This document provides an overview and introduction to the concepts of peace studies and conflict resolution. It defines key terms like conflict, violence, ceasefire, peacemaking, and peacekeeping. It also discusses the importance of considering gender and identity in peace and conflict issues. Specifically, it notes that women are disproportionately impacted by conflict and addresses the need for greater female representation in peace negotiations. The document aims to educate students on these fundamental concepts to promote peace at both the micro and macro levels.

1. GST 221:
PEACE STUDIES AND
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
MR. ADULOJU Ayodeji Anthony

2. BASIC CONCEPTS OF PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT
RESOLUTION
Peace is not simply the absence of war. It is also the
existence of justice and equality that guarantees
provisions of life are met. It includes the eradication
of violence, oppression, greed and environmental
destruction by the positive intervention of conflicts.

3. Conflicts occur on many different levels: personal, in
communities and organizations, within societies, and between
states. The study of peace invites students to address the
challenge of how conflict can lead to constructive change
rather than violence . It also allows them to explore and
participate in actions that provide hope for positive social
change. By their involvement, students will gain awareness of
the ways in which humanity can and must find alternative non-
violent means to resolve conflict through education, research,
planning and action.

4. Why do we need to talk about peace and conflict
Google Images

5. Source: Google Images

6. `Source: Google Images

7. What is a concept?

8. It is a general perception or idea.
A knowledge of something shaped by psychologically joining all
its characteristics.
An imagined or intuited object of thought.
A vital and uniting idea or theme.

9. What do we mean when we say
The basic concepts in Peace
Studies and Conflict Resolution?
`Source: Google Images

10. • Conflict
• Violence
• Ceasefire
• Peacemaking
• Peace Enforcement
• Peacebuilding
• Peace Mediation
• Peacekeeping
• Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

11. CONFLICT
A hostility between one or more parties en route for
incompatible or competitive means or ends.
Conflict may be either manifest, recognisable through
actions or behaviours, or latent, in which case it remains
dormant for some time, as incompatibilities are
unarticulated or are built into systems or such institutional
arrangements as governments, corporations, or even civil
society.

12. VIOLENCE
According to the World Health Organisation, Violence is the
premeditated use of physical force or power, threatened or actual,
against oneself, another person, or against a group or community,
which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury,
death, psychological harm, or dispossession.
Generally, whatever thing done in a deleterious or damaging way may
be termed as violent even if not meant to be violence (by a person and
against a person).

13. CEASEFIRE
A bilateral or multilateral pause in all aggressive military
actions among parties involved in war, guerrilla warfare, or
violent exchanges with one another. Cease-fires sometimes
lead to steady or long-lasting military or political settlements,
but they plainly target to reduce tensions and life-threatening
damages while providing prospects for the encouragement
of other practices of conflict resolution or management
efforts.

14. PEACEMAKING
Peacemaking is the course of building a settlement between disputing
parties. This could be done through dialogues with just the two
disputants, it is often also done with a third-party mediator, who assists
with process and communication problems, and helps the parties work
effectively together to draft a workable peace accord. Usually the
negotiators are official diplomats, although citizens are getting involved
in the peacemaking process more and more. While they do not negotiate
final accords, citizen diplomacy is becoming an increasingly common way
to start the peacemaking process, which is then finalized with official
diplomatic efforts.

15. PEACE ENFORCEMENT
Operations undertaken to end military or violent
exchanges or acts of aggression, with or without the
consent of one or more parties to the conflict, to
create a permanent and viable environment and
guarantees for such conditions. Peace enforcement is
typically associated with the employment of military
forces in order minimally
to generate ‘negative peace’, or the absence of violent
conflict engagement.

16. A general set of objectives for such an operation may include the following:
• forcible compliance of ceasefires
• separation of belligerents
• isolation of a particular party or parties to the conflict
• establishment of buffer zones or safe havens
• decommissioning of arms and demobilisation of combatants
• protection of human rights
• assistance with humanitarian aid
`Source: Google Images

17. PEACEBUILDING
Policies, programs, and associated efforts to restore stability and the
effectiveness of social, political, and economic institutions and
structures in the wake of a war or some other debilitating or
catastrophic event.
Peace building generally aims to create and ensure the conditions for
‘negative peace’, the mere absence of violent conflict engagement,
and for ‘positive peace’, a more comprehensive understanding related
to the institutionalisation of justice and freedom.

18. PEACE MEDIATION
Peace mediation is "a voluntary process whereby a third party
assists two or more parties, with their consent, to prevent,
manage or resolve a conflict by helping them to develop
mutually acceptable agreements." (UN Guidance for Effective
Mediation, 2012) The term mediation support refers to the
professional (e.g. methodological, operative) support of
mediators or teams of mediators and parties to a conflict in
mediative conciliation processes

20. PEACEKEEPING
The maintenance of public security, civil services, and cease-fire
agreements in war and conflict zones by UN or regional military,
police, and civilian forces with the consent of the nation-state
on whose territory these forces are deployed.
Peacekeeping involves co-ordinated efforts to ensure stability
and relative normalcy
in the aftermath of otherwise extremely volatile and chaotic
situations.
The extended goal is to create conditions conducive to
establishing lasting political settlements.

24. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
A wide range of procedures and approaches other than litigation that
aim to identify resolutions to conflicts that will be mutually accepted
by the constituent parties.
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) has evolved and been adapted to
address conflicts in political and international affairs, civil and human
rights, corporate and commercial interests, and community and family
issues. In these areas, it is used in the processes of arbitration,
conciliation, mediation, mini-trials, negotiation, peer review, and
rejuvenated or reformulated endogenous means of attending to
disputes.

25. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refers to a variety of
processes that help parties resolve disputes without a trial.
Typical ADR processes include mediation, arbitration, neutral
evaluation, and collaborative law.
These processes are generally confidential, less formal, and
less stressful than traditional court proceedings.

26. In summary, these concepts will expose and inform the
knowledge of students to Peace and Conflict Resolution
as necessary ingredients in national development. Using
case studies from within Nigeria, Africa and other parts
of the world, the course aims at stimulating students
consciousness of desiring peace and working towards it
at both the micro and macro levels of human existence,
especially in their immediate societies.

27. IDENTITY CONFLICT: GENDER AND PEACE
IDENTITY
Identity is related to self-awareness and self-consciousness
which lead to cultural norms and group identities.
Developing a sense of self or an identity is an essential
part of every individual becoming mature.

28. CLASSIFICATION OF IDENTITY
Identity is classified by any number of things such as:
RELIGION

29. ETHNICITY

30. RACE
White
Black
Mixed race

31. GENDER

32. SEXUAL PREFERENCE
Gay
Straight
Lesbian
Bisexual
Transgender

33. IDENTITY CONFLICT
Identity conflicts tend to focus on historical or
psychological factors, be based on the parties
values or beliefs, and to have intangible or complex
goals.

34. Identity Conflict
Sources
Needs and Values – threats to or frustration
over such identity needs as dignity, safety,
control
Characteristics
Intangible – Rooted in history, psychology,
culture, belief systems, abstract and
complex goals
Initial Engagement
Interactive – dialogue about needs and
values promoting voice and recognition

35. Resolving Identity Conflict
Identity issues as a root cause should inform our approach to conflict and
lead to a range of strategies. Among these are:
Dialogue
Mediation
Empathic listening
Establishment of personal relationships
cross-cultural communication
Communication Tools for
Understanding Cultural
Differences
Tolerance
joint projects

36. GENDER AND PEACE
One of the essential questions regarding gender
and conflict can be stated as follows: How are
men and women differently affected by conflict
because of their roles, needs, priorities, status,
and access to power or legal structures?

37. Women and Conflict
Civilians - the vast majority of them women and children - are
increasingly the targets of war.
Some 80 percent of the world’s 40 million refugees and internally
displaced persons are women and children.
Women are subjected to abuses as they flee conflict zones and in
locations where they seek refuge.

38. “…peace is inextricably linked to equality between
women and men …maintaining and promoting
peace and security requires women’s equal
participation in decision-making..(and taking)
their rightful and equal place at the decision-
making table in questions of peace and
security”
Kofi. A. Annan, Statement to Security Council, 24
October 2000

39. Gender and Peace – Why?
Displacement of war-affected populations has an impact
on gender relations and population sex-ratios;
The importance of representation of women at peace
negotiations; and to support women’s organizations in
development of wider civil society, political and social
organizations.

40. Gender Mainstreaming in Peace As Solution to
Gender Conflict:
A process of integrating gender equality into policies, programmes,
outreach, activities of all pillars of a Peacekeeping Mission - with particular
focus on the Humanitarian, PKF, CIVPOL, Governance, and Human Rights
areas.
It is also the increased participation of women at all levels and in all areas
of Mission ,particularly crucial in nation-building operations.

41. In Conclusion
Understanding the role of identity is part of understanding
the complexity of a conflict. We must make identity issues
part of our study in order to envision a better future. The
way we deal with identity conflicts depends upon our theory
of change.

42. PEACE AS VEHICLE OF UNITY AND DEVELOPMENT
The construction of peace and the promotion of development is the
responsibility of individuals, groups and international society.