintaining a positive attitude is important for leadership.
This document discusses organizational behavior and personality. It defines organizational behavior as understanding, predicting, and managing human behavior in organizations to achieve goals. Personality is described as relatively permanent characteristics that make individuals unique. Several approaches to understanding personality are discussed, including trait, learning, and social cognitive approaches. The "Big Five" model of personality traits - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism - is also summarized. Attitudes and major job attitudes like job satisfaction, involvement, and commitment are defined. Sensation versus perception and components of attitudes are also outlined.
This document discusses the concept of attitude. It defines attitude as how one thinks or feels about something and notes that attitudes can be positive, negative, ambivalent, or neutral. Attitudes have three main components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive component involves one's thoughts and beliefs, the affective component involves emotions and feelings, and the behavioral component involves tendencies to act in a certain way. The document also discusses factors that influence attitude formation and change, such as experiences, context, and cognitive dissonance. Measurement of attitudes can involve self-report measures, physiological measures, or covert measures.
Attitudes are positive or negative orientations towards something and usually influence behavior. They have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. An attitude is formed from beliefs and values on a subject. Work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Job satisfaction relates to liking one's work while commitment relates to identification with one's organization. Attitudes can change due to reinforcement, balance, cognitive consistency, and cognitive dissonance theories. These theories propose that attitudes shift to resolve inconsistencies between beliefs, values, and behaviors.
This document defines attitudes and describes their three components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Attitudes are learned tendencies to evaluate people and things positively or negatively. They form from direct experiences, interactions with others, and media influences. The cognitive component involves thoughts and beliefs, the affective component emotions, and the behavioral component actions. When all three align, attitudes strongly guide behavior. Changing attitudes requires influencing the cognitive or affective components through experiences that challenge existing beliefs.
This presentation discusses attitudes and how they can be defined, measured, and changed. It provides the following key points:
1. An attitude is a positive or negative orientation toward something, and attitudes influence behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
2. Work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment. High job satisfaction and commitment can improve performance and retention.
3. Attitude change involves modifying the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Several theories seek to explain how attitudes change, such as reinforcement theory, balance theory, and cognitive dissonance theory.
Social cognition involves how people process, store, and apply social information. It focuses on cognitive processes in social interactions and how we think about other people. Social cognition involves both automatic and effortful processing of information. Schemas and impression formation also play important roles in social cognition by influencing how we organize, interpret, and judge social information and others. The way we think about others greatly impacts how we interact with the world.
Attitudes ppt @ bec doms mba bagalkot 1Babasab Patil
This presentation discusses attitudes and how they can be defined, measured, and changed. It makes three key points:
1. Attitudes are positive or negative orientations or feelings toward something specific, like a person, place, or idea. They influence behaviors and can be shaped by beliefs and values.
2. Important work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment, which impact performance, retention, and the employee-organization relationship.
3. Attitudes can change through processes of reinforcement, balancing beliefs to reduce inconsistency, and addressing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and behaviors. Changing the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components is important to shifting perspectives.
Advertising can shape attitudes and behaviors by targeting specific demographics. For example, advertisers successfully targeted female smokers starting in the early 20th century. As a result, the percentage of female smokers increased and nearly caught up to male smokers by 2004. The document discusses the nature and origins of attitudes, including their cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Attitudes can form from genetics, direct experiences, classical and operant conditioning, and observations of one's own behavior. The document also examines how attitudes change through persuasion, including the central and peripheral routes to persuasion and the role of emotion.
This document provides a summary of key concepts from a chapter on social psychology. It discusses topics like social cognition, person perception, social influence, conformity, prejudice, and obedience. Some main points include:
- Social psychology examines how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. It includes social cognition, or how we form impressions of others, and social influence, how our behavior is affected by other people.
- When forming impressions of others, we rely on mental shortcuts like social categorization and implicit personality theories. We also make attributions to explain others' behaviors.
- Studies on conformity, like Asch's line experiment, show that people often conform to group pressures even if it means agreeing with
The document discusses the concepts of attitudes and how they can be defined. It states that an attitude is a positive or negative orientation or feeling toward something, referred to as the attitude object. Attitudes influence behaviors and behaviors also influence attitudes. Work attitudes, such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment, are also examined. Several theories of attitude change are outlined, including reinforcement theory, balance theory, and cognitive dissonance theory. Beliefs and values are defined as important components of attitudes. Societal values are also discussed in terms of human-nature orientation, man-nature orientation, time orientation, and activity orientation.
Your attitude to something is the way that you think and feel about it. Your attitude towards someone is the way you behave when you are dealing with them, especially when this shows how you feel about them.
This document discusses attitudes and their components. It begins by defining an attitude as a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of something or someone. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and conative. It then discusses theories of attitude formation, including functionalist theory which identifies four psychological functions of attitudes, learning theories involving classical and operant conditioning, and social judgment theories which focus on how prior attitudes influence perceptions. The document provides examples to illustrate each concept and theory discussed.
The document discusses perception processes and how individuals organize and interpret sensory information. It defines perception and outlines the perceptual process model involving environmental stimuli, receiving stimuli through the senses, and perceptual selectivity. It discusses factors like personality, motivation, experience, stimulus intensity, contrast that influence how stimuli are selected. The document also covers perceptual organization principles of figure-ground, closure, continuity, proximity and similarity. It discusses social perception and factors influencing how people perceive others. It introduces attribution theory and types of attributions like dispositional and situational. It outlines Kelley's theory of causal attribution focusing on consensus, consistency and distinctiveness. It concludes with attributional biases like the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias.
The document discusses attitudes, including their definition, nature, factors affecting them, and implications for nursing. It defines attitudes as evaluations of objects, people, behaviors or events based on beliefs that guide behavior. Attitudes are formed through personal experiences, socialization, culture, media, education and personality. They can be changed by reducing cognitive dissonance, counter attitudinal advocacy, and persuasive communication. Positive attitudes are important for nurses as they facilitate better performance, reduce errors, and help manage stress.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. ASPECTS OF ATTITUDES
• Can be changed or new ones learned
• Not formed casually or quickly
• Can motivate or cause to act
• One can choose to act or not
• Values serve as a foundation for attitudes
3. • Structure and Function of Attitudes There are a number of
different views about what an attitude is:
• – an affective orientation toward, or evaluation of, an attitude object
(one-component model, socio-cognitive model); (Feeling)
• – a mental readiness to act and a guide for how to respond and guides
our evaluations (two-component model); (Thought and feeling)
• – or a combination of information about, and feelings and behavioral
intentions toward, an object (three- component model). (Thought,
Feeling and Action/Behavior)
4. Structure and Function of Attitudes
• “The three-component model is probably most popular. Generally,
attitudes are useful because they are enduring and they provide a
cognitive and affective orientation toward objects and thus help us
pursue goal-directed thought and action.”
5. • Function of Attitudes
• Katz (1960)
• – Knowledge
• – Instrumentality (means to an end or a goal)
• – Ego-defense (protects ones own self-esteem)
• – Value-expressiveness (allow people to display those values
that uniquely identify and define them).
6. • Structure and Function of Attitudes
• According to cognitive consistency theories, our attitudes should be
relatively congruent with one another because we seek consistency
among our cognitions.
• Specifically, we seek balance between how we feel about an object,
how someone else feels about an object, and how we feel about that
other person (balance theory). Heider’s theory of attitude change
• If you and I like apples, it would be unbalanced if I did not like you.
7. Forming attitudes
• Attitude formation can rest on direct experience with the attitude
object; mere exposure to an object can influence how much we like or
dislike it and thus our attitude toward it (Zajonc,1968).
• • We can also acquire positive or negative attitudes toward an object
by direct reinforcement or punishment associated with the object, or
by observing someone else being rewarded or punished(modelling)
• – Classical Conditioning: Attitudes paired with positive or negative
effects
• – Spreading Attitude effect: Ripple effect of meeting different people
• – Instrumental Conditioning: Positive consequences more likely to be
repeated, while negative effect are not.
• – Observational Learning: Rewards and Punishment and modelling.
8. Forming Attitudes
• Through whatever process we form an attitude, one of the most
important sources of enduring attitudes is our parents, and later our
peer groups.
• – Parents
• – Teachers
• – Friends
• – Mass Media
9. Can attitudes predict behavior?
• The utility of attitudes, both theoretically and practically, rests largely on
how much people’s attitudes influence their behavior.
• It is only possible to predict behavior from attitudes if the attitude is very
specific and is oriented toward an intention to behave in a certain way.
• Examples of studies, i.e. drink or ethnic tolerance, small correlation
between what people report and what they do (Gregson & Stacey, 1981;
La Piere).
• General attitudes are very poor predictors of specific behaviours but can
predict an average of a wider range of behaviours (multiple-act criterion).
10. • Can attitudes predict behaviour?
• • The two main theories of attitude-behaviour relations are:
• • (a) the theory of reasoned action (people behave in line with their
attitudes if they have a favorable attitude and there is general social
support for the behaviour), and
• • (b) the theory of planned behaviour, which added that people also
need to feel that performance of the behaviour is under their control.
When these conditions are met, people’s behavioral intentions (and to
a lesser extent their actual behaviour) can be quite well predicted.
11. • The theory of planned behavior holds that human action is guided by
three kinds of considerations:
• – Beliefs about the likely outcomes of the behavior and the
evaluations of these outcomes (behavioral beliefs or Attitudes)
• – Beliefs about the normative expectations of others and motivation
to comply with these expectations (normative beliefs/Subjective
Norm)
• – Beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or impede
performance of the behavior and the perceived power of these
factors (control beliefs/Perceived Behavioral Control).
12. • Attitude - An evaluation of a person, object, or idea. The focus of
one's attitude, or what they are evaluating, is called the attitude
object. Attitudes can be broken down into three different parts which
together create an evaluation of the attitude object.
13. 1. Affective Component - This consists of the emotional reactions people have to attitude objects.
For instance, if you have a favourite singer and you hear their voice come on the radio you might
have feelings of happiness or excitement. If there is a car you think is ugly looking you might feel
annoyed when you spot one on the road.
2. Behavioural Component - This consists of actions or observable behavior that is the result of an
attitude object. If you hear a song you like on the radio then you might go home and research the
singer so you can buy their album. You might then spend all your free time listening to this album.
The attitude object has changed your behavior and actions.
3. Cognitive Component - These are the thoughts and beliefs people have about an attitude object.
For instance, you might like a singer because he or she has a melodic voice and catchy lyrics. You
might also believe that the singer is a lot like you are which makes the music easier to relate to.
• When these three components are combined they work to create an overall attitude about an attitude
object.
14. ATTITUDE BASES
• Cognitively Based Attitudes
• When a person's opinion about something is based primarily on the beliefs or facts they have, then it is called
a cognitively based attitude. These kinds of attitudes allow people to classify an attitudinal object by its
pluses and minuses. By doing this, it is easier to decide whether or not a person likes and wants to have
anything to do with an object, idea, or person. Such attitudes rely on logic since a person effectively weighs
the good and bad before drawing conclusions. An example of a cognitively based attitude might be thinking
that the house you just bought is great because it is moderately sized and located near some good schools.
15. • Affectively Based Attitudes
• When a person forms an opinion of something based on emotions and values, rather than objective beliefs, they
have created an affectively based attitude. A boy might like a girl just because of the way she makes him feel.
A girl might love her car because it runs smoothly, doesn't eat up a lot of gas, and has given her many good
memories. People might form an affectively based attitude about Snickers candy bars because the taste brings
them pleasure. Attitudes about sex, politics, and religion are likely to be affectively based since these topics
often tug at a person's heart strings rather than stimulate the logical mind. Affectively based attitudes can come
from religious and moral beliefs, such as whether or not women should have the right to an abortion. Such
attitudes are formed not through logic so much as on inner feelings and values. Affectively based attitudes can
also result from conditioning.
16. Classical Conditioning - Sometimes smells, colors and other sensory
information can elicit strong emotional response. Such emotional responses
are probably created through classical conditioning. When a stimulus elicits an
emotional response it is accompanied by a neutral stimulus which does not
cause an emotional response. If the stimuli continue then eventually the
neutral stimulus will be able to cause the emotional response without the need
of the original, actual stimulus. For instance, if when you were young you often
went to a field that smelled strongly of roses, then chances are the smell of
roses will make you recall memories of your time in that field. This is the
process of classical conditioning, and it can create attitudes about things that
our based on stimuli.
Operant Conditioning - When people choose to engage in behaviors, those
behaviors will be reinforced when followed by a reward. If punishment follows
an action then it is being negatively reinforced and the person will perform that
action less often. If a young girl were to try and play with a boy she met at
school, but her parents frequently punished her for it, telling her that "boys are
bad", then she will most likely develop the same negative attitude toward boys
as her parents have. If her actions were reinforced positively by her parents,
then she might not develop a negative attitude about boys.
17. • Bahaviorially Based Attitudes
• These attitudes come from observations of behavior toward something. Sometimes people don't know how to
feel until they see how they behave. This is one of the arguments in Daryl Bem's self-perception theory. An
example of this would be if someone were to not realize that the reason they walk through the park every
morning on their way to school is because the trees and grass make them happy or peaceful. This attitude was
formed after they had developed a routine that they hadn't been consciously considering or wondering about.
Such attitudes are based on observation of behavior and not on cognitions or affect.
18. • Explicit and Implicit Attitudes
• When a person consciously endorses and easily reports an attitude, then that attitude is explicit. These are the
opinions that are most accessible, or at the top of people's heads. For instance, if one person asked another what
their favorite kind of restaurants are like then the person answering should be able to access their explicit attitudes
on the subject by thinking about their favorite restaurants. On the other hand there are implicit attitudes, which are
involuntary, uncontrollable, and sometimes unconscious evaluations people make. Many implicit attitudes are
based on values that are deeply ingrained into our psyche. For instance, someone who was raised to respect women
and wait until marriage to have sex might automatically dislike a movie he watches where all of the main
characters are misogynistic and having promiscuous sex. This attitude comes involuntarily and there is nothing the
person can do about it since it is coming from an unconscious part of the mind.
19. • Attitude Change
• Attitudes can change for a number of reasons. It is a key interest of psychologists, advertisers, and more to
understand what makes people change their beliefs or opinions. Attitudes most commonly change in response
to social influence. What other people do or say can have a huge effect on our own cognitions. The whole
advertising industry functions on the knowledge that people's attitudes toward products or services can be
molded through the use of imagery and/or sound. There are certain conditions that must exist for a person's
attitude to change.
20. ATTITUDE IS A LITTLE THING THAT MAKES A BIG DIFFERENCE
-Winston Churchill