Mitochondrial Inheritance
Apart from the nucleus DNA is also found within another cellular organelle, the mitochondrion.
Each mitochondrion contains multiple copies of a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule of 16,569 base pairs.
This DNA has 37 genes out of which encodes 13 peptides that are subunits of proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation.
There is a complete set of 22 transfer RNAs and two ribosomal RNAs.
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Apart from the nucleus DNA is also found within another cellular organelle, the mitochondrion.
Each mitochondrion contains multiple copies of a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule of 16,569 base pairs.
This DNA has 37 genes out of which encodes 13 peptides that are subunits of proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation.
There is a complete set of 22 transfer RNAs and two ribosomal RNAs.
XCI is a dosage-compensation mechanism that evolved to equalize expression levels of x-linked genes in female (2x) and male (1x) by transcriptional silencing of one x-chromosome in female mammalian cells.
XIC
It is responsible for initiating X inactivation in cis: an X-chromosome fragment that carries a Xic can become
inactivated, whereas one in which the Xic is missing cannot.
The Xic is also involved in ‘counting’, whereby only a single X is kept active per two sets of autosomes in a cell, and all other Xic-carrying chromosomes are inactivated.
This presentation is about Genomic imprinting. Genomic imprinting is only found in eutherians. In next few slides we'll try to understand this phenomena.
Linkage refers to the presence of two different genes on the same chromosome . Two genes that occur on the same chromosome are said to be linked, and those that occur very close together are tightly linked.
This Medicoapps Masterclass discusses about Pedigree Chart Analysis. Various Topics Discussed are given Below
1. What are the Various symbols used in Pedigree Chart Analysis ?
2. Classification of Various Types of Inheritance
3. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Pattern
4. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Pattern
5. Pedigree Chart Analysis of X Linked Dominant Inheritance Pattern
6. Pedigree Chart Analysis of X Linked Recessive Inheritance Pattern
7. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Y Linked Inheritance Pattern
8. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Mitochondrial Inheritance Pattern
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Since, these chromosomes were discovered in the salivary gland cells, they are called
as "Salivary Gland Chromosomes".
The present name polytene chromosome was suggested by kollar due to the
occurrence of many chromonemata (DNA) in them.
Bridges (~1936) 1st constructed a salivary chromosome map of D melanogaster and
found 5000 special bands in polytene chromosomes.
XCI is a dosage-compensation mechanism that evolved to equalize expression levels of x-linked genes in female (2x) and male (1x) by transcriptional silencing of one x-chromosome in female mammalian cells.
XIC
It is responsible for initiating X inactivation in cis: an X-chromosome fragment that carries a Xic can become
inactivated, whereas one in which the Xic is missing cannot.
The Xic is also involved in ‘counting’, whereby only a single X is kept active per two sets of autosomes in a cell, and all other Xic-carrying chromosomes are inactivated.
This presentation is about Genomic imprinting. Genomic imprinting is only found in eutherians. In next few slides we'll try to understand this phenomena.
Linkage refers to the presence of two different genes on the same chromosome . Two genes that occur on the same chromosome are said to be linked, and those that occur very close together are tightly linked.
This Medicoapps Masterclass discusses about Pedigree Chart Analysis. Various Topics Discussed are given Below
1. What are the Various symbols used in Pedigree Chart Analysis ?
2. Classification of Various Types of Inheritance
3. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Pattern
4. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Pattern
5. Pedigree Chart Analysis of X Linked Dominant Inheritance Pattern
6. Pedigree Chart Analysis of X Linked Recessive Inheritance Pattern
7. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Y Linked Inheritance Pattern
8. Pedigree Chart Analysis of Mitochondrial Inheritance Pattern
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Since, these chromosomes were discovered in the salivary gland cells, they are called
as "Salivary Gland Chromosomes".
The present name polytene chromosome was suggested by kollar due to the
occurrence of many chromonemata (DNA) in them.
Bridges (~1936) 1st constructed a salivary chromosome map of D melanogaster and
found 5000 special bands in polytene chromosomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
3. AutosomalDominant
Presence of even one
dominant allele A gives
the phenotype
F1 only has one possible
genotype Aa
Crossing 3 and 4 may
give either Aa|aa, but as
7 is unaffected, it must
be aa
1 2
4 53
7
6
8
AA aa
Aa Aa aaaa
aa Aa
4. AutosomalDominant
Crossing 5 and 6 may give
either Aa|aa, but as 7 is
affected, it must be Aa
NOT sex-limited because it
occurs in both sexes.
NOT sex-influenced
because the heterozygous
genotype is expressed in
the same way by both sexes
(see 4 and 5)
1 2
4 53
7
6
8
AA aa
Aa Aa aaaa
aa Aa
5. AutosomalDominant
NOT X-linked dominant
nor recessive, if so 7
should also express the
phenotype
NOT Y-linked as it is also
observed in females
1 2
4 53
7
6
8
AA aa
Aa Aa aaaa
aa Aa
7. AutosomalRecessive
Presence of two alleles aa
gives the phenotype
Presence of only one
allele a will not exhibit
the phenotype
F1 only has one possible
genotype Aa
Crossing 3 and 4 may
give either Aa|aa, but as
7 is unaffected, it must
be Aa
1 2
4 53
7
6
aa AA
Aa Aaaa
Aa aa
Aa
8
8. Autosomal Recessive
Crossing 5 and 6 may give
AA|Aa|aa, but as 7 is
affected, it must be only aa
NOT sex-limited because it
occurs in both sexes.
NOT sex-influenced
because the heterozygous
genotype is expressed in
the same way by both sexes
(see 4 and 5)
1 2
4 53
7
6
aa AA
Aa Aaaa
Aa aa
Aa
8
9. AutosomalRecessive
NOT X-linked dominant
nor recessive, if so 5
(which is a carrier)
crossed with 6, it is not
possible for 8 to express
the phenotype
NOT Y-linked as it is also
observed in females
1 2
4 53
7
6
aa AA
Aa Aaaa
Aa aa
Aa
8
11. AutosomalDominant Sex-Limited
Phenotype is male-limited
Presence of even one
dominant allele A in males
gives the phenotype
Females are not affected
regardless of genotype
F1 only has 1 possible
genotype Aa
Crossing 3 and 4 may give
either Aa|aa, but either way
7 is unaffected because it is
male-limited
1 2
4 53
7
6
8
AA aa
Aa AaAA
AA Aa
aa
9
Aa
10
aa
12. AutosomalDominant Sex-Limited
Crossing 5 and 6 may give
either Aa|aa, but as 8 is
affected, it must be Aa
Phenotype of 9 does not
matter because it is male-
limited
Genotype of 10 is aa
because it is an
unaffected male
1 2
4 53
7
6
8
AA aa
Aa AaAA
AA Aa
aa
9
Aa
10
aa
13. AutosomalDominant Sex-Limited
NOT simple dominance|
recessiveness because
females do not express
the phenotype at all
NOT sex-influenced.
Though genders show
different phenotypes for
the same genotype, one
sex (females in this case)
are unaffected whatever
the genotype (see 7)
1 2
4 53
7
6
8
AA aa
Aa AaAA
AA Aa
aa
9
Aa
10
aa
14. AutosomalDominant Sex-Limited
NOT X-linked
dominant|recessive
because it is not observed
in females.
NOT Y-linked, if so 8
should not be affected as
his father isn’t
1 2
4 53
7
6
8
AA aa
Aa AaAA
AA Aa
aa
9
Aa
10
aa
16. AutosomalRecessive Sex-Limited
Phenotype is male-limited
Presence of both alleles aa
in males gives the
phenotype
Presence of only one allele
a will not exhibit the
phenotype
Females are not affected
regardless of genotype
F1 only has 1 possible
genotype Aa
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
aa AA
Aa AaAA
AA aa
Aa
Aa aa
17. AutosomalRecessive Sex-Limited
Crossing 3 and 4 may give
either Aa|aa, but either
way 7 is unaffected because
it is male-limited
Crossing 5 and 6 may give
AA|Aa|aa. Since 8 and 10
are affected, they are aa. 7
is unaffected regardless of
genotype because it is
male-limited
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
aa AA
Aa AaAA
AA aa
Aa
Aa aa
18. AutosomalRecessive Sex-Limited
NOT simple dominance|
recessiveness because
females do not express
the phenotype at all
NOT sex-influenced
because the
heterozygous genotype is
expressed in the same
way by both sexes (see 4
and 5)
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
aa AA
Aa AaAA
AA aa
Aa
Aa aa
19. AutosomalRecessive Sex-Limited
NOT X-linked
dominant|recessive
because it is not
observed in females.
NOT Y-linked, if so 4
should be affected
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
aa AA
Aa AaAA
AA aa
Aa
Aa aa
21. Autosomal Sex-Influenced
Phenotype expression
changes between males
and females.
For this example, trait is
dominant in males while
recessive in females.
In males, one allele A
elicits the trait while in
females, homozygous
allele A is required for
expression
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
AA aa
Aa AaAa
AA aa
aa
Aa Aa
22. Autosomal Sex-Influenced
Heterozygote males and
females express different
phenotypes (see 4 and 5)
Crossing 3 and 4 may give
AA|Aa|aa, but as 7 is an
affected female, it must be
AA
Crossing 5 and 6 may give
Aa|aa. If 8 is an unaffected
male, it must be aa while 9
being an unaffected
female, she could be Aa or
aa.
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
AA aa
Aa AaAa
AA aa
aa
Aa Aa
23. Autosomal Sex-Influenced
Since 10 is an affected
male, he can only be Aa
NOT simple dominance|
recessiveness because
heterozygote males and
females express different
phenotypes.
NOT sex-limited
because it occurs in both
sexes.
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
AA aa
Aa AaAa
AA aa
aa
Aa Aa
24. Autosomal Sex-Influenced
NOT likely to be X-
linked dominant nor
recessive
NOT Y-linked as it is also
observed in females
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
AA aa
Aa AaAa
AA aa
aa
Aa Aa
26. X-Dominant Sex-Linked
Alleles are found on the
X chromosome
Males with an XA
chromosome always
expresses the phenotype
as he only can only have
one X chromosome, thus
only one copy (called
hemizygous)
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
XAY XX
XY XAXXAX
XAX XAY
XY
XAX XY
27. X-Dominant Sex-Linked
The X chromosome of
males always come from
their mother
A male with a
heterozygous affected
mother has a ½ chance of
also having the phenotype.
A male with a homozygous
affected mother will always
have the phenotype.
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
XAY XX
XY XAXXAX
XAX XAY
XY
XAX XY
28. X-Dominant Sex-Linked
A female with an affected
father will always show
the phenotype
NOT simple dominance|
recessiveness if parents
are homozygotes. If this
is not given/assumed it
is indistinguishable.
NOT sex-limited
because it occurs in both
sexes.
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
XAY XX
XY XAXXAX
XAX XAY
XY
XAX XY
29. X-Dominant Sex-Linked
NOT sex-influenced. If
pattern is dominant in
males, recessive in
females (or other way
around), the pedigree is
inconsistent
NOT Y-linked because it
is observed in females
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
XAY XX
XY XAXXAX
XAX XAY
XY
XAX XY
31. X-Recessive Sex-Linked
Alleles are found on the
X chromosome
Males with an XA
chromosome always
expresses the phenotype
as he only can only have
one X chromosome, thus
only one copy (called
hemizygous)
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
XaY XX
XY XaXXaXa
XaX XaY
XY
XX XY
32. X-Recessive Sex-Linked
The X chromosome of
males always come from
their mother
A male with an affected
mother will always also
show the phenotype.
A female with an affected
father may or may not
have the same
phenotype
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
XaY XX
XY XaXXaXa
XaX XaY
XY
XX XY
33. X-Recessive Sex-Linked
NOT simple dominance|
recessiveness if parents are
homozygotes. If this is not
given/assumed it is
indistinguishable.
NOT sex-limited because it
occurs in both sexes.
NOT sex-influenced if
parents are homozygotes.
If not, it is
indistinguishable.
NOT Y-linked because it is
observed in females
1 2
4 53
7
6
8 9 10
XaY XX
XY XaXXaXa
XaX XaY
XY
XX XY
35. Y Sex-Linked
Allele is found on the Y
chromosome
Only males have a Y
chromosome and are
the only ones with a
chance of expressing the
trait. This is called a
HOLANDRIC trait.
NOT simple dominance|
recessiveness
1 2
4 53 6
8 9 10
XY
*
XX
XY
*
XXXX
XY* XY
XY
XX XY
8
36. Y Sex-Linked
NOT sex-limited
because all males with
an affected father will
always express the trait.
NOT sex-influenced as it
is never expressed in
females.
NOT X-linked because it
is not observed in
females
1 2
4 53 6
8 9 10
XY
*
XX
XY
*
XXXX
XY* XY
XY
XX XY
8