2. Total volume of CSF
125-150 ml (1.5-
2ml/kg) in
adults,50ml in
infants at any time.
Ultrafiltration
500 ml per day,
25ml/hour
Children-3ml/kg
Infants-4ml/kg
ICP is pulsatile
Newborn < 5mm
of Hg
Infants-6-15 mm
Children-10-15
mm
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Obstruction to CSFflow
Reversal of ventricular fluid into periventricularwhite
matter
Demyelination and progressive gliosis
Damageto periventricularwhitematterand latergray
matter
12. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Neonates and infants
• Irritability
• Poor appetite, Failure to thrive
• Vomiting
• Poor head control
• Tense fontanelle, Delayed fusion of sutures
• Dilated scalp veins
• Sun Setting sign (visible sclera above cornea)
• Macewans or crack pot sign positive (>1 yr.
of age)
• Transillumination may be positive
14. TRANSILLUMINATION
• Torch with rubber rim in dark
room.
• Rim of lucency >2-2.5 cm in frontal
region
• >1cm in occipital region
• POSITIVE in
1) Hydrocephalus
2) Hydrancephaly
3) Porencephaly
4) Subdural effusion
5) Subudral hematoma
15. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Older children
• Sign S/S raised ICT
• Headache, worst in the morning
• Nausea and vomiting
• Blurred vision
• Personality and behavioral
disturbances
• Gait abnormalities
• Drowsiness/depressed level of
consciousness
• Seizures
• Cushings triad:- (bradycardia,
irregular respiration, wide pulse
pressure)
16. EXAMINATION
Open squamoparietal suture beyond one month is
an early sign
• Serial HC measurement/HC more than 2 std. deviation
• Papilledema
• Abducens palsy
• Pyramidal tract lesions ( lower extremities )
• Crackpot sign positive
18. POSTERIOR FOSSA
CONTENTS
• CEREBELLUM
• BRAIN STEM
• OCCIPITAL LOBE
• 4th VENTRICLE
CHIARIMALFORMATION or
previously k/a Arnold Chiari malformation
• CEREBELLAR
TONSILS
TYPE - I
• CEREBELLAR
TONSILS
• VERMIS
• BRAIN STEM
TYPE-II TYPE -III
Per mont
DOWNWARDS DISPLACMENT towards the
foramen magnum OF THE………
19. POSTERIOR FOSSA
CONTENTS
• CEREBELLUM
• BRAIN STEM
• OCCIPITAL LOBE
• 4th VENTRICLE
CHIARIMALFORMATION or
previously k/a Arnold Chiari malformation
• CEREBELLAR
TONSILS
TYPE - I
• CEREBELLAR
TONSILS
• VERMIS
• BRAIN STEM
TYPE-II TYPE -III
Per mont
DOWNWARDS DISPLACMENT towards the
foramen magnum OF THE………
20. CHIARIMALFORMATION
TYPE 1
• Seen inadolescence
• Not associated with
Hydrocephalus
• Headache,Neckpain
• Progressivespasticity
• Associated with
Syringomyelia
TYPE 2
• Seen in infants
• Progressivehydrocephalus
Weak cry, stridor, apnea
• Abnormality ofgait, Spasticity
• Incoordination
• Associated with Myelo‐meningocele,
Spina bifida
23. VEIN OF GALEN ANEURYSMAL MALFORMATIONS
• VGAM consist of a
tangled mass of dilated
vessels supplied by an
enlarged artery.
• Hydrocephalus, High
output cardiac failure.
25. NORMAL PRESURE HYDROCEPHALUS
Rare in children
• Gait disturbance
• Dementia
• Urinary incontinence
HAKIMS or Adams triad consists of:-
26. HYDROCEPHALUS EX VACUO
• EX-out of
Vacuo-space
• Enlargement of cerebral
ventricles & subarachnoid
spaces, caused by
encephalic volume loss.
• NOT a true hydrocephalus
• Increases in CSF
volume without
increased CSF pressure
27. DO ALL HYDROCEPHALUS PROGRESS ?...NO
ARRESTED HYDROCEPHALUS
• A large proportion of
congenital and acquired
hydrocephalus may
undergo spontaneous
arrest.
• No surgical intervention
needed.
30. ULTRASOUND BRAIN
Screening if AF is open.
Cheap, nonionizing, can be done at
bedside.
Detects IVH in preterm.
Serial monitoring of ventricular size.
31. CTSCAN
Useful when AF is closed
WATCH FOR
1) Ventricle size
2) Cortical mantle
3) Periventricular ooze
4) Associated malformation
5) EVANS ratio (lateral
ventricular width:
hemispheric width >33%-
needs surgery)
33. TREATMENT
•Goals of therapy is to decrease
ICT to same limits preserving
brain tissue.
•Mild /Arrested cases managed
medically.
•Severe cases with
cortical mantle < 1 cm
optic atrophy
associated anomalies
Won’t benefit from surgery.
•Moderate cases should be
operated early.
39. TREATMENT
•Opening of ventricular
system into subarachnoid
space via lamina terminalis.
Ventriculostomy
•TB meningitis – ATT
•Pyogenic Meningitis ‐
Antibiotics
Treatment of cause :
42. PROGNOSIS
•Untreated – 50 % mortality in
severe hydrocephalus
•Medical management- 30 %
improvement in ventriculomegaly
•VP shunt- 60 % improvement in
ventriculomegaly
44 % in fundus
•70% - neurologically impaired
Editor's Notes
Intracranial pressure refers to the pressure of CSF within
the cranium. It is normally pulsatile and less than 5 mm Hg
in newborns, 6-15 mm Hg in infants and 10-15 mm Hg in
older children. Intracranial pressure is considered severely
elevated, if raised above 40 mm Hg.
: When the narrowing near the base of the spine
Central transtentorial herniation is common in children with progressive hydrocephalus to protrude through an abnormal body opening
> 2 cm transillumination is positive
Shunt dictionary meaning- to move something from one place to other