This document discusses various concepts related to policing and peacebuilding. It defines policing and outlines its historical evolution. It also defines peace and discusses Johan Galtung's theories on positive and negative peace as well as three approaches to peace - peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding. Finally, it discusses theories of peace including realism and structural realism.

1. Ethiopian Police University
College of Crime Prevention and Public Security Studies
Master’s Degree in Peace and Public Security Studies
Module Title: Policing and Peace Building
ECTS-Credit: 9
Module Code: PPSS 6219
Instructor’s Information
Name: Bamlaku Tadesse (PhD- Associate Professor)
Office Location: IPSS/AAU- FBE Campus
Phone Number: 0911824062
Email address: bamlaku.t@ipss-addis.org

2. Key concepts and definitions
What is policing?
• The job of controlling or guarding a public event or area using members of
the police or a similar force
• Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety,
enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal
activities
• Policing – in Sociology: refers to the profession and practice of maintaining
social order and enforcing the law through the street-level prevention

3. Conceptualizing Peace
What is peace?
How is peace linked to violence, according to Johan Galtung?
Johan Galtung - A Theory of Peace
• The basic point is that peace is a relation, between two or more parties.
• The parties may be inside a person, a state or nation, a region or civilization,
pulling in different directions.
• Peace is not a property of one party alone, but a property of the relation
between parties.
• What kind of relations can we have? Three types of relations:
1.Negative, disharmonious: what is bad for one is good for the Other.
2.Indifferent: a non-relation, they do not care about the Other.
3. Positive, harmonious: what is bad-good for one is bad-good for Other.

4. What is peace?.....
 Two concepts of peace:
1. Negative peace: the absence of violence, like a cease-fire, like keeping them apart,
not negative but indifferent relations.
- pessimistic, curative, peace not always by peaceful means
2. Positive peace: the presence of harmony, intended or not.
- structural integration, optimistic, preventive, peace by peaceful means
They are as different as negative health, the absence of (symptoms of) illness and
positive health, the feeling of wellness and the capacity to handle some illness.
From this, then, follow three types of peace studies:
1. Negative peace studies: how to reduce-eliminate negative relations.
2. Positive peace studies: how to build ever more harmonious relations.
3. Violence-war-arms studies: the intent and capability to inflict harm.

5. What is peace?.....
Approaches to peace
Three realistic approaches to peace: peacekeeping/peace enforcement,
peacemaking, peace building- John Galtung
1. Peacekeeping: the dissociative approach- the classical approach to the
assurance of peace has often suggested the balance of power.
This approach is basically dissociative: the antagonists are kept apart under
mutual threats of considerable punishment should they transgress, especially
into another's territory.
 Balance of power often is accompanied by other dissociative social
measures, such as mutual prejudice (or social distance), not to mention such
Classical recourse as the use of geography in the form of distance (an ocean,
a desert) or impediments (a river, a mountain range).

6. Approaches to peace…..
Peacekeeping / Peace Enforcement : Definitions
• Peacekeeping refers to the deployment of national or, more commonly,
multinational forces for the purpose of helping to control and resolve an actual or
potential armed conflict between or within states.
• Most peacekeeping operations are undertaken with the authorization of, and are
often led by, the United Nations (UN) but regional organizations may also conduct
peacekeeping operations, and in some cases single states have undertaken such
operations as well.
• Peacekeeping forces are normally deployed with the consent of the parties to a
conflict and in support of a ceasefire or other agreed upon peace measures.
• Peacekeeping forces are therefore usually unarmed or only lightly armed and use
the minimum of force necessary and then only exceptionally.
• Peace enforcement refers to the use of military assets to enforce a peace against
the will of the parties to a conflict when, for instance, a ceasefire has failed.
• Peace enforcement often exceeds the capacity of peacekeeping forces and is thus
better executed by more heavily armed forces

7. Approaches to peace…..
 Historical Evolution
• The UN is the leading peacekeeping body but there is no explicit UN Charter basis for peacekeeping.
• UN peacekeeping emerged during the Cold War as a pragmatic, ad hoc response to conflicts between states where the
warring parties were willing to accept the deployment of a neutral third party to help keep the peace and to prevent
the resumption of fighting while diplomacy could be pursued to resolve the conflict.
• The first UN peacekeeping operation, the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), was launched in 1948 to
monitor the ceasefire agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbors in the wake of the Israeli war of independence
that same year.
• Because UNTSO, which remains an active operation, involved unarmed military observers, some choose instead to date
the first UN peacekeeping operation from 1956, when, in order to facilitate the disengagement of British, French, and
Israeli troops from Egypt following the Suez Crisis, the Canadian diplomat Lester Pearson suggested the stationing of a
multilateral armed force—what became known as the UN Emergency Force (UNEF)—to help keep the peace until a
political settlement could be reached.
• From 1948 until 1988, 13 UN peacekeeping operations were established.
• For their “decisive contribution” to the resolution of conflict around the globe, UN peacekeeping forces were awarded
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.
• Peacekeeping was institutionalized within the United Nations with the establishment of the Department of
Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) in 1992 (although the UN General Assembly had established the Special Committee
on Peacekeeping Operations back in 1965).

8. Approaches to peace…..
• The melting and then the end of the Cold War saw a dramatic surge in the number of UN
peacekeeping operations: from 1988 until 2010, the UN launched 50 new operations.
• The growth in the number of peacekeeping operations was accompanied by an expansion in the
mandated tasks that UN peacekeepers were expected to perform.
From observing, monitoring, and supervising ceasefires, peacekeeping operations now might be
required:
• additionally to support the delivery of humanitarian aid;
• protect civilian populations;
• assist with the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of former armed combatants;
supervise and assist with the organization of elections;
• assist in the restructuring and reform of armed forces and police;
• promote respect for human rights and investigate alleged human rights violations;
• help to facilitate the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and internally displaced persons; and
• strengthen the rule of law, including assistance with judicial reform; among other tasks.
• These expanded operations are often referred to as complex, multi-dimensional, or multi-functional
peacekeeping to distinguish them from traditional peacekeeping.
• In a few exceptional cases (e.g., UNMIK in Kosovo and UNTAET in East Timor), the United Nations has
even served as the de facto governing authority of a state or territory.

9. Theoretical Implications on peacekeeping
• There is no formal doctrine of UN peacekeeping. Rather, principles of peacekeeping have emerged from
reflections on practice.
• The UN’s “Capstone Doctrine” (2008), while not an official document, represents an attempt to codify these
principles.
• The fundamental principles of UN peacekeeping are consent, impartiality, and the minimum use of force.
• Consent of the belligerents helps to ensure that the United Nations will have the cooperation of the warring
parties, without which it is difficult if not impossible to keep the peace as peacekeeping forces are not
usually equipped to enforce a peace.
• Consent can be withdrawn, however, or may not obtain at all levels of authority (political, strategic, and
tactical), especially where irregular forces are involved, which makes its maintenance uncertain.
• Impartiality means that the peacekeeping mandate must be applied without favor or prejudice to any party.
• This does not mean that peacekeepers must be neutral or even-handed in their treatment of belligerents;
rather, peacekeepers must adhere strictly to the terms of their mandate and not take sides in a conflict.

10. Approaches to peace…..
Peacekeeping prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict; it does
not address the underlying causes of violence or work to create societal change, as peace-
building does.
Peacekeeping comprises activities intended to create conditions that favor
lasting peace.
Peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths, as well as reduces the
risk of renewed warfare.
UN Peacekeeping is the largest and most visible representation of the United
Nations.
It is a collective investment in global peace, security, and stability.
Peacekeepers protect civilians, actively prevent conflict, reduce violence, strengthen
security and empower national authorities to assume these responsibilities
UN- AU Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:
- Consent of the parties;
- Impartiality
- Non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate

11. Approaches to peace .....
2. Peacemaking: the approach through conflict resolution –
This is the approach which sounds obvious: get rid of the sources of tension
(the underlying conflict), and the rest will take care of itself.
Peacemaking involves in stopping an ongoing conflict.
Peacemaking aims to accomplish full reconciliation among rivals and new
mutual understanding among parties and stakeholders. e.g. mediation, third
party facilitation etc.
Peacemaking does not address the underlying causes of violence or work to
create societal change, as peace-building does
Methods of peacemaking include negotiation, enquiry, mediation,
conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, regional agencies or
arrangements, sanctions, blockading, and violent intervention.
The UN defines peacemaking as the diplomatic efforts to end conflict,
whereas peace enforcement is the active use of force.

12. Approaches to peace .....
EXAMPLES
Sudanese Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in 2005, which ended the
second Sudanese Civil War, and paved the way for the referendum that
ultimately gave South Sudan its independence in 2012.
Another example is the 2012 Philippine peace agreement negotiated between
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Philippine Government, which
created a semi-autonomous region in Mindanao

13. Approaches to peace .....
3. Peacebuilding: the associative approach- tried systematically to relate direct
violence to structural violence-or war to dominance.
Peacebuilding is a structural mechanism involves a wide range of
efforts by diverse actors in government and civil society at the
community, national, and international levels to address the immediate
impacts and root causes of conflict before, during, and after violent
conflict occurs.
Peacebuilding ultimately supports human security—where people have
freedom from fear, freedom from want, and freedom from humiliation.
Peacebuilding efforts aim to manage, mitigate, resolve, and transform
central aspects of conflict through official diplomacy, civil society peace
processes, and informal dialogues, negotiations, and mediations.

14. Approaches to peace .....
Peacebuilding addresses root causes of violence and fosters
reconciliation to prevent the return of instability and violence.
Peacebuilding efforts seek to change beliefs, attitudes, and
behaviors and to transform dynamics between individuals and groups
toward a more stable, peaceful coexistence.
Peacebuilding also helps create structures and institutions that
provide platforms for the nonviolent resolution of conflict and stabilize
fractured societies

15. Approaches to peace .....
Peace Paradigms: Five Approaches to Peace- Nathan C. Funk
1. Power Politics: Peace through Coercive Power- This paradigm, grounded in classic works such as
Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War as well as in a more recent body of political theory that
invokes Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Hans Morgenthau, promulgates a pessimistic reading of human nature
and a competitive model of international politics.
- Advocates of this paradigm, who refer to it as "political realism," contend that there are no universal
values that can be held by all actors in the international system.
- The absence of a world government or "higher power" to which states must submit themselves renders
politics among nations anarchic and unpredictable, characterized by shifting alliances and the ever-
present threat of violence
1. World Order: Peace through the Power of Law- which views the "order" created by practices of power
politics as a form of disorder, proposes that sustained cooperation among states and other significant actors,
such as non-governmental (activist) organizations and intergovernmental organizations, is both possible and
necessary.
2. Conflict Resolution: Peace through the Power of Communication- conflict resolution, offers a highly
pragmatic approach to peace through the development and refinement of skills for analyzing conflicts and
responding to them with effective strategies of communication and negotiation.
3. Nonviolence: Peace through Willpower- a paradigm that instructs passivity- advocators Gandhi, Martin
Luther King
4. Transformation: Peace through the Power of Love- a paradigm that focuses on the centrality of education,
cultural change, and spirituality in all genuine attempts to make peace a reality in daily life.

16. Pacifism and Peace Movements
• Pacifism: refer to a general disposition to advocate and promote peace rather than war, or, slightly more
precisely, an active commitment to work for the abolition of war.
• However, the history of the twentieth century has forced a distinction between those who, although
generally opposed to war, are prepared to recognize exceptions in extreme circumstances, for example, the
need to resort to war to defeat an appalling evil such as Nazism, and those who adhere to an absolute
rejection of war in all circumstances.
• Pacifism is thus at the extreme end of a spectrum of moral attitudes to war. It can be contrasted with:
• militarism: the view that war has a positive moral value, for example, because of the qualities of courage
and heroism which it fosters, and that military solutions are the obvious ones;
• ‘Just-war’ theory: the view that, although the actions of war are normally be regarded as morally evil,
waging war can sometimes be just, provided that certain strict conditions are satisfied;
• Pacifism: the view that all war is an evil, and one that we can and should try to eliminate from human life,
but that in the meantime it may sometimes, in exceptional circumstances, be a necessary and
unavoidable evil.

17. Peace Movements
• Peace Movements’ may be used in two ways.
1. Peace movement is a specific coalition/purposeful grouping, of peace organizations that seek to remove a
threat of war or to create institutions and cultures that avoid options to violence.
2. It is the organizational infrastructure to do so. Peace organization constituencies (supporting members and
friends) are people with shared commitment to common values and traditions, like religious nonresistance
(the careful, absolute, individual rejection of war), or to a program such as world federalism.
• Such groups form coalitions in order to enlist/recruit public support in response to salient issues. If the issue is
war or a specific war threat, peace coalitions take the form of antiwar movements.
• History of Peace Movements
• The history of peace movements started with peace societies in the USA and in England between 1814 and 1816.
• France and Switzerland followed in 1821 and 1830 respectively with the majority of European countries only
after 1850.
• The last two decades of the century saw the uprising of new organizations whose demands for arbitration and
disarmament reflected the overall crisis of the international system in the age of imperialism.

18. Peace movement….
• Peace Movements in the Post-Cold War Era
• The context for the mobilization of peace movements changed dramatically at the end of the 1980s with the fall
of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War.
• This implied a modified frame for pacifism and peace movement mobilization, from a focus on the East–West
axis of conflict to an increasing focus on the South–North axis.
• Also, peace activism shifted away from the nuclear arms issue – with some notable exceptions such as the
opposition to France's decision to run a nuclear test series at Mururoa in 1995, which, however, remained quite
limited in scope – to a broader range of issues.

19. Theories of Peace
1. Realism and Structural Realism:
 Structural realism/neorealism, is a theory of international relations that says power is the most important factor in
international relations.
 Structural realism holds that the nature of the international structure is defined by its ordering principle, anarchy, and by
the distribution of capabilities (measured by the number of great powers within the international system).
 The anarchic ordering principle of the international structure is decentralized, meaning there is no formal central authority.
 First outlined by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book Theory of International Politics, structural realism is subdivided into two
factions: offensive realism and defensive realism.
 Offensive realism seeks power and influence to achieve security through domination and hegemony.
 Defensive realism argues that the anarchical structure of the international system encourages states to maintain moderate
and reserved policies to attain security.
 Defensive realism asserts that aggressive expansion as promoted by offensive realists upsets the tendency of states to
conform to the balance of power theory, thereby decreasing the primary objective of the state to ensure its security.
 Defensive realism points towards “structural modifiers” such as the security dilemma and geography, and elite beliefs and
perceptions to explain the outbreak of conflict.
• Security dilemma, in political science, a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause
reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state's security.
• In international relations, the security dilemma is when the increase in one state's security leads other states to fear for
their own security

20. Theories of Peace…
2. Liberalism and Democratic Peace:
• Dependent on the ideologies of liberalism, such as civil liberties and political freedom, the Democratic Peace Theory holds
that democracies are hesitant to go to war with other democratic countries.
• Democratic peace, the proposition that democratic states never (or almost never) wage war on one another.
• The Democratic Peace Theory was first articulated by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his 1795 essay entitled
“Perpetual Peace.” In this work, Kant argues that nations with constitutional republic governments are less likely to go to
war because doing so requires the consent of the people—who would actually be fighting the war.
• Proponents cite several reasons for the tendency of democratic states to maintain peace, including:
 In democracies, the voting public holds their elected leaders responsible for human and financial war losses.
 The citizens of democracies usually have some say over legislative decisions to declare war.
 When held publicly accountable, government leaders are likely to create diplomatic institutions for resolving
international tensions.
 Democracies rarely view countries with similar policies and form of government as hostile.
 Usually possessing more wealth that other states, democracies avoid war to preserve their resources.

21. Theory of Peace
3. Constructivism and the Structure of Peace:
 The core constructivist propositions that demarcate constructivism as a distinct theoretical approach include:
- both knowledge and reality are ‘constructed’ (and may be re-constructed) through social interaction.
- social facts “emerge from the attachment of collective meaning to a previously existing material reality,” and that
material resources are meaningful only in the context of the shared knowledge structures in which they are
embedded;
- inter-subjectively-held norms possess causal ontological significance in shaping the interests, identities and
behaviour of social actors.
 Constructivism is a social theory rather than a substantive/practical theory of international politics.
 Constructivists are concerned with the way agents and structures co-constitute each other, the socially
constructed nature of actors and their identities and interests, and the importance of ideational, normative and
discursive/broad factors in the shaping of international political reality.
 Constructivist approaches are unique in that they occupy a middle ground between rationalist/positivist and
idealist/interpretive approaches to the study of international politics (Adler, 1997), thereby offering the possibility
of a more holistic, multi-dimensional understanding of processes such as war, conflict and conflict resolution.

22. Security: Concept and Debates
 Conceptualizing Security: What are the major debates pertaining to the concept of security?
• “Security‟ has two main controversial terms: old, traditional or conventional and new, non-
traditional or non-conventional.
1. Conventional concept of security
• Traditionally, despite various definitions of security, all are concentrated within the paradigm
of state and military security.
• Security is a term which denotes no threats to scarce values.
• In an absolute term, it is said “freedom from all threats‟ which means the equivalent of complete
security.
• A general interpretation of security is synonymous with the accumulation of power.
• So, security has been regarded as a commodity and power as the ways of achieving it.
• The traditional concept of security is stressed on the military dimension,- it is state-centered and military in nature.
2. Non-conventional concept of security:
• The new concept of security has become wider and deeper than the old one and thus, the
entire mankind has become insecure and unsafe from various security challenges.
• The end of the Cold War, together with the impacts of globalization, natural disasters, diseases, poverty, etc., was a
turning point to revise the concept of security
• It means that such military nature security has been challenged by non-military issues such as the advanced technology,
food and water scarcity, environmental degradation and so on

23. Security: Concept and Debates….
• The concept of security has changed from conventional to non-conventional or from military to non-military.
• In other words, it has become different from hard issues like peace and war to soft issues like human trafficking and
terrorism in “human security” -therefore, human beings have become victims of new security threats
• “Human security” is peoples’ freedom from fear, want and indignity caused by domestic and/or external sources.
• However, it does not mean that military-based state security has absolutely disappeared.
• The best example is 9/11 case in 2001 because it proves that the dominant state-centrism and military-centrism is not
completely set aside.
• After the Cold War, new security threats like climate change and financial crisis have emerged and seriously challenged
the existing state institutions worldwide and non- governmental organizations have involved prominently in addressing
security threats.
 Elements of Human Security:
• Human security is security which stresses on the people, rather than on states or governments.
• In an era of globalization, the concept of security must encompass a broader range of concerns and challenges than
simply defending the state from external military threats.
• Human security can be clearly distinguished by three elements:
(1) its focus on individuals/people as the main object of security;
(2) its multidimensional nature; and
(3) its universal or global scope.

24. Security: Concept and Debates….
• The concept of human security has been influenced by four developments:
(1) the rejection of economic growth as the main indicator of development
and the accompanying notion of “human development‟ as empowerment
of people;
(2) the rising incidence of internal conflicts;
(3) the impact of globalization in spreading transnational dangers like
terrorism; and
(4) the post-cold war focus on human rights and humanitarian intervention.

25. Theoretical Approaches to ‘Security
1. Realist view:
• Realists have little attention to human security or individuals’ freedom.
• Realists convince that international system is anarchic and with unending conflicts; human-beings are selfish, aggressive
and greedy; the main actors in world politics are states; states pursue self-interests (national interests), play in power
politics and mainly emphasize on military self-help for survival, they define the concept of security as national security or
domestic security.
• This means that the state is the main object of security to be protected.
2. Liberal view
• In the liberal view, security is perceived as a challenge to the negative effects of anarchy through collective security
mechanisms because of new security issues which are transnational character in nature. Most of those are inevitably global
concerns.
• Liberals adhere that the main actors in international system are not only states but also others like international
organizations, non-governmental organizations, private companies and so on.
3. Critical views:
• The two critical theories that address the concept of security most clearly are constructivism and feminism. Constructivists
argue that interactions between states are mediated by values, norms, beliefs and assumptions that structure two main
elements: how states see themselves and how they understand, and respond to, the structures within which they operate.
• There is also another critical view of feminists on the realist view of security with two other grounds. First, it is suggested that
masculinist assumptions about rivalry, competition and inevitable conflict. Its tendency is to see the world in terms of
interactions amongst a series of power seeking, autonomous actors. Second, feminists argue that as a result of the security
paradox, the conventional idea of national security tends to be self-defeating.

26. Insights from Leadership Theories
• Peace leadership is the mobilization of action for just change.
• The concept of peace leadership is a relatively new phenomenon.
• It is a multi-disciplinary or trans-disciplinary effort that draws from peace and conflict studies, criminology,
criminal justice, political science, international relations and leadership studies and other academic
disciplines.
• It also enriches these classical homes for studies of peace and leadership.
• When people are motivated to act individually and function collectively for the benefit of humanity and the
planet, peace leadership is present.
• Central to peace leadership is a desire for inclusion and cohesion whereby individuals are enabled to live
in liberty to their fullest potential, free from the oppression of powers who seek to wield/use dominance.
• Peace leadership therefore is focused on creating a positive peace, while including essential elements
working against forces for violence and aggression, or negative peace (Galtung, 3).
• It is an integral process to understand individual leadership capacities, relationships with others and
representatives groups, and the interrelated systems underlying interactions around the world.

27. Theory of Peace Leadership
• Peace leadership theory focuses on the peacebuilding theory of Galtung and Lederach.
• To theorize the peace leadership, conflict transformation is the ground as it has embraced resolution,
management and complementary models.
• In addition, Galtung‘s theory of positive and negative peace and Lederach‘s integral framework are based for
the elaboration of peace leadership.
1. Negative Peace Leadership:
• Developing peace leadership for the Galtung‘s negative peacebuilding can be framed in the work of Lederach‘s
integral framework.
• Crisis management is included in negative peacebuilding.
1.1. Leadership in Trauma Healing: Psychosocial approaches to trauma in conflict-affected societies, and their
relationship to peacebuilding and development
• Dealing with memory, the past, trauma and stories are a part of negative peacebuilding in the context of
Galtung‘s theory, taking the knowledge management dimension in the context of Lederach‘s integral
framework.
• Trauma healing is a viable part of the civilian peace leadership to indirectly support reconciliation processes
and reduce the likelihood of violence reoccurring.
• Changing attitudes and behaviors can occur relatively quickly.
• Trauma healing to prevent future conflicts and sustain long-term peace may be the most neglected
intervention.

28. Theory of Peace Leadership….
1.2. Leadership in Conflict Resolution:
• Taking initiative and leadership in the negotiation and third party intervention in mediation and facilitation
is one of the theory within conflict transformation framework to address the context of reducing violence
and making peace.
1.3. Leadership in Humanitarian Action
• Leadership for humanitarian action is a highly demand in the context of violent chaos and crisis in
conflict.
• Humanitarian element includes delivery of humanitarian aid (food and other emergency relief
supplies), implementation of refugee repatriation programs, and resettlement of displaced persons.
• Taking the initiative and leadership is also to facilitate the local authorities, the conflicting parties and both
local and international support (Hansen. et al., 2004:5).
1.4. Leadership in Conflict Management and Peace Keeping
• The initiative and leadership in the time of crisis has to take place to reduce violence and facilitate the
violent conflicting parties as well as to protect the civilian from being victims of lawless violent chaos.
• This leadership includes military, civilian police and civil engagement

29. Theory of Peace Leadership….
1.5. Leadership in Reconciliation and Restorative Justice:
• This leadership is also in the theory of negative peacebuilding, dealing with the past.
• The concept is beyond healing of trauma and memories, but rather furthering the legal and justice system in
the set of rules of law.
• One of the best examples is the story of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is South Africa (TRC).
• This is a court like body established by the new South African government in 1995 to benefit healing the
nation and conveying about a reconciliation of its people by uncovering the truth about human rights ruins
that had happened during the age of apartheid.
• Its prominence was on collecting proof and revealing information—from both victims and perpetrators—
and not on impeaching/accusing individuals for past crimes, which is how the commission mainly differed
from the Nürnberg trials that prosecuted Nazis after World War II (Desmond Tutu, 2019).

30. Theory of Peace Leadership….
2. Positive Peace Leadership:
• Lederach includes crisis management in the framework of dealing conflict and violence.
• Positive peace leadership section studies reconstruction and prevention approaches, in the framework of
Lederach.
2.1. Leadership in Peace Education:
• The United Nations sees education for peace as one of the fundamentals for implementing a culture of peace.
• And the education for peace is to be based on human rights, gender equality, democratic participation,
tolerant solidarity, open communication, and international security.
• Educating people for peace is changing people and their environment towards peace.
• Peace education promotes a culture of peace, and it is essentially transformative.
• It cultivates the knowledge base, skills, attitudes and values that seek to transform people‘s mindsets,
attitudes and behaviors that, in the first place, have either created or exacerbated violent conflicts.
• There are also civil and religious organizations taking the initiative leadership for peace education.
• One of the good examples is the establishment of peace studies center and M.A. in Peace Studies Center,
Myanmar Institute of Theology, in time of ignorance and traumatized fears in the country.
• Peace education is also crucial as it contribute to individual and society as a whole for visioning the peaceful
future, which determine the legalization and political legacy in a society.

31. Theory of Peace Leadership….
2.2. Leadership in Development
• Deals with how development is fundamental for preventing and reducing violent conflict, as
well as for the flourishing of peace.
• There has been states governance, religious and civil works carrying this works, individuals of society has also
to take the initiatives and leadership.
• This leadership also indirectly supports human rights, inter-religious tolerance and social harmony.
2.3. Leadership in Social Justice and Human Rights Works
• The human rights-based approach is based on the societies‘ or organizations‘ laws or norms and values
in a given context, using, for example, prosecution, litigation, constitutional interpretation, disciplinary
actions or penalty.
• Israel and Palestine works can also be seen in the documents (Albert Gomes-
Mugumya (2010: 76), and the concept of social justice, in the John Rawls‘ theory of justice as fairness.
• Rawls, John (2001: 7), emphasizes collective/state responsibility to create a system of laws to stop
people from harming each other and individual liberties and equality of opportunity, rights and
outcomes.

32. Theory of Peace Leadership….
2.4. Leadership in Preventing Violent Extremism:
• Leadership in response to violent requires not only countering violent extremism, but also to take initiatives
in preventing violent extremism to sustain peace.
• This prevention focus on the works of soft power and this is to prevent a hazard driven by inaccurate
versions of understanding of culture, hatred, and ignorance.
• Disarming the process of radicalization also originated and to be initiated in the works of human rights and
the rule of law, with dialogue across all boundary lines, by empowering all young women and men, and by
starting as early as possible, on the benches of schools (UNESCO, 2020).
• This also requires the focus on socio- economic and political dynamics rather than analyzing the behavior of
individuals or social networks.
• Understanding the relationships and dynamics between structural drivers, individual incentives and
enabling factors is a key requirement for the design of relevant P/CVE interventions (Anita Ernstorfer,
2018:52).