The document discusses sex-linked inheritance in humans and other species. Some key points:
- Sex-linked traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes (X in humans). Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Early work by Thomas Hunt Morgan in fruit flies established the first sex-linked trait (white eyes in males) and showed inheritance from father to daughter to grandson.
- Common human examples are color blindness and hemophilia, which are X-linked recessive traits mostly seen in males. Hemophilia is passed from carrier mothers to some sons.
- Genes on the Y chromosome in humans and the non-homologous region of the
Structural Chromosomal aberrations (Change in Structure of Chromosome)Asad Afridi
this presentation is about chromosomal aberration especially change in structure of chromosome. different types of structural chromosomal aberrations are also discussed. effects of different aberration are also included.
Allelic and Non-allelic interactions : Complete dominance; Incomplete dominance-in Four O'clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa and Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus ; Co-dominance- MN blood group, AB blood group, Roan coat colour in shorthorn breed of cattle; Inheritance of Comb pattern in Poultry; Epistasis -Dominant - Fruit colour in Summer squash, Recessive - Coat colour in mice; Complementary gene interaction -Purple flower colour in Sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus)
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
This PPT consists of 15 slides only explaining Pleiotropy. This is a phenomenon when one gene controls more than one trait , the traits may be related .Generally one gene's product acts for many reactions and so can affect more than one trait. Examples can be seen in pea Coloured flower and pigmentation in leaf axil, frizzle trait in chicken, fur colour and deafness in cats,Human pleiotropic traits are PKU,Sickle cell Anaemia. HOsyndrome , p53 gene etc
Introduction :
Mendel and subsequent workers assumed that a character was governed by a single gene.
But it was later discovered that many characters in almost all the organisms are governed by two or more genes. Such gene affect the development of concerned characters in various ways.
The phenomenon of two or more gene affecting the expression of each other in various ways in the development of a single character of on organism is known as gene interaction.
This presentation intends to explore the sex-linked characters along with some fatal diseases of human beings, their cause, consequences and other issues.
Structural Chromosomal aberrations (Change in Structure of Chromosome)Asad Afridi
this presentation is about chromosomal aberration especially change in structure of chromosome. different types of structural chromosomal aberrations are also discussed. effects of different aberration are also included.
Allelic and Non-allelic interactions : Complete dominance; Incomplete dominance-in Four O'clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa and Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus ; Co-dominance- MN blood group, AB blood group, Roan coat colour in shorthorn breed of cattle; Inheritance of Comb pattern in Poultry; Epistasis -Dominant - Fruit colour in Summer squash, Recessive - Coat colour in mice; Complementary gene interaction -Purple flower colour in Sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus)
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
This PPT consists of 15 slides only explaining Pleiotropy. This is a phenomenon when one gene controls more than one trait , the traits may be related .Generally one gene's product acts for many reactions and so can affect more than one trait. Examples can be seen in pea Coloured flower and pigmentation in leaf axil, frizzle trait in chicken, fur colour and deafness in cats,Human pleiotropic traits are PKU,Sickle cell Anaemia. HOsyndrome , p53 gene etc
Introduction :
Mendel and subsequent workers assumed that a character was governed by a single gene.
But it was later discovered that many characters in almost all the organisms are governed by two or more genes. Such gene affect the development of concerned characters in various ways.
The phenomenon of two or more gene affecting the expression of each other in various ways in the development of a single character of on organism is known as gene interaction.
This presentation intends to explore the sex-linked characters along with some fatal diseases of human beings, their cause, consequences and other issues.
Concept of Sex chromosomes and autosomes,
Inheritance of X- linked genes – eye colour in Drosophila,
Inheritance of colour blindness in humans,
Inheritance of Y-linked Genes -Holandric genes in humans,
Sex influenced genes – baldness in humans
Sex-limited genes - feathering in domestic fowl
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yel.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yellow body phenotype is
recessive to brown body phenotype. A yellow body female fruit fly was mated to a brown body
male. The vast majority of the male progeny are yellow body. However, a rare brown body male
was found in the progeny (1 out of 2060 males). What is the likely karyotype of this brown body
son? XXY XX XYY XO XXX
Solution
Sex inheritance by modified Mendelian mechanism:
X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X
chromosome.
X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X
chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males who are necessarily hemizygous for
the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have
only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype,
Females are XX (homogametic)
Males are XY (heterogametic)
Body color inherited by single gene, two allele system, brown dominant to yellow
But, sex and body color not inherited independently
Body color is linked to sex
Body color gene on X chromosome
Therefore, males have only one body color allele: Haploid and females have two eye color
alleles: Diploid.
Normally all the sons and none of the daughters show the recessive sex-linked characters of the
mother when the father carries the dominant allelomorph. For example, a yellow body female
mated to a brown body male produces yellow body males and brown body females, but rarely
also a yellow body female or a brown body son. The production of these exceptions by a normal
XX female must be due to an aberrant reduction division at which the two X chromosomes fail
to disjoin from each other. In consequence both remain in the egg or both pass into the polar
body. In the latter case an egg without an X chromosome is produced. Such an egg fertilized by
an X sperm produces a male with the constitution XO. These males received their single X from
their father and therefore show the father\'s characters. But that the Y does play some positive
role is proved by the fact that all the XO males have been found to be absolutely sterile.
Answer is d) XO.
There are two types of chromosomes, Autosomes and Sex chromosomes
Autosomes are those chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination.
Sex chromosomes are those chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
A human somatic cell has two sex chromosomes: XY in male (hetero-gametic) and XX in female (homo-gametic).
Heredity or Hereditary is the process of passing the traits and characteristics from parents to offsprings.
The offspring cells get their features and characteristics aka genetic information from their mother and father.
Breaking down Biology into simpler bits is the most effective way to learn hence this presentation aims to simplify the concept of 'Linked Inheritance' which makes understanding Inheritance better.
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers.docxhanneloremccaffery
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers
15.1 Mendelian Inheritance and chromosome theory______________________________
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan identified the first solid evidence associating a specific___gene_____ on a specific chromosome.
2. Why did Morgan choose Drosophila as his experimental organism? (List 3 reasons)
They reproduce quickly, a new generation of adults forms every two weeks!
Prolific (single matting = hundreds of offspring)
Only 4 chromosome pairs = simple genetics
3A. The normal phenotype for a character (phenotype most common in nature) is called___wild type_____.
3B. Provide at least two examples this phenotype in Drosophila.
Red eyes
gray body
4A. An alternative phenotype for a character (phenotype not common in nature) is called____mutant____.
4B. Provide at least two examples of this phenotype in Drosophila.
White eyes
Black body
5. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila that differed from the notation Mendel used to represent alleles. Describe how Morgan’s Drosophila characters are named and the symbol used for the allele type.
You can think of Morgan’s wild-type allele as equivalent to the dominant allele in Mendel’s naming system. And you can think of Morgan’s mutant allele as equivalent to Mendel’s recessive allele. So whenever you have one wild-type allele and one mutant allele, that organism will have the wild-type phenotype.
Mendel
Used the first letter of the dominant character name to represent the dominant allele. This letter was capitalized for the dominant allele, lower case for the recessive allele
Ex: purple flower allele dominant to white flower allele: P= dominant allele, p=recessive allele
Morgan
-Used the first letter of the mutant character name to represent the wild-type allele. The letter for the wild-type and mutant alleles are both lower case. The wild-type allele gets a + sign and the mutant does not.
Ex: red eye allele wild-type to white eye mutant: w+ = wild-type allele, w= recessive allele.
6. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila. Which of the following genotypes would produce a fly that is wild-type for eye color (red vs. white eyes)?
w+ w+
w+ w
w w
w+w+ and w+w
7. Morgan performed an experiment that yielded a 3:1 ratio of offspring in the F2 generation; however, only the males of this F2 generation had white eyes.
White- eye females DO EXIST, so why were only white-eye males observed in this cross?
Complete the following chart and describe why Morgan observed these results and how it allowed him to conclusively determine that the gene for eye color was located on the X chromosome.
Morgan’s experiment (see Figure 15.4) Use notation developed by Morgan and his students
If the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome….
P generation
Red eye Female genotype for eye color = w+w+
White eye Male genotype for eye color= w
F1 generatio.
Sex-determination and Sex-linked Inheritance.pptxSeemaGaikwad15
The sexually reproducing organisms are classified into two types such as monoecious (hermaphrodite) and dioecious. In monoecious organisms, both male and female gametes (sex cells) are produced by a single individual. The organisms in which both male and female gametes are produced by different individuals are called dioecious. Living organisms, with a very few exceptions, are differentiated into male and female individuals. The sexes of the individuals are genetically determined.
The biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism is called sex determination.
There are two different systems of sex determination- Chromosomal sex determination and Non-genetic sex determination.
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2. The inheritance of a trait (phenotype) that is determined
by a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes is
called sex linked inheritance . It has one X chromosome
and one Y chromosome. But females are homogametic.
Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types:
Auto-somes (body chromosomes) and Allo-some (sex
chromosomes). There are two different sex chromosomes:
the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. A girl will
have two X chromosomes (written as XX), but a boy will
have one X and one Y chromosome (written as XY). This
means that no matter your gender, you will always have at
least one X chromosome
3. Thomas Hunt Morgan, the first person to define sex
linked trait or inheritance to a specific chromosome .
One day in 1910, American geneticist Thomas Hunt
Morgan peered through a hand lens at a male fruit fly,
and he noticed it didn't look right.
Instead of having the normally brilliant red eyes of
wild-type Drosophila melanogaster, this fly had white
eyes.
4. Firstly, In Mendelian pattern of inheritance, the genes
for contrasting characters were located on autosomes
but not on the sex chromosomes.
Secondly, the result of reciprocal cross is same as
normal cross which is not the case with sex linked
inheritance.
Finally, Sex makes no difference in Mendel’s crosses.
But the Mendel’s laws are not applicable on those
genes which are exclusively located either in X or Y
chromosome.
5. The genes which occur exclusively on the X
chromosome or on the analogous Z chromosome (in
birds and other species) are called X- or Z -linked
genes while the genes which exclusively occur in Y
chromosome are called holandric genes.
The inheritance of such X- or Z-linked and holandric
genes is called sex-linked inheritance.
6. Such genes which are always associated with sex
chromosomes are called sex-linked genes.
In man and Drosophila the sex chromosomes (X and
Y) are unequal in size and shape, X being larger and
rod shaped whereas Y is small and slightly curved.
In birds and butterflies the sex chromosomes (Z and
W) are also unequal in shape and size, Z being larger
than W.
7. There are three types of sex-linked genes depending
upon their association with particular chromosome.
They are as follows:
(i) The genes which are located on X-chromosomes are
called X-linked genes or sex linked genes.
(ii) The genes which are located on Y chromosomes are
called Y-linked genes or holandric genes.
(iii) Certain genes are found to occur in both X and Y
chromosomes. Such genes are called incomplete sex-
linked genes.
8. The X-linked recessive genes show criss-cross pattern
of inheritance.
In criss-cross inheritance, an X-linked recessive gene is
transmitted from P1 male parent (father) to F2 male
progeny (grandsons) through its F1 heterozygous
females (daughters), which are called carriers and
different F1 and F2 results (ratios) in the reciprocal
crosses.
9. The X-linked recessive phenotype is usually found
more frequently in the male than in the female. This is
because an affected female can result only when both
mother and father bear the X-linked recessive allele
(e.g., XA Xa × Xa Y), whereas an affected male can
result when only the mother carries the gene.
10. Usually none of the offspring of an affected male will
be affected, but all his daughters will carry the gene in
masked heterozygous condition, so one half of their
sons (i.e., grandsons of F1 father) will be affected.
None of the sons of an affected male will inherit the X-
linked recessive gene, so not only will they be free of
the defective phenotype; but they will not pass the
gene along to their offspring
11. In order to understand the inheritance of character
present in sex chromosomes, let us understand
transmission of X-chromosome from male individual
in Drosophila or in man.
The X-chromosome from male individual will always
pass to the daughter, while X-chromosomes from
female individual will be distributed equally among
the daughter and sons.
12. A character from the father goes to the daughter (F1)
and then from daughter to grandson in the next
generation (F2). Such type of inheritance is also called
as criss-cross inheritance.
In this type of inheritance result of the reciprocal
crosses are not identical as in case with Mendelian
crosses.
13. T.H. Morgan (1910) for the first time discovered sex-
linkage in Drosophila melanogaster. Morgan when
experimenting noted the sudden appearance of one
white-eyed male (mutant form) in the culture of
normal red-eyed Drosophila. This white-eyed male
was crossed with red eyed female. The F1 flies (both
male and female) were all red-eyed indicating that
white eye colour is recessive to the normal red eye
colour.
14.
15. When these F1 flies were inter-crossed freely, the red-
and white-eyed flies appeared in the ratio 3: 1 in the
F2 generation.
White- eyed flies were male. Among the red eyed flies
two-third were female and one-third were male. The
females were all red eyed whereas 50% males were
white eyed and the remaining 50% males were red
eyed
16.
17.
18.
19. If a reciprocal cross is performed between white eyed
female and red eyed male individual, all female
individuals in Ft generation are red eyed and all male
individuals, are white eyed. When these two types of
individuals from F1 generation are inter crossed, female
population in F2 generation will consist of 50% red
eyed and 50% white eyed individuals. Similarly the
male population in this generation consists of 50% red
eyed and 50% white eyed individual
20.
21. The inheritance of white-eye color in Drosophila can be
explained on the basis of the following assumptions:
(i) Gene for white eye colour in male Drosophila is located in
X-chromosome and Y chromosome is empty, carrying no
normal allele for eye colour.
(ii) In white eyed female Drosophila there are two X
chromosomes, each one bearing a gene for white eye colour
(w). It transmits one gene for white eye colour (w) to each
offspring.
(iii) As we can see in the above reciprocal crosses, the gene
for recessive white eye colour (w) passes by father on to
daughter (F1 generation). The daughter in turn passes this
gene to her sons (F2 generation). The character thus seems to
alter or cross from one sex to the other in its passage from
generation to generation. In other words, character is
transferred from mother to son and never from father to the
son.
22. The common
sex-linked
disorders that
are mostly found
in humans are
mostly recessive.
They include
disorders like
Color-blindness
and
Haemophilia.
Sex linkage in
humans:
23. Haemophila is another popular example of sex linked
inheritance in human beings. It is caused by a mutant
gene (h) present in X chromosome and recessive to
normal gene and is, therefore, suppressed in
heterozygous condition.
Individuals suffering from this disease lack a factor
responsible for clotting of blood. So in the absence of
blood clotting substance, a minor cut or injury may
cause prolonged bleeding leading to death. This
disease in man is generally restricted to male
members.
24. If a haemophilic man marries a normal woman, the
daughter are all carriers (phenotypically normal but
carries haemophilic gene in one on her X
chromosome) but sons are normal.
Such a carrier daughter, when marries a normal man
transmits the haemophilic gene to half of her son.
A haemophilic woman is produced only if a carrier
woman is married to a haemophilic man.
25.
26. (a) It is a criss-cross inheritance as the father passes its
sex-linked character to his daughter who in turn
passes it to the grandson.
(b) Daughter does not express the recessive trait but
act as carrier in the heterozygous condition.
(c) Female homozygous for recessive trait expresses
the trait.
(d) Any recessive gene borne by the X chromosome of
male is immediately expressed as Y chromosome has
no allele to counteract.
27. Dominant X-linked genes are detected more
frequently found in the female than in the male of the
species.
The affected males pass the condition on to all of their
daughters but to none of their sons.
Females usually pass the condition (defective
phenotype) on to one-half of their sons and daughters.
A X-linked dominant gene fails to be transmitted to
any son from a mother which did not exhibit the trait
itself.
28. In humans, X-linked dominant conditions are
relatively rare.
One example is hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-
resistant rickets).
Another example includes hereditary enamel
hypoplasia (hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta), in
which tooth enamel is abnormally thin so that teeth
appear small and wear rapidly down to the gums.
29. Genes in the non-homologous region of the Y
chromosome pass directly from male to male.
In man, the Y-linked or holandric genes are
transmitted directly from father to son.
Example
Genes for ichthyosis hystrix gravis hypertrichosis
(excessive development of hairs on pinna of ear)
Genes for H-Y antigen, histocompatibility antigen,
spermatogenesis, height(stature) and slower
maturation of individual.