Pyrus communis, known as the European pear or common pear, is native to central and eastern Europe and southwest Asia. The document discusses the breeding of pear, including its botanical information, genetic resources, varieties, breeding objectives, floral biology, breeding systems, and achievements and prospects. The key points are: Pears have a chromosome number of 2n = 51 and are triploid; breeding objectives include improving quality, disease resistance, early bearing, and consistent cropping; methods used in pear breeding include hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
This presentation shows the trends in US Pear production, importation and exportation in the fresh and processed pear market. There is also some data on organic pear production.
Ever wondered what PEAR2 and Pyrus are all about ?
Want to know what they introduce and improve upon the old PEAR, well look no further. A core member of the PEAR community will lead the attendees through the maze and enlighten them about all this and more.
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
This presentation shows the trends in US Pear production, importation and exportation in the fresh and processed pear market. There is also some data on organic pear production.
Ever wondered what PEAR2 and Pyrus are all about ?
Want to know what they introduce and improve upon the old PEAR, well look no further. A core member of the PEAR community will lead the attendees through the maze and enlighten them about all this and more.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Fruits are a rich source of protein (0.69 g) vitamins (vit. A 0.06 mg; vit. B -0.03mg) and minerals like calcium (8 mg), phosphorus (15 mg) and iron (0.5 mg) per 100 grams of pulp. Patharnakh has become the commercial fruit crop of Punjab.
The area under pear is steadily increasing in North India. In Punjab, pear occupies an area of 2147 hectares with an annual production of 42940 tonnes. With the introduction of new promising semi-soft pear cultivars, the area under pear is likely to increase further.
The area under patharnakh increased in past thirty years due to the supply of quality nursery plants propagated on pear root suckers and Kainth seedlings. Now the quality plants of soft pears are being made available to the growers by Punjab Agricultural University nurseries.
Origin and History:
Pyrus species are native to the Northern Hemisphere of the old world. European and West Asian species are native to Eastern Europe and South Western Asia. East and North Asian species (oriental group) are native to Eastern Asia including China, Japan and ManAuria. Patharnakh (Pyrus pyrifolia) (Burm. F. Nakai) originated in China from where Chinese merchants and settlers brought it to Amritsar’s village Harsa Chhina during the time of Lord Kanishka (120-170 AD). From here patharnakh spread to other areas. In Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, Patharnakh is cultivated under the name of Gola pear.Climate and Soil:
Low chilling requiring pears are being cultivated in plains of North India. Cultivars requiring high chilling hours (900-1000) are cultivated at higher hills of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttara Khand.
Soil:
Pear is not very fastidious to its soil requirements. It is being grown from arid irrigated areas of Sirsa-Abohar to loam and clay loam soils of Amritsar and Hoshiarpur. It is doing well in foot hills where soils are light sandy to gravels. It prefers deep well drained loam soils with pH less than 8.5. Alkaline soils are unfit for pear cultivation. The soils with electric conductivity less than 1.5 mm hos/cm, less than 10 percent CaC03 and lime 20 percent are suitable for pear cultivation. High pH soils show iron chlorosis and zinc deficiencies in the pear plants.Rootstock:
Many rootstocks are being used to propagate pear trees. Promising characters of rootstock are given below:
Pear Root Suckers (Pyrus calleryana):
This is a very old rootstock which is in use since the introduction of pear cultivar patharnakh by the Chinese. Initially in rootstock trials at P.A.U. Ludhiana it has been considered to be Pyrus pyrifolia. A sucker was planted in the old orchard of the P.A.U. in 1976.
It grew as a tree quite different from P pyrifolia and did not flower for twenty years, but remained vegetative. Its roots continued to give out rootsuckers, whereas no rootsuckers developed on Pyrus pyrifolia roots. Hence it has been identified as root suckers of oriental pear Pyrus calleryana. Old pear orchards produce root-suckers.
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Pear
1.
2. Assignment on breeding of pear
Course title : Breeding of fruit crops
Course No : FSC 506
Submitted by:
Pawan Nagar
M.SC.(Horti.)
fruit science
Reg. No :04-2690-2015
3. pear
Botanical Name :- Pyrus communis L
Family:- Rosaceae
Origin:- Europe
Chromosome No.:- 2n = 51(Triploid)
4. Introduction
Pyrus communis, known as the European pear or common
pear, is a species of pear native to central and eastern Europe and
southwest Asia.
It is one of the most important fruits of temperate regions, being
the species from which most orchard pear cultivars grown in
Europe, North America, and Australia have been developed.
Related Species:- Pyrus pyrifolia
Pyrus pashia
Pyrus serotina
Pyrus salicifolia
6. Genetic Resources
The commercial genotypes most commonly found today are diploids
although there are triploids (2n=51) and even tetraploids.
Commercial triploid cultivars produce little good pollen, so that
cropping in an orchard requires at least two intercompatible cultivars.
The tetraploids have aroused interest because of their extra large fruit
and leaves although generally, they yield poorly (Zielinski and
Thompson 1967).
7. Different cultivar of Pear
Blake's Pride pear Packham's Triumph pear
Clairgeau pear
Louise Bonne of Jersey
pear
8. Varieties of Pear
Eight varieties of pears, from left to right, Bartlett, two Red
Bartlett varieties, Anjou, Bosc, Comice, Concorde, and Seckel.
9. Breeding objectives
Improvement of fruit quality.
Addition to climate adaption, disease resistance is very
important in some regions.
Early bearing and consistent cropping are important.
Adequate disease and pest resistance.
Important to develop rootstocks that induce similar size
control and precocity in the scion cultivar as Quince A
but that are more compactable winter hardy, and disease
resistant.
10. Floral biology
1. Pear blossoms are white, rarely pinkish, and born in umbel like
Corymb.
2. The flower consist of five petals and sepals and 20-30 stamens
with anther that usually red.
3. Styles vary from 2-5 and are free but closely constricted at the
base.
4. The ovary has 5 locules with 2 ovules per locule with a
maximum seed set obtain of ten.
11.
12. Breeding system
Incompatibility and sterility
Polyploidy
Mutation
Hybridization and mating designs
Parental selection, progeny testing, and progeny size
13. Mutation breeding
Irradiation (X-rays) has been used to increase the frequency of
mutations in fruit trees .
Several kinds of mutations have been identified after irradiation in
P. communis including bloom time, blossom color, ripening time,
fruit color and growth habit .
In P. pyrifolia mutations have been induced that effected disease
resistance and self-compatibility.
At least five European and four Japanese pears have been
developed through mutation breeding.
14. Biotechnology
Cell and tissue culture
Somaclonal variability and
genetic improvement
Transformation
15. Breeding for specific tree and production
characters
1. Growth habit
2. Precocity
3. Self incompatibility
4. Parthenocarpy
5. Productivity
16. Fruit character
1. Fruit quality
2. Flavour
3. Texture
4. Skin colour
5. Russets
6. Flesh colour
7. Fruit size
8. Fruit shape
9. Ripening Season
10.Storage quality
11.Processing quality
17. Achievement and Prospects
Scion cultivars
Centuries of selection have resulted in the development of
several broadly adapted cultivars of high quality, including Bartlett,
Anjou, Comice, Bosc, Nijisseiki and Housi, that are successfully
grown in many part of the world.
Improve cold hardiness.
To reduce management cost and shorten time to bearing, pears are
being grown on dwarfing rootstocks.
High density planting.
Development of disease and pest resistant cultivars.
18. Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic
The resistance genes to fire blight have yet to be identified,
researchers have long known the sources of resistance and began
the breeding for fire blight resistance at Geneva in New York
State, Harrow Station in Canada and Angers in France in the
1980.
The release of such partially resistance or tolerant cultivars such
as ‘Harrow Sweet’, ‘ ‘Harrow Crisp’, ‘Blake’s Pride’, ‘Aida’ and
‘Boheme’.