Dr Zahid Azeem, working as Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at Azad Jammu and Kashmir Medical College, Muzaffarabad since 2012.
email; paym_zahid@live.com
Dr Zahid Azeem, working as Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at Azad Jammu and Kashmir Medical College, Muzaffarabad since 2012.
email; paym_zahid@live.com
Basic Cell cycle regulation suitable for undergraduate students.
This presentation has been started from the basics to enable easy understanding. It covers all the details of cell cycle regulation in yeast as well as higher eukaryotes.
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
A detailed description of molecular level of cell cycle. Its regulation by different checkpoints. The Structure and Function of MPF. Description of MPF discovery.
CELL CYCLE
CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
PHASES IN CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
ROLE OF CYLINE AND CDKS
MUTURATIONAL PROMOTING FACTOR
FUNCTION OF MPR
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
This is a short presentation which helps to understand Cell cycle and Regulation. But it is recommended to read Lodish as reference material to understand this.
Basic Cell cycle regulation suitable for undergraduate students.
This presentation has been started from the basics to enable easy understanding. It covers all the details of cell cycle regulation in yeast as well as higher eukaryotes.
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
A detailed description of molecular level of cell cycle. Its regulation by different checkpoints. The Structure and Function of MPF. Description of MPF discovery.
CELL CYCLE
CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
PHASES IN CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
ROLE OF CYLINE AND CDKS
MUTURATIONAL PROMOTING FACTOR
FUNCTION OF MPR
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
This is a short presentation which helps to understand Cell cycle and Regulation. But it is recommended to read Lodish as reference material to understand this.
A cell cycle is a series of events that a cell passes through from the time until it reproduces its replica.
Howard and Pelc (1953) first time described it.
It is the growth and division of single cell into daughter cells and duplication (replication).
In prokaryotic cells, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission.
In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle can be divided in two periods-
a) interphase
b) mitosis
Cell cycle and cell division are fundamental processes governing the growth, development, and reproduction of all living organisms. Understanding these processes is crucial in the field of biology as they play a pivotal role in shaping life at both the cellular and organismal levels.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Eukayotic_cell_cycle-diff_phases_mol_events
Different Phases and Molecular Events
-Control mechanisms: Role of
(A) Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
(B) Retinoblastoma and E2F proteins
-Cytokinesis and cell plate formation
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
here u will find every detail of cell cycle.
for more details ,visit @biOlOgy BINGE-insight learning
Molecular event during Cell cycle By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Cell cycle. sgd
1. Dr Zahid Azeem
Assistant Professor
Biochemistry
AJK Medical College
MBBS-Batch 2019 --- CMB Module
2. Define Cell Cycle
Cell reproduces by performing orderly sequence of
events in which it duplicates its contents and then
divides in two. This type of duplication and division is
called Cell Cycle.
3. Major Questions
To explain how cells reproduce, we therefore have to
consider three major questions:
(1) How do cells duplicate their contents?
(2) How do they partition the duplicated contents and
split in two?
(3) How do they coordinate/regulate all the machinery
that is required for these two processes?
4. 1- How do cells duplicate their contents?
Five Phases of the Cell CycleFive Phases of the Cell Cycle
1-1- GG11 - primary growth phase- primary growth phase
2- S – synthesis; DNA replicated2- S – synthesis; DNA replicated
3- G3- G22 - secondary growth phase- secondary growth phase
4- M – mitosis4- M – mitosis
5- C - cytokinesis5- C - cytokinesis
M-phase
Interphase
6. Interphase
During all of interphase, a cell generally continues to
transcribe genes,
synthesize proteins, and grow in mass.
Together, G1 and G2 phases provide additional time
for the cell to grow and duplicate its cytoplasmic
organelles
if interphase lasted only long enough for DNA
replication, the cell would not have time to double its
mass before it divided and would consequently shrink
with each division.
7. In some animal embryos, for example, the first
cell divisions after fertilization (called cleavage
divisions) serve to subdivide a giant egg cell into
many smaller cells as quickly as possible.
In these embryonic cell cycles, the G1 and G2
phases are drastically shortened, and the cells do
not grow before they divide.
8. Timelines for Cell Cycle Phases
G1-phase 10-12 hours
S- phase 8-10 hours
G-2 phase 4-6 hour
M-Phase 1-2 hours
Total 24 hour
This time calculation and frequency is true for majority
of cells. Cell cycle can be very short as in embryonic
cells.
9. Frequency of cell division
Frequency of cell division varies by cell type
1- embryo
cell cycle < 30 minute
2- skin cells
divide frequently throughout life
12-24 hours cycle
3- liver cells
retain ability to divide, but keep it in reserve
divide once every year or two
4- mature nerve cells
do not divide at all after maturity
permanently in G0
10. Interphase - GInterphase - G11
11stst
growth stage after cell divisiongrowth stage after cell division
Cells mature by making more cytoplasm &Cells mature by making more cytoplasm &
organellesorganelles
Cell carries on its normal metabolic activitiesCell carries on its normal metabolic activities
11. Interphase – S StageInterphase – S Stage
1- Synthesis stage1- Synthesis stage
2- DNA is copied or replicated2- DNA is copied or replicated
TwoTwo
identicalidentical
copies ofcopies of
DNADNA
Original DNAOriginal DNA
12. Interphase – GInterphase – G22 StageStage
22ndnd
Growth StageGrowth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copiedOccurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for division are madeAll cell structures needed for division are made
(e.g. centrioles)(e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are synthesizedBoth organelles & proteins are synthesized
13. What the cell looks likeWhat the cell looks like
Animal Cell
17. What the cell looks likeWhat the cell looks like
What’s happeningWhat’s happening
18. CytokinesisCytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasmMeans division of the cytoplasm
Division of cell into two, identical halves called daughterDivision of cell into two, identical halves called daughter
cellscells
In plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator to divide cellIn plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to split cellIn animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to split cell
20. G1
G1 checkpoint
G1
G0
If a cell receives a go-ahead
signal at the G1 checkpoint,
the cell continues on in the
cell cycle.
If a cell does not receive a
go-ahead signal at the G1
checkpoint, the cell exits the
cell cycle and goes into G0, a
nondividing state.
21. Question -3
How do they coordinate/regulate all the machinery that
is required for these two processes?
22. How is progress through
cell cycle regulated?
“Cell-cycle control system”
The ‘Checkpoint’ model
How are they controlled?
-- intracellular and extracellular signals
What are the effectors
-- lots of kinases & phosphatases
23. How is cell division and
growth regulated?
Growth factors
-- stimulate cell growth
Mitogens
-- trigger cell division
-- e.g., EGF, phytoestrogens
Survival signals
-- disable apoptotic mechanisms
24. What did study of frog embryos reveal about the control
system?
Be sure to read
How we know
Frog egg cytoplasmic
transfer experiments
Something in the cytosol
triggers mitosis
-- called MPF
Activity of MPF oscillates
during the cell cycle
What is MPF?
25. What do we know about
MPF & cyclin?
MPF is a cyclin bound to a Cdk
‘cyclin-dependent protein kinase’
= M-Cdk
Several Cyclins and Cdks
-- regulate different cell cycle events
Table 18–2 The Major Cyclins and Cdks
of Vertebrates
Cyclin–Cdk Complex Cyclin Cdk partner
G1-Cdk cyclin D Cdk4, Cdk6
G1/S-Cdk cyclin E Cdk2
S-Cdk cyclin A Cdk2
M-Cdk cyclin B Cdk1
26. How is cyclin-CDK
activity regulated?
Two processes
1. Synthesis &
destruction of cyclin
-- ubiquination
-- proteasomes
2. Inactivation & activation
-- Activating/inhibitory
Kinases/phosphatase
-- Pos feedback rapid activation
27. How do cyclin-cdk’s trigger
cellular events?
S-Cdk triggers DNA replication
-- activates replication origins
-- blocks reactivation
What does activated M-CDK do?
1) Phosphorylates H1 histone
(triggering C’some condensation)
2) Disassembly of nuclear lamina
3) Changes behavior of microtubules
-- phosphorylates MAPs
28. How is cyclin-Cdk coupled
to checkpoint control?
Tumor suppressor genes
-- inactivation can dispose cell
toward tumor formation
-- P53, P21 and Rb are all TSGs
-- loss of both alleles necessary
Why?
P53 can also trigger apoptosis
Figures 18-14 + 18-15
33. Cell Growth and Cancer
How can growth factors inhibit cell division?
Alterations in what kinds of genes lead to
development of cancer?
How do oncogenes cause cancer?
34. Cell Growth and Cancer
How does the p53
tumor suppressor gene
work?