This document discusses breeding for resistance and quality in winter oil rapeseed (Brassica napus). It covers several topics:
1) Important aspects of quality breeding including reducing anti-nutritional factors like glucosinolates and tannins, and increasing oil content and yield.
2) Major diseases impacting rapeseed such as blackleg, clubroot, and verticillium wilt, and the need for resistant cultivars.
3) Breeding methods used in oilseed rape including resynthesized rapeseed, line breeding, and hybrid breeding using male sterility systems.
This document provides an overview of Colocasia esculentus (taro or dasheen) cultivation. It discusses the introduction, climate and soil requirements, varieties, propagation, cultivation practices including planting, manuring, irrigation, harvesting, and postharvest handling. It also describes major pests and diseases that affect taro such as aphids, leaf blight, viruses, and the taro beetle. Control measures for each are presented. Physiological disorders from water stagnation are also mentioned.
This document provides information on the major and minor pests that affect groundnut crops. It describes 10 major pests, including aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, and red hairy caterpillars. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, damage symptoms, and integrated pest management strategies involving cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls. The document also briefly mentions two minor groundnut pests and concludes with descriptions of the aphid pest and its management.
This document provides information on major diseases that affect sesame crops and their management. It discusses 7 key diseases: phyllody caused by phytoplasma and transmitted by leafhoppers, stem and root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina fungus, Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora sesami fungus, powdery mildew caused by Erysiphae cichoracearum fungus, Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria sesami fungus, bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas compestris pv. sesami bacteria, and bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringe pv sesame bacteria. For each disease, it describes symptoms, etiology, disease
This document provides information about tomato cultivation in India. It discusses the following key points:
1. Tomato is an important vegetable crop worldwide and in India, with India being the second largest producer globally.
2. The document outlines best practices for organic tomato cultivation in India, including soil and climate requirements, crop rotation practices, and organic methods for managing pests and diseases.
3. Specific recommendations are provided for variety selection, seed treatment, nursery development, planting, irrigation, fertilization, and biological control of common tomato pests and diseases suitable for organic production.
This presentation summarizes the integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for brinjal, methi, and okra. It discusses the major pests of each crop and provides cultural, biological, physical, mechanical, botanical and chemical control methods. For each crop, it recommends host plant resistance varieties, cultural practices like intercropping and crop rotation, biological controls using natural enemies, and selective use of pesticides only when needed to control pests below economic threshold levels. The overall approach is to minimize pesticide use and rely more on ecological methods to manage pests in an environmentally sustainable way.
This document provides information about seed production technology for tomato. It discusses the botanical details of tomato, varieties suitable for seed production, production practices like land preparation, nursery raising, transplanting, rouging, and harvesting. It also describes techniques for hybrid seed production including emasculation and pollination. Pests, diseases and their management are outlined. The optimal method of seed extraction is mentioned as the acid method to obtain high quality seeds.
This document discusses several diseases that affect chickpeas: Alternaria blight, Ascochyta blight, Botrytis gray mold, Collar rot, Dry root rot, Fusarium wilt, and Powdery mildew. For each disease, the document describes symptoms, management strategies like resistant varieties, crop rotation, and fungicide application. Common management approaches include planting resistant varieties, following crop rotations, removing debris, intercropping, and spraying fungicides like mancozeb or carbendazim.
This document provides an overview of Colocasia esculentus (taro or dasheen) cultivation. It discusses the introduction, climate and soil requirements, varieties, propagation, cultivation practices including planting, manuring, irrigation, harvesting, and postharvest handling. It also describes major pests and diseases that affect taro such as aphids, leaf blight, viruses, and the taro beetle. Control measures for each are presented. Physiological disorders from water stagnation are also mentioned.
This document provides information on the major and minor pests that affect groundnut crops. It describes 10 major pests, including aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, and red hairy caterpillars. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, damage symptoms, and integrated pest management strategies involving cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls. The document also briefly mentions two minor groundnut pests and concludes with descriptions of the aphid pest and its management.
This document provides information on major diseases that affect sesame crops and their management. It discusses 7 key diseases: phyllody caused by phytoplasma and transmitted by leafhoppers, stem and root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina fungus, Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora sesami fungus, powdery mildew caused by Erysiphae cichoracearum fungus, Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria sesami fungus, bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas compestris pv. sesami bacteria, and bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringe pv sesame bacteria. For each disease, it describes symptoms, etiology, disease
This document provides information about tomato cultivation in India. It discusses the following key points:
1. Tomato is an important vegetable crop worldwide and in India, with India being the second largest producer globally.
2. The document outlines best practices for organic tomato cultivation in India, including soil and climate requirements, crop rotation practices, and organic methods for managing pests and diseases.
3. Specific recommendations are provided for variety selection, seed treatment, nursery development, planting, irrigation, fertilization, and biological control of common tomato pests and diseases suitable for organic production.
This presentation summarizes the integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for brinjal, methi, and okra. It discusses the major pests of each crop and provides cultural, biological, physical, mechanical, botanical and chemical control methods. For each crop, it recommends host plant resistance varieties, cultural practices like intercropping and crop rotation, biological controls using natural enemies, and selective use of pesticides only when needed to control pests below economic threshold levels. The overall approach is to minimize pesticide use and rely more on ecological methods to manage pests in an environmentally sustainable way.
This document provides information about seed production technology for tomato. It discusses the botanical details of tomato, varieties suitable for seed production, production practices like land preparation, nursery raising, transplanting, rouging, and harvesting. It also describes techniques for hybrid seed production including emasculation and pollination. Pests, diseases and their management are outlined. The optimal method of seed extraction is mentioned as the acid method to obtain high quality seeds.
This document discusses several diseases that affect chickpeas: Alternaria blight, Ascochyta blight, Botrytis gray mold, Collar rot, Dry root rot, Fusarium wilt, and Powdery mildew. For each disease, the document describes symptoms, management strategies like resistant varieties, crop rotation, and fungicide application. Common management approaches include planting resistant varieties, following crop rotations, removing debris, intercropping, and spraying fungicides like mancozeb or carbendazim.
Integrated Pest Management on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)RAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document provides information on major insect pests that affect okra and their management through integrated pest management. It discusses 6 major insect pests that damage okra - okra shoot and fruit borer, jassid, whitefly, aphid, red cotton bug. For each pest, it provides details on identification, nature of damage, and life cycle. It then outlines various integrated pest management strategies for okra like cultural practices, mechanical controls, biological controls and chemical controls. Finally, it lists some references for further reading on management of insect pests on okra.
(1) Stem borers, gall midge, brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, and green leafhopper are major pests of rice.
(2) They damage rice by feeding on plant tissues or sucking sap, which can result in dead hearts, white ears, hopper burn, or transmission of diseases like tungro virus.
(3) Non-chemical management includes crop rotation, resistant varieties, field sanitation, and balanced fertilizer. Chemical management uses insecticides when economic thresholds are reached.
It is about the major pest of cabbage ways to tackle the pest in an organized manner with lesser environmental damage alongside with the help of IPM principles.
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that affect mango trees and fruit, including mango hoppers, mealybugs, fruit flies, and bark-eating caterpillars.
2. It provides details on the life cycles of the pests, damage symptoms caused, and highlights sooty mold as a common secondary issue.
3. Control recommendations are outlined for each pest, including cultural, biological, and chemical approaches. Cultural controls focus on sanitation while chemical controls recommend targeted application of specific insecticides at key life stages.
The document discusses the major pests that affect groundnut production in India such as defoliators, sucking pests, and subterranean pests. It then outlines an integrated pest management approach for groundnuts involving cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical control methods. The summary concludes by listing some key recommendations from research on integrated pest management practices for groundnuts.
This document provides a summary of potato cultivation prepared by several students. It covers the introduction, origin and history, botanical description, varieties, climatic requirements, pests and diseases, true potato seed technology, and post-harvest management of potatoes. Some key points include:
- Potatoes originated in South America and were introduced to India in the 16th-17th century.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally.
- Potato cultivation requires cool temperatures between 17-25°C for growth and 17-19°C for tuberization.
- Important potato diseases include late blight, early blight, brown rot, and wart disease.
- True potato seed technology is an effective,
This document provides information on the production technology of turnip. It discusses the botany of turnip, including its botanical name and family. It describes propagation methods, suitable soil and climate conditions, field preparation procedures, seed rates, sowing times, fertilizer needs, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, post-harvest handling, common pests and diseases, and popular varieties of turnip. The document is intended to serve as a guide for farmers on how to successfully grow turnip as a crop.
This document summarizes several insect pests that affect tomatoes: tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza brassicae), tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), and aphids. For each pest, it provides information on scientific classification, description of life stages and damage, and both non-chemical and chemical control methods. The pests can reduce tomato yields through feeding and damage to leaves, stems, and fruits. Integrated pest management approaches include biological and cultural controls as well as targeted application of insecticides.
This document summarizes the major insect pests that affect rice crops. It identifies stem borers, leaf feeders, sap feeders, and other pests such as grasshoppers, leafhoppers, and plant hoppers as the main categories of rice insect pests. For each pest, the document provides details on the pest name, type, life cycle stages, symptoms of damage, and pictures illustrating the pest and damage. Over 50 common rice insect pests are described.
Chili originated in Mexico and South America and was spread by Spain to Asia, where it was incorporated into local cuisines. In Malaysia, chili is popular among growers as a short-term crop, with the main producing states being Johor, Pahang, and Kelantan. Chili varieties like Kulai, MC4, MC5, MC11, and MC12 are recommended for their yields and disease resistance. Chili is grown through seed propagation and transplanting seedlings, with regular maintenance including fertilizing, pest and disease control, and harvesting based on maturity levels.
Potato is an important food crop that originated in South America. There are over 2000 species in the genus Solanum, with approximately 200 being tuber-bearing species like the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum). Wild potato species are a valuable genetic resource for breeding resistance to diseases and pests into cultivated varieties. Important wild species used in potato breeding include S. demissum, S. bulbocastanum, and S. stenotomum. Major international gene banks like the CIP in Peru conserve potato germplasm and provide access for breeding programs worldwide.
1. The document describes three diseases that affect elephant foot yam: leaf blight caused by Phytophthora colocasiae, collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, and dasheen mosaic virus.
2. It provides details on the symptoms, life cycles, and management strategies for each disease.
3. The diseases can cause significant yield losses, so integrated management approaches including cultural, chemical, and biological controls are recommended.
This document provides information on growing sweet corn, including climate and soil requirements, planting season and cycle, field preparation methods, fertilizer application, seed treatment for pests and diseases, irrigation needs, and management of various pests and diseases that affect sweet corn such as the African black beetle, stem borer, stem fly, pink stem borer, corn worm, ash weevil, leafhopper, aphid, shoot bug, boil smut, brown spot, damping off, fusarium cob rot, head smut, downy mildew, leaf blight, rust, viral diseases, blanking, and deficiencies of boron, calcium, copper, iron, and magnesium.
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
This document provides information on various pests that affect rice crops, including their names, descriptions of damage symptoms, and recommendations for management. It discusses pests such as rice thrips, rice grasshopper, rice gundhi bug, armyworm, rice caseworm, rice hispa, rice leaf folder, brown plant hopper, green plant hopper, white backed plant hopper, rice stem borer, and Asian gall midge. For each pest, it provides details on cultural, biological and chemical control methods that can be used for management.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document discusses phenotyping for nutritional and end-use quality in breeding programs. It outlines the current status of assessing various quality traits like nutritional components, anti-nutritional factors, and functional properties. It recommends developing additional methods and equipment for analyzing traits like amino acids, carbohydrates, bioavailability, and establishing a food quality laboratory in each hub. It identifies opportunities for collaboration and integrating quality traits in breeding. Challenges include recruiting qualified personnel and costs of analyses. The way forward involves high-throughput portable equipment and identifying partner laboratories for outsourcing analyses.
Breeding beans for nutritional quality, drought tolerance and productivity in...ILRI
Presented by Paul Kimani, A. Warsame, P.K. Waidhima, M. Njiru and J.W. Mwangi at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
Integrated Pest Management on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)RAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document provides information on major insect pests that affect okra and their management through integrated pest management. It discusses 6 major insect pests that damage okra - okra shoot and fruit borer, jassid, whitefly, aphid, red cotton bug. For each pest, it provides details on identification, nature of damage, and life cycle. It then outlines various integrated pest management strategies for okra like cultural practices, mechanical controls, biological controls and chemical controls. Finally, it lists some references for further reading on management of insect pests on okra.
(1) Stem borers, gall midge, brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, and green leafhopper are major pests of rice.
(2) They damage rice by feeding on plant tissues or sucking sap, which can result in dead hearts, white ears, hopper burn, or transmission of diseases like tungro virus.
(3) Non-chemical management includes crop rotation, resistant varieties, field sanitation, and balanced fertilizer. Chemical management uses insecticides when economic thresholds are reached.
It is about the major pest of cabbage ways to tackle the pest in an organized manner with lesser environmental damage alongside with the help of IPM principles.
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that affect mango trees and fruit, including mango hoppers, mealybugs, fruit flies, and bark-eating caterpillars.
2. It provides details on the life cycles of the pests, damage symptoms caused, and highlights sooty mold as a common secondary issue.
3. Control recommendations are outlined for each pest, including cultural, biological, and chemical approaches. Cultural controls focus on sanitation while chemical controls recommend targeted application of specific insecticides at key life stages.
The document discusses the major pests that affect groundnut production in India such as defoliators, sucking pests, and subterranean pests. It then outlines an integrated pest management approach for groundnuts involving cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical control methods. The summary concludes by listing some key recommendations from research on integrated pest management practices for groundnuts.
This document provides a summary of potato cultivation prepared by several students. It covers the introduction, origin and history, botanical description, varieties, climatic requirements, pests and diseases, true potato seed technology, and post-harvest management of potatoes. Some key points include:
- Potatoes originated in South America and were introduced to India in the 16th-17th century.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally.
- Potato cultivation requires cool temperatures between 17-25°C for growth and 17-19°C for tuberization.
- Important potato diseases include late blight, early blight, brown rot, and wart disease.
- True potato seed technology is an effective,
This document provides information on the production technology of turnip. It discusses the botany of turnip, including its botanical name and family. It describes propagation methods, suitable soil and climate conditions, field preparation procedures, seed rates, sowing times, fertilizer needs, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, post-harvest handling, common pests and diseases, and popular varieties of turnip. The document is intended to serve as a guide for farmers on how to successfully grow turnip as a crop.
This document summarizes several insect pests that affect tomatoes: tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza brassicae), tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), and aphids. For each pest, it provides information on scientific classification, description of life stages and damage, and both non-chemical and chemical control methods. The pests can reduce tomato yields through feeding and damage to leaves, stems, and fruits. Integrated pest management approaches include biological and cultural controls as well as targeted application of insecticides.
This document summarizes the major insect pests that affect rice crops. It identifies stem borers, leaf feeders, sap feeders, and other pests such as grasshoppers, leafhoppers, and plant hoppers as the main categories of rice insect pests. For each pest, the document provides details on the pest name, type, life cycle stages, symptoms of damage, and pictures illustrating the pest and damage. Over 50 common rice insect pests are described.
Chili originated in Mexico and South America and was spread by Spain to Asia, where it was incorporated into local cuisines. In Malaysia, chili is popular among growers as a short-term crop, with the main producing states being Johor, Pahang, and Kelantan. Chili varieties like Kulai, MC4, MC5, MC11, and MC12 are recommended for their yields and disease resistance. Chili is grown through seed propagation and transplanting seedlings, with regular maintenance including fertilizing, pest and disease control, and harvesting based on maturity levels.
Potato is an important food crop that originated in South America. There are over 2000 species in the genus Solanum, with approximately 200 being tuber-bearing species like the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum). Wild potato species are a valuable genetic resource for breeding resistance to diseases and pests into cultivated varieties. Important wild species used in potato breeding include S. demissum, S. bulbocastanum, and S. stenotomum. Major international gene banks like the CIP in Peru conserve potato germplasm and provide access for breeding programs worldwide.
1. The document describes three diseases that affect elephant foot yam: leaf blight caused by Phytophthora colocasiae, collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, and dasheen mosaic virus.
2. It provides details on the symptoms, life cycles, and management strategies for each disease.
3. The diseases can cause significant yield losses, so integrated management approaches including cultural, chemical, and biological controls are recommended.
This document provides information on growing sweet corn, including climate and soil requirements, planting season and cycle, field preparation methods, fertilizer application, seed treatment for pests and diseases, irrigation needs, and management of various pests and diseases that affect sweet corn such as the African black beetle, stem borer, stem fly, pink stem borer, corn worm, ash weevil, leafhopper, aphid, shoot bug, boil smut, brown spot, damping off, fusarium cob rot, head smut, downy mildew, leaf blight, rust, viral diseases, blanking, and deficiencies of boron, calcium, copper, iron, and magnesium.
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
This document provides information on various pests that affect rice crops, including their names, descriptions of damage symptoms, and recommendations for management. It discusses pests such as rice thrips, rice grasshopper, rice gundhi bug, armyworm, rice caseworm, rice hispa, rice leaf folder, brown plant hopper, green plant hopper, white backed plant hopper, rice stem borer, and Asian gall midge. For each pest, it provides details on cultural, biological and chemical control methods that can be used for management.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document discusses phenotyping for nutritional and end-use quality in breeding programs. It outlines the current status of assessing various quality traits like nutritional components, anti-nutritional factors, and functional properties. It recommends developing additional methods and equipment for analyzing traits like amino acids, carbohydrates, bioavailability, and establishing a food quality laboratory in each hub. It identifies opportunities for collaboration and integrating quality traits in breeding. Challenges include recruiting qualified personnel and costs of analyses. The way forward involves high-throughput portable equipment and identifying partner laboratories for outsourcing analyses.
Breeding beans for nutritional quality, drought tolerance and productivity in...ILRI
Presented by Paul Kimani, A. Warsame, P.K. Waidhima, M. Njiru and J.W. Mwangi at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
Wheat is an annual grass that is found in both wild and cultivated forms. It grows into stalks up to 6 feet tall with long slender leaves. Wheat thrives from May to August and is harvested after it matures and the seeds dry. Wheat is one of the most important and nutritious cereals and is a staple in the Greek diet and religion. Flour, pasta, and bread are the main wheat products. A traditional Greek recipe described uses boiled wheat with sugar, dried fruits, and nuts to make St. Barbara's sweet dessert.
Sheikh Sattar - Nutritional Qualities of Bangladesh rice varietiesWorldFish
A roadmap towards investing in agriculture, food security and nutrition. Presented at the Agriculture Nutrition Linkages Seminar in Dhaka, Bangladesh on the 18th of April, 2012.
This document provides an introduction to distant hybridization, which involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. It discusses the history of distant hybridization, features such as hybrid fertility levels, and barriers like cross incompatibility and hybrid sterility. Techniques for overcoming these barriers are described, such as embryo rescue and chromosome doubling. The roles of distant hybridization in crop improvement through traits like disease resistance are explained. Limitations and achievements in producing new varieties through distant hybridization are also summarized.
This document discusses breeding for quality in onions. It begins by explaining that quality is an elusive but important breeding goal that influences consumer acceptance. The complexity of quality makes it a neglected target. Various attributes contribute to onion quality, including yield, size, color, texture, flavor, and lack of defects. The document then discusses specific quality attributes and breeding objectives for different uses and varieties of onions, such as for dehydration, pickling, and freezing. It also covers the genetics and inheritance of onion bulb color. The conclusion discusses developing tearless onions through genetic engineering to reduce lachrymatory factor while maintaining health-promoting compounds.
This training was co-organized by SARD-SC and ANRLD of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research for women farmers drawn from four regions of Ethiopia, vis. Oromia, Tigray, Amhara and Southern.
This document discusses wheat and flour production. It begins by explaining that flour is obtained from wheat and is important for baking. Wheat quality depends on soil, seeds, climate and farming techniques. There are three main types of wheat - hard, soft, and durum - which are used to produce different types of flour suitable for breads, pastries, or pasta. The document then goes into detail about the properties of hard and soft wheat flours and their uses in baking. It also discusses other types of flour and the wheat and flour production process.
1. Plants have developed three main adaptations to salinity stress: osmotic stress tolerance, sodium exclusion from leaves, and tissue tolerance to accumulated sodium and chloride in leaves.
2. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance include compartmentalization of ions, osmotic adjustment through compatible solutes, and exclusion of sodium from leaves.
3. Breeding efforts have developed salt tolerant varieties of crops like rice, wheat, mustard, and chickpeas through marker-assisted selection and identifying favorable quantitative trait loci.
Chickpea Seed Production Manual ~ icrisat.orgSeeds
This document provides an overview of chickpea seed production. It discusses the types of chickpea, general plant characteristics, climatic requirements, plant growth and development, seed systems in India, seed classes, seed production technology, management of diseases and insect pests, roguing, harvesting, threshing, seed processing, and storage. The goal is to provide comprehensive information on improved seed production technologies to grow a healthy chickpea seed crop and store chickpea seeds, which will be useful for all those involved in formal and informal seed systems.
This document discusses breeding in rajma (Phaseolus vulgaris). It originated in Central and South America. Breeding objectives for rajma include high pod yield, non-stringy long pods, early harvesting, bush/pole plant types, and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding procedures used include introduction, pure line selection, mass selection, hybridization, pedigree method, bulk method, and backcross method. Canning quality is an important quality to consider in rajma breeding and is influenced by seed coat integrity and bioavailability of micronutrients.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are substances containing living microorganisms that promote plant growth when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil. It describes different types of biofertilizers including nitrogen-fixing, compost, and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers. The document discusses the morphology, physiology, and recommended crops for specific nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium, Azospirillum, and Azotobacter. It also outlines the process for making biofertilizers including selecting carrier materials, sterilizing, and inoculating seeds or soil. The advantages and potential of biofertilizers are that they can increase yields while protecting the environment and soil fertility compared to chemical
Pyrus communis, known as the European pear or common pear, is native to central and eastern Europe and southwest Asia. The document discusses the breeding of pear, including its botanical information, genetic resources, varieties, breeding objectives, floral biology, breeding systems, and achievements and prospects. The key points are: Pears have a chromosome number of 2n = 51 and are triploid; breeding objectives include improving quality, disease resistance, early bearing, and consistent cropping; methods used in pear breeding include hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits that are economically and agronomically desirable for human benefit. The main objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, developing resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, altering maturity duration, and improving other agronomic characteristics. As cultivable land decreases, plant breeding is crucial to meet food demands by enhancing crop productivity through developing high-yielding varieties and stabilizing yields under varying environmental conditions. While plant breeding has led to major improvements, it also carries some risks such as reduced genetic diversity, narrow genetic bases of varieties, and increased susceptibility to minor issues.
The document discusses the history and techniques of hybrid seed production in vegetable crops. Some key points:
- The concept of hybrid vigor was established in 1914 and the first hybrids in chili and bottle gourd were developed in the 1930s and 1970s respectively in India.
- Techniques for hybrid seed production include hand emasculation and pollination, male sterility systems, self-incompatibility, gynoecious lines, and use of plant growth regulators.
- Male sterility, self-incompatibility, and gynoecious lines allow for more efficient hybrid seed production compared to hand emasculation and pollination. These techniques are used commercially in crops like cucur
1. Management of seed borne diseases can be done through crop production practices, seed treatment, seed certification, and plant quarantine. Crop production practices include using disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and following good sanitation practices.
2. Seed treatment involves physical, biological and chemical methods to eliminate pathogens. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment and solar heat treatment are common physical seed treatments. Biological control uses antagonistic microorganisms. Chemical seed treatments with fungicides and insecticides form protective coatings on seeds.
3. Seed certification and quality control ensure high quality seeds through procedures for labeling, inspection and generation limits. Plant quarantine aims to prevent the spread of diseases and p
Weed seeds can persist in the soil for many years through dormancy and produce large numbers of seeds. Integrated weed management aims to reduce weed seed production and dispersal through techniques like crop rotation, mulching, stale seedbeds, and biological control. Knowledge of a weed's biology, including its seed dormancy mechanisms and longevity, reproduction methods, and dispersal pathways, is important for developing effective long-term management strategies.
This document provides information about red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). It discusses the plant's botanical name, family, origin, chromosome number, description of plants, flowers, pollination, and fruit. The core objectives of raspberry breeding programs are also summarized, which include high quality fruit, good yield, shelf life, adaptation to the local environment, and improved pathogen resistance. Breeding methods mentioned include hybridization, mutation, conservation of germplasm, and use of genetic markers.
This document discusses meristem culture and shoot tip culture techniques. It describes the three stages of meristem culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Shoot tips less than 1 mm are excised and cultured on medium supplemented with hormones like cytokinins and auxins to promote growth. Meristem culture allows for virus elimination, micropropagation, genetic resource preservation, and facilitates international plant exchange. It is an effective method for producing disease-free plants.
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
The document provides information about peas (Pisum sativum). It discusses the botanical and common names, family, uses of peas, varieties that have edible pods, origin in the Middle East, annual life cycle, weights and colors of peas, temperature preferences, self-pollination, nutritional benefits, and common diseases and pests. It also describes the flower structure including the five sepals, five petals, ten stamens, and pistil. Pea breeding methods are discussed including selection, hybridization, backcrossing, and induced mutations to develop varieties with traits like disease resistance, yield, and abiotic stress tolerance. Leading countries in pea production are also mentioned.
Introduction
Advantages of Micropropagation over the conventional methods
History
Stages of Micropropagation
1. Stage 0; Preparative stage
2. Stage 1; Initiation of aseptic cultures
A) Explant
B) Sterilization
C) Browning of medium
Factors affecting initiation stage
Conclusions
References
Floral Biology, Selfing & Crossing techniques and Seed Production on MustardDhaval Bhanderi
This document provides information about mustard floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques, and hybrid seed production. It discusses the floral structure of mustard, including the androecium and gynoecium. It describes selfing using muslin bags and crossing techniques involving emasculation and controlled pollination. The document outlines breeding objectives like higher yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance. It also discusses breeding methods used in mustard like hybridization, mass selection and hybrid seed production using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system with A, B, and R lines.
The document discusses seed treatment methods for controlling seedborne diseases. It finds that treating rice seeds with manual cleaning and a 15% brine solution significantly reduced rice seedborne diseases like brown spot and bacterial leaf blight. This improved yields by 12-15% and seed quality, with fewer unfilled grains and discolored seeds. Another study evaluated treatments for controlling safflower seed and soilborne diseases. It found that treating seeds with the fungus Trichoderma harzianum greatly reduced disease incidence and severity of pathogens like Fusarium, yielding the highest seed production. A third abstract discusses using non-thermal plasma as a novel seed treatment method, finding it a potential alternative to conventional hot water, chlorine or fungicide
This is the pest of Brinjal, Leucinodes arbonalis which is commonly known as shoot or fruit borer. It cause severe damage to the brinjal and other solanaceous plants and decline the crop productivity.
This document discusses insects pests of cotton and their integrated pest management (IPM) in Pakistan. It provides details on the importance of cotton production in Pakistan's economy. It then lists and describes 11 major insect pests that affect cotton, including aphids, jassids, whiteflies, mealybugs, bollworms, and armyworms. The document outlines pest scouting methods and details integrated control approaches, including cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control techniques. Major biological control agents like parasitoids and predators are identified. Recommended insecticides and application rates are provided for different cotton pests.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA. It involves repeated cycles of separating the DNA strands through heating and using DNA polymerase to make copies of the target DNA region. Each PCR cycle consists of denaturation to separate the DNA strands, annealing to allow primers to bind to the target sequences, and extension to make copies of the DNA. The process results in millions of copies of the target DNA being generated from a small initial sample. Key components of PCR include primers, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, DNA template, magnesium chloride as a cofactor, and a buffer system to provide optimal conditions.
Report on Azole Fungicides and Sepatoria Leaf Blotch ControlBharati Singh
The document summarizes a workshop on azole fungicides and septoria leaf blotch control of wheat. Key points:
- The workshop brought together 70 participants from 12 EPPO countries to discuss the latest knowledge on azole fungicide resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola, which causes septoria leaf blotch of wheat.
- Azole fungicides are a major tool for managing septoria leaf blotch, but resistance has developed due to mutations in the target gene CYP51. Maintaining a diversity of azole chemistries is important for resistance management.
- Recommendations included monitoring pathogen populations for shifts in azole sensitivity, understanding alternation and mixtures as resistance strategies, and
Activation of calcium and calmodulin dependent proteinBharati Singh
1) Calcium and Calmodium-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is the central regulator of plant root endosymbiosis. It decodes calcium spiking signals induced by nod factors and is positioned downstream in the nucleus.
2) CCaMK can bind calcium through both its EF hands and calmodulin binding domain. Gain of function mutations in CCaMK that impair its regulation can cause spontaneous nodule formation.
3) Proper perception of nod factors and generation of calcium spike signals is essential for the symbiotic relationship between plants and bacteria, and negative regulation of CCaMK is important to prevent inappropriate gene expression and organogenesis.
Botanical Insecticides and their Future PerspectivesBharati Singh
This document discusses several botanical insecticides including their characteristics, extraction methods, target pests, and modes of action. Limonene and linalool are extracted from citrus fruits and act as nerve toxins or stomach poisons. Rotenone is isolated from tropical legumes and inhibits electron transport chains in mitochondria. Sabadilla contains alkaloids that affect sodium channels. Ryania contains alkaloids that are stomach poisons or block the neuromuscular junction. While botanical insecticides were widely used in the past, commercialization faces barriers like scarce natural resources and regulatory approval. The future of botanical insecticides lies in overcoming these barriers and finding a coexistence with synthetic insecticides.
RIN4 is a small A. thaliana protein localized to the plasma membrane that acts as a negative regulator of plant immunity responses. It interacts with the resistance proteins RPM1 and RPS2 and is targeted by several Pseudomonas syringae effectors like AvrB, AvrRpm1, and AvrRpt2. Current models suggest RIN4 may serve as a decoy to mimic the unknown real targets of these effectors and compete for binding, activating RPM1/RPS2-mediated immunity when effectors modify RIN4. RIN4 also regulates stomatal closure during infection and the evolution of this RIN4-mediated effector-triggered susceptibility system.
H. Pylori is commonly transmitted in childhood in crowded, poor living conditions through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes. It persists by mimicking human glycans to avoid immune responses. Around half the world is infected, with higher prevalence in developing regions. It colonizes the stomach using urease and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) and CagA pathogenicity island virulence factors. Acute infection causes diarrhea and slowed growth while chronic infection leads to gastritis in most cases. H. Pylori is associated with diseases like gastric ulcers and cancer.
Insects such as fruit flies, ants, wasps, and bees are commonly used as models in aging research due to their short lifecycles and genetic similarities to humans. Key hallmarks of aging that are studied using insect models include changes in mitochondria, loss of protein homeostasis, and damage accumulation. Recent research has investigated anti-aging drugs such as resveratrol found in red wine and rapamycin, with resveratrol shown to provide benefits by stimulating anti-aging proteins and rapamycin demonstrating limited effects through tumor suppression in mice. New publications continue to provide insight into aging processes and potential reversal in model organisms.
The document summarizes the results and conclusions of a master's thesis on serum biomarkers for lung cancer. It discusses the motivation, objectives, methods, and key findings of the thesis work. The thesis aimed to study protein changes in serum to identify potential lung cancer biomarkers. Methods included developing a lung cancer model in rats and analyzing protein expression through techniques like SDS-PAGE and silver staining. While some biochemical parameters were altered, changes at the protein level were insignificant. Future work could involve converting proteins to peptides or using alternative methods like isotope tagging. The document also briefly outlines fellowship work in India and an internship studying endothelial cell distribution in liver cancer models.
2. Bharati Singh - Resistance and Quality Breeding in Winter Oil Rapeseed 1
1 Introduction
Winter rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the significant agricultural crop which is grown commonly for
production of oil and biofuel. After the extraction of the oil, oil cake which contains high protein can
be used for animal feed. It is mainly grown in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia. It is generally
produced in a crop rotation including winter wheat and barley. This contributes in decreasing the occurrence
of root diseases and increasing organic matters in the soil. It is believed that the nutritional requirement of
crop is the most significant factor. The nitrogen plays a very important role in intensifying the yield. In one
of the studies, Hocking, et. al. [1] published that the requirement of nitrogen by rapeseed in comparison to
wheat is 25% more. The yield response of the rapeseed with increasing nitrogen concentration in soil varies
with different environmental factors, like weather, soil type, residual fertility of the soil, water content and
cultivar. Many of the studies have pointed out that the both growth and yield of the rapeseed are increased
remarkably by high dose of applied nitrogen. Nitrogen enhances yield by regulating many growth factors,
such as number of branches and pods per plant seeds per pod. Selecting an adequate dose, source and
timing of nitrogen fertilizer application and the gap between the sowing of the seeds are notable aspects for
the promising production of rapeseed [2].
1.1 Fluorobiology of rapeseed
The flower is radial having four petals, four sepals and six stamens. Out of the six stamens, two of the
stamens are short which face outside than the inner ones which surrounds the stigma. The yellow colour of
leaves attracts insects. The pollination could be either self pollination or cross pollination. The studies have
shown that the cross pollination increases seed yield which results in increase of oil content and heavier
seeds [3]. The cross pollination reduces inbreeding depression. It also results in gene exchange.
1.2 Plant architecture
The rapeseed is an annual herbicide plant consisting of 1-2 cm high erect stem branches, and long thin tap
root. The flowers are yellow in colour and are present in bunch on the shoots in the form of racemes [4].
The branching of the plants enables to compensate the gap in the field. This makes rapeseed very flexible
and adaptable. Further, the branching contributes to the stability of the plant. Generally 50 to 70 seeds are
sown per square meter. The immature seeds are elongated pods and green in colour which, finally, turns
into brown. Each pod contains up to 20 seeds. The brown colour of the seeds at the maturity is due to the
3. Bharati Singh - Resistance and Quality Breeding in Winter Oil Rapeseed 2
presence of phenolic compound, tannin.
1.3 Harvesting
Determining harvesting period is very hard. This is not only because of long flowering period but matu-
ration is also irregular. The most ideal time of harvesting is when the first pod cracks which are present
on the main stem. The lower moisture content in the seeds helps in saving cost for drying up seeds to the
adequate parameters. In Germany, harvesting is completely machine dependent. The yield of the rapeseed
in Germany is 4-5 million tonnes per hectare.
2 Aspects of Quality Breeding
1. Reduction of anti-nutritional factors
(a) Glucosinolate content: It is a secondary metabolite which occurs in most of the plants of the
order Brassicales. The glucosinolates provide bitter taste. Genotype, developmental state, en-
vironment and age of the plant have great impact on the content of glucosinolates. It is present
in many parts of plants like root, stems, leaves but their highest occurrence is seen in the seeds.
The hydrolysis of glucosinolate results in the production of many goitrogenic and toxic com-
pounds. The enzyme responsible for this is myrosinase [5]. The hydrolysis results in the forma-
tion of isothiocynate, thiocynate and nitrile. The goitrin produced interferes with the secretion
of thyroxine hormone. Therefore, the rapeseed oil is harmful for the person suffering from
hypothyroidism.
(b) Tannine content: In rapeseed, the tannine causes dark colour of seed coat and they deposits
in the endothelium cell layer between outer integument and aleuronic layer. It can have major
influence on animal nutrition because of their capability to form indigestible bitter tasting com-
plex with protein. One possibility to minimize this problem can be done by breeding rapeseed
with reduced tannins which occur in seed coat [6].
(c) Sinapine: It is a choline ester of sinapic acid. It has several unsatisfactory properties to animal
feed like bitter taste, which make it less acceptable to animals. The presence of sinapine at the
level of 1gm/kg, in the diet of certain brown egg laying hens, results in fishy odour or taste in
their eggs.
4. Bharati Singh - Resistance and Quality Breeding in Winter Oil Rapeseed 3
(d) Phytic acid: It is one of the main components of all plant seeds and has great affinity to bind
positively charged molecules like cations and proteins. The interaction between phytic acid and
minerals results in the formation of complex molecules which are insoluble at the pH which oc-
cur in intestines. Therefore, adsorption becomes hard. Further, the complex molecules between
protein and phytic acid may also have negative effect on the enzymatic digestion of protein.
2. High oil content and high yield
(a) 00 quality: Zero euric acid is essential when rapeseed oil is used as food oil. Low glucosinolate
content is necessary when used as animal feed. High erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) + 0 quality
varieties are cultivated for industrial purpose. In Germany, it is cultivated on around 20,000
hectare.
(b) HOLLI types: This is the special variety having higher content of oleic acid (up to 80%) and
reduced content of linolenic acid (less than 4%). It makes suitable for its use at high temperature
and cooking. Post flowering temperature are believed to have great impact on the composition
of fatty acid in many oil seed crop species. The yield also depends on factors such as number
of pod per plant and seeds per pod.
(c) Omega 3 fatty acid: In the rapeseed oil reduces the risk for heart disease. It is also rich in
vitamin E which act as antioxidant and reduces the risk for cancer disease.
Other aspects of quality breeding include shortness of stems, stem stiffness, earliness of flowering
and maturity.
3 Aspects of Resistance Breeding
1. Blackleg diseases: This is the main disease occurring in Brassica crops such as cabbage, turnip and
rapeseed. This disease is caused by L. maculans. For the first time it was observed on the stem
of red cabbage. Winter and spring crops, both types, are damaged by blackleg disease mainly in
Australia, Europe and North America. This pathogen is capable to kill plants even at the seedling
stage, infecting cotyledons, leaves, stems, roots, pods. Therefore, control of occurrence of Blackleg
disease is one of the important breeding programs.
Symptoms of this disease are leaf lesions and stem canker. The onset of fungus is represented by
dirty whitish spot on the leaves with small dark fruiting bodies. Usually black lesions are also seen
5. Bharati Singh - Resistance and Quality Breeding in Winter Oil Rapeseed 4
on the leaves. It can also occur on pods and results in premature pod shatter. During the infection
stage, the pathogens move downward towards the tap roots of the plants [7].
2. Clubroot disease: This disease is a soil borne disease which is caused by plasmodiophora brassicae.
Research has shown that infection of 90% of the plants leads about 50% loss in seed yield and also
remarkable reduction in seed oil content and an enhancement in chlorophyll content are generally
correlated with the onset of this disease [8]. When plant root is invaded by fungus, it causes imbalance
of hormone which results in increased cell division and growth, and forms characteristic crown galls.
3. Verticilium wilt: One of the most significant pathogen of oilseed rape in Europe is Verticillium longis-
porum, which is a soil borne, vascular fungal pathogen that infects roots and leads to premature ripen-
ing of the seeds [9]. This fungus is capable to survive for many years in the soil and block nutrient
flow. Use of fungicides is not promising. Therefore new resistant cultivar line is required to prevent
losses to the seed yield caused by pathogen [10].
4. Sclerotinia stem rot: This is caused by the fungal pathogen sclerotinia sclerotiorum which is a serious
problem in Germany and other European countries. Plant is generally manifested by pathogen as
mycelia or airborne ascospores. Although partial resistance against the disease has been achieved but
fully or highly resistant line has not been achieved yet.
3.1 Breeding methods in oil seed rape
(a) Resynthesized rapeseed
(b) Line breeding
(c) Hybrid breeding
(d) Male sterility system
The Hybrid varieties are produced by crossing a female plant which does not produce pollen. It means
they are male sterile with a male plant that produce pollen. This restores100% male fertility.
References
[1] P. Hocking, P. Randall, and D. DeMarco, “The response of dryland canola to nitrogen
fertilizer: partitioning and mobilization of dry matter and nitrogen, and nitrogen effects on
6. Bharati Singh - Resistance and Quality Breeding in Winter Oil Rapeseed 5
yield components,” Field Crops Research, vol. 54, pp. 201–220, 1997. [Online]. Available:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037842909700049X
[2] O. ¨Ozt¨urk, “Effects of source and rate of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and quality
of winter rapeseed (brassica napus l.),” CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH,
vol. 70, pp. 132–141, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/chiljar/v70n1/AT14.pdf
[3] R. Bommarco, L. Marini, and B. Vaissiere, “Insect pollination enhances seed yield, quality, and
market value in oilseed rape.” Oecologia, vol. 169, pp. 1025–1032, 2010. [Online]. Available:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00442-012-2271-6
[4] D. V. Alford, Biocontrol of Oilseed Rape Pests, 1st ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003.
[5] C. RYMER and F. SHORT, “The nutritive value for livestock of uk oilseed rape and rapeseed meal,”
RESEARCH REVIEW NO. OS14, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.hgca.com/media/376883/
rr os14 - complete final report.pdf
[6] F. D. LIPSA, R. J. SNOWDON, and W. FRIEDT, “Qtl analysis of condensed tannins content in
brassica napus l.” Research Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 41, pp. 274–278, 2009.
[7] R. Harsh, R. Rosy, and L. Nick, “Genetic dissection of blackleg resistance loci in
rapeseed (brassica napus l.),” book - Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields, 2013-05-22.
[Online]. Available: http://www.intechopen.com/books/plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields/
genetic-dissection-of-blackleg-resistance-loci-in-rapeseed-brassica-napus-l-
[8] R. Habibur, Breeding for clubroot resistant spring canola (BrassicanapusL.) for the Canadian
prairies: Can the European winter canola cv. Mendel be used as a source of resistance? Cana-
dian Journal of Plant Science, 2011, vol. 91.
[9] W. Rygulla, W. Friedt, F. Seyis, W. Luehs, C. Eynck, A. von Tiedemann, and R. J. Snowdon, “Com-
bination of resistance to verticillium longisporum from zero erucic acid brassica oleracea and oilseed
brassica rapa genotypes in resynthesized rapeseed (brassica napus) lines,” PLANT BREEDING, vol.
126, no. 6, pp. 596–602, 2007.
[10] C. Eynck, B. Koopmann, and A. von Tiedemann, “Identification of brassica accessions with enhanced
resistance to verticillium longisporum under controlled and field conditions,” Journal of Plant Disease
and Protection, vol. 116, pp. 63–72, 2009.