This document defines key concepts related to peacebuilding, including peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding. It discusses peacekeeping as involving lightly armed troops to uphold ceasefires, while peacemaking focuses on negotiation processes. Peacebuilding aims to establish durable peace by addressing root causes of conflicts through reconciliation, institution building, and economic and political transformation. The document also discusses civil society's roles in peacebuilding, such as providing services, monitoring states and armed groups, and advocating for alternative policies and programs to promote peace.
This meeting note reflects the discussions of the Second International Expert Forum held at IPI in Stockholm, Sweden on 6.June 2012. The purpose of the forum was to take stock of the consequences of ongoing violent conflict and means to prevent and reduce them, including peacekeeping operations and special envoys.
This meeting note reflects the discussions of the Second International Expert Forum held at IPI in Stockholm, Sweden on 6.June 2012. The purpose of the forum was to take stock of the consequences of ongoing violent conflict and means to prevent and reduce them, including peacekeeping operations and special envoys.
Soraya Ghebleh - Selected Theories in International RelationsSoraya Ghebleh
This presentation describes some of the major theories in international relations and their subsets including liberalism, realism, constructivism, and critical issues theories.
2nd ARC Report :CAPACITY BUILDING FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTIONGS SCORE
Polity and Governance topic is mentioned in the GS MAINS PAPER 2, however its indepth knowledge is equally important for writing an Essay, Public Administration (Paper-2) and even in GS Mains Paper 4. The government reports and documents become the best source for its understanding but usually the government reports are too bulky to read and grasping the main points from that become a tough task. Thus we have come up with the series of GIST of SECOND ARC Reports. It covers the main points of the complete report in about 30-35 pages (maximum). These points can be quoted directly in the Mains answer.
Sports and Conflict Prevention; the Way Forward For Global PeaceIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper discussed sports and conflict prevention by looking at the way forward for global peace.
Generally conflict is defined as a state of disagreement between persons or group of persons. The major causes
are usually differences in opinion, prejudice and discrimination, belief, and access to valued scarce resources.
Conflict is an important part of human existence and a natural part of our daily life. Conflict can either be
positive or negative depending on how it is handled. Conflict can emanate from various sources, within us,
school, home and community or the society at large. Achieving global peace means creating peace within
individuals, communities and the society. Sports as a veritable tool for social transformation can be effectively
utilized to achieve a certain level of peace among individuals and nations. This paper focused on the possibility
of utilizing the values of sports in creating understanding, tolerance, and respect for human dignity,
development of moral values and social integration as a vehicle for creating peace among nations. If nations
can achieve these qualities, then conflict can be minimized and global peace can be guaranteed. The influence
of sports on character formation and social cohesion has direct bearing on peaceful attitudes. The development
of emotional fitness, self-esteem, need for recognition, sense of belonging and feelings of anger, hostility and
aggression are all met through participation in competitive sports. The sports environment starting with the
athletes, coaches, umpires, spectators and vendors should all portray peace and act in a manner the peace can
prevail. To prevent conflict and achieve global peace, sport managers, handlers and enthusiasts must develop
the capacity to detect conflicting situations among nations and develop strategies in sports to deal with before it
erupts.
Mathematical Model to Predict Leader Self-Awareness and Effective Conflict Ma...Triple A Research Journal
Self-awareness and effective conflict management were subjected into evaluation, this was to monitor the extend at which such managerial concept experienced impact from positive and negative condition, various dimension that were observed to express relationship were involved to evaluate different rate of effects on leader self – awareness in manufacturing companies, other influential parameters were conflict management. These variables were observed to relate through increase collaboration as a result generate improved communication between customers and staffs for better efficiency and productivity in manufacturing companies. The study expresses various output through simulated parameters at different period and conditions, the derived simulation values were subjected to model validations, and both parameters developed favorable fits, the study expressed its significance by monitoring leader self-awareness in manufacturing companies, these were evaluated through assessment of effective conflict management to generates improved communication between customers and staffs in manufacturing companies.
Keywords: Mathematical model, leader self-awareness, and manufacturing companies.
Soraya Ghebleh - Selected Theories in International RelationsSoraya Ghebleh
This presentation describes some of the major theories in international relations and their subsets including liberalism, realism, constructivism, and critical issues theories.
2nd ARC Report :CAPACITY BUILDING FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTIONGS SCORE
Polity and Governance topic is mentioned in the GS MAINS PAPER 2, however its indepth knowledge is equally important for writing an Essay, Public Administration (Paper-2) and even in GS Mains Paper 4. The government reports and documents become the best source for its understanding but usually the government reports are too bulky to read and grasping the main points from that become a tough task. Thus we have come up with the series of GIST of SECOND ARC Reports. It covers the main points of the complete report in about 30-35 pages (maximum). These points can be quoted directly in the Mains answer.
Sports and Conflict Prevention; the Way Forward For Global PeaceIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper discussed sports and conflict prevention by looking at the way forward for global peace.
Generally conflict is defined as a state of disagreement between persons or group of persons. The major causes
are usually differences in opinion, prejudice and discrimination, belief, and access to valued scarce resources.
Conflict is an important part of human existence and a natural part of our daily life. Conflict can either be
positive or negative depending on how it is handled. Conflict can emanate from various sources, within us,
school, home and community or the society at large. Achieving global peace means creating peace within
individuals, communities and the society. Sports as a veritable tool for social transformation can be effectively
utilized to achieve a certain level of peace among individuals and nations. This paper focused on the possibility
of utilizing the values of sports in creating understanding, tolerance, and respect for human dignity,
development of moral values and social integration as a vehicle for creating peace among nations. If nations
can achieve these qualities, then conflict can be minimized and global peace can be guaranteed. The influence
of sports on character formation and social cohesion has direct bearing on peaceful attitudes. The development
of emotional fitness, self-esteem, need for recognition, sense of belonging and feelings of anger, hostility and
aggression are all met through participation in competitive sports. The sports environment starting with the
athletes, coaches, umpires, spectators and vendors should all portray peace and act in a manner the peace can
prevail. To prevent conflict and achieve global peace, sport managers, handlers and enthusiasts must develop
the capacity to detect conflicting situations among nations and develop strategies in sports to deal with before it
erupts.
Mathematical Model to Predict Leader Self-Awareness and Effective Conflict Ma...Triple A Research Journal
Self-awareness and effective conflict management were subjected into evaluation, this was to monitor the extend at which such managerial concept experienced impact from positive and negative condition, various dimension that were observed to express relationship were involved to evaluate different rate of effects on leader self – awareness in manufacturing companies, other influential parameters were conflict management. These variables were observed to relate through increase collaboration as a result generate improved communication between customers and staffs for better efficiency and productivity in manufacturing companies. The study expresses various output through simulated parameters at different period and conditions, the derived simulation values were subjected to model validations, and both parameters developed favorable fits, the study expressed its significance by monitoring leader self-awareness in manufacturing companies, these were evaluated through assessment of effective conflict management to generates improved communication between customers and staffs in manufacturing companies.
Keywords: Mathematical model, leader self-awareness, and manufacturing companies.
Nearly half of the modern Jews do not believe in God. They have no Jewish theology and perhaps have lost the essence of Judaism for lack of faith. For the Jewish believers in God, Jewish theology is alive and can and should be discussed more often.
Comments to Steven Maimes, smaimes@gmail.com
Anagnorisis is a creative expression of the young generation's take on peace. It is a collection of poems, essays, short stories, artworks and photographs that present the converging and diverging perspectives of the youth on the notion of peace.
Microsoft. Finding customer relevance for the apps market.Katrien Barrat
In a context where an app already exists for everything, can you still breakthrough in the market ? Yes, if you develop apps that are very relevant as they solve today's consumer problems in energy, food and mobility.
Czwartek Social Media Katowice - Świat poza FacebookiemWojciech
Świat poza Facebookiem, czyli na jakie serwisy warto zwrócić uwagę, chcąc rozwijać zarówno personal brending, jak i możliwości Twojej firmy.
Prezentacja przygotowana i zaprezentowana dla Czwartek Social Media, Katowice, 26.06.2014
Objectives of the presentation
•To briefly discuss peacekeeping as a tool of the international community in conflict situations
•Its evolution in concept, practice and context - from traditional peacekeeping to peace support operations
•To discuss how inadequacies in peacekeeping triggered the development of the concept of peacebuilding
•Highlight some of notable dilemmas that international peacebuilding effort encounter in the face of continued humanitarian crisis & political uncertainty in conflict ravaged societies
PRESENTED AT THE SACCPS CONFERENCE
HELD IN LUSAKA, ZAMBIA FROM 21 – 23 SEPTEMBER 2012.
Francis Kabosha, Copperbelt University, Zambia
“INTRODUCTION TO PEACE STRATEGIES FOR STAKEHOLDERS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA” by Nathaniel Msen Awuapila seeks to strengthen capacity for collaborative initiatives in conflict prevention and peacebuilding by stakeholders. Peace Strategies are designed and implemented with a view to realizing a state of harmonious co-existence characterized by the principled application of fairness, equity and justice. This presentation was originally prepared in May 2012 as educative and training content for community stakeholders in the south-south State of Delta in Nigeria. It was presented as part of intervention by IMPACT for Change and Development (IMPACT). The project was funded by the European Union (EU) for the purpose of building capacity for peacebuilding in Isoko and Ukwanyi LGAs of Delta State. Nathaniel Msen Awuapila is the Executive Facilitator/CEO of Civil Organisations Research Advocacy and Funding Initiatives Development (CORAFID) and a Fellow of Society for Peace Studies and Practice (SPSP).
Concept of Political Mediation in International Conflict Managementijtsrd
Conflicts are an integral part of any society, and negotiations are regarded as the most effective tool of conflict management or conflict resolution. In situations, when it is difficult for the parties to resolve the conflict by themselves due to several factors, a third party is involved in a negotiation process. Political mediation has been an effective way in resolving disputes in international relations. In this article, the author seeks to analyze conflict management, nature of political mediation and provide important insights of political mediation, its types, strategies, role of mediators in international conflict management and mediation bias in case of 1979 Iranian hostage crisis. Mavluda Nurmetova "Concept of Political Mediation in International Conflict Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42510.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/political-science/42510/concept-of-political-mediation-in-international-conflict-management/mavluda-nurmetova
In a world often fraught with conflict and discord, the pursuit of peace stands as a beacon of hope and resilience. From the personal to the global scale, the journey of peacemakers is one marked by courage, empathy, and unwavering commitment. “Cultivating Peace: The Journey of Peacemakers” delves into the profound significance of peacemaking, exploring the transformative power it holds for individuals and communities alike. Through the lens of James 3:18, which states, “Peacemakers who sow in peace reap a harvest of righteousness,” this discourse embarks on a journey to unravel the profound truths embedded within the pursuit of peace.
Use of indigenous language for conflict resolutionM S Siddiqui
The theme of International Mother Language Day 2019 is "Indigenous languages matter for development, peace building and reconciliation". It has been taken with an aim to establish a link between language, development, peace, and reconciliation. It aims to improve quality of life, wider international cooperation and visibility and strengthened intercultural dialogue to reaffirm the continuity of indigenous languages and cultures.
Introduction
The role of international Media in conflict
Hate Media
Social Media and Information Warfare in the Ukraine-Russia War
The role of Media in Constructing a Culture of Peace
This is the Youth Sectoral Information Sheet of the National Anti-Poverty Commission - Youth and Students Sector. NAPC is undergoing a national mapping of youth organizations for its assemblies. If your youth organization/s are interested in engaging the government's anti-poverty policies. Download and fill out the form and send to:
Call for Submission (not strictly a contest): "Anagnorisis" A Collection of P...GenPeace
Guidelines for submitting entries:
1) Poetry
2) Photography
3) Essay
4) Short Story
The publication gives the limelight to the young generation's aspirations and musings on peace. It aims to explore the youth's apathy towards armed conflict in the Philippines as well as the youth's roles and reflections on peace. What makes an uninitiated and apathetic youth turn into a staunch advocate for peace? When you think peace, what exactly are you thinking of?
From the superficial to the abysmally grounded peace-losophies to the artistique, we'd like to read your piece or join you in your peace journey to "Anagnorisis"
=======================
Anagnorisis:
Greek word meaning "recognition"
in a literary work, the startling discovery that produces a change from ignorance to knowledge. In this context, the recognition from war to peace, the moment of awakening that the enemy is your brother; the knowledge that we were apathetic of armed conflict and violence in the country, but are now reflecting upon, contemplating, even advocating, peace.
Gen peace lite conflict responses & peace initiativesGenPeace
GenPeace basic conflict responses & peace initiatives.
Youth Peace Initiatives and Youth responses to conflict are outlined here. The presentation is an overview of youth roles in armed conflict, as well as socially transformative roles that the youth can play. The concrete examples of Waging Peace Philippines, and Generation Peace Youth Network--Philippine civil society organizations--are also presented.
Gen peace basic conflict responses & peace initiatives
U peace peacebuilding_slideshare
1. Civil-Political Rights and Peoples’ Participation
Peacebuilding and Related Concepts:
A Peace Practitioner’s Overview
1. Definition of Peace
- CPE Diagramof the Galtung Model
- John Paul Lederach’s Integrated Approach to Peacebuilding
2. Peacebuilding Concepts
Collective: Self Determination
Peoples’ Participation
Right to Self Determination (Art 1, ICESCR/ICCPR)
Self Determination
Self Determination Struggles Worldwide
Peacebuilding Diagram
(Lederach, et.al, 2007)
Peacekeeping: Conflict Management
Peacemaking: Conflict Resolution
Peacebuilding: Conflict Transformation
2.1. Peacekeeping
relating to the preservation of peace, especially the supervision by international forces of a
truce between hostile nations.
is a military third-party intervention to assist the transition from violent conflict to stable peace.
(American Heritage Dictionary, n.d.)
A traditional peacekeeping operation is established when parties to a
conflict, typically two states, agree to the interposition of UN troops
to uphold a ceasefire. (SAIS, n.d.)
Limited numbers of lightly armed troops are introduced and
situated between the combatants, and they provide a symbolic
guarantor of the peace.
Peacekeeping Characteristics of Interposition:
neutrality (remains impartial in the dispute and does not intervene in
the fighting);
light military equipment;
use of force only in self-defense;
consent of the parties to the dispute;
2. prerequisite of a ceasefire agreement; and
contribution of contingents on a voluntary basis.
2.2. Peacemaking
is a form of conflict resolution
which focuses on establishing equal power relationships
that will be robust enough to forestall future conflict,
and establishing some means of agreeing on ethical decisions within
a community that has previously had conflict.
focuses primarily on the negotiation process, as it forms the basis
for mediation, conciliation, and arbitration
is the diplomatic effort intended to move a violent conflict into
nonviolent dialogue,
A peace agreement is the desired end result of negotiations; such an
agreement can be comprehensive or limited.
To be sustainable, peace agreements have to include all key players
of the conflict, end destructive violence, which is often established
through a ceasefire agreement, and address the root causes of the
conflict.
2.3. Peacebuilding
Peacebuilding, or post-conflict reconstruction, is a process that facilitates the
establishment of durable peace,
and tries to prevent the recurrence of violence by addressing root
causes and effects of conflict through reconciliation, institution
building and political as well as economic transformation.
Peacebuilding is complex and results materialize only in the medium
and long-term.
A great number of agents engage in a wide variety of reconstruction
efforts.
These efforts include addressing the functional and emotional
dimensions of peacebuilding in specified target areas, such as civil
society and legal institutions, among others. Evaluating the success
and failure of peacebuilding efforts is therefore especially
challenging.
Peacebuilding Tasks (Perez, 2007)
Create an environment conducive to self-sustaining and durable
peace: Resolve the problems of unwillingness to cooperate. Social
and economic transformation is paramount for the establishment of
durable peace.
Conciliate opposing forces
Prevent a re-escalation of the conflict
Create mechanisms that enhance cooperation and dialogue among
different identity groups in order to manage conflict of interests with
peaceful means.
Direct efforts towards transformation of the [structural] conditions
that caused the conflict.
3. Consolidate civil society peace initiatives
Creation of mechanisms addressing issues of justice
“Strategic Peacebuilding”
Kapag ang mga likas yaman, aktor, at mga istratehiya ay alinsunod
sa pagkamit ng mga mithiin at matugunan ang mga isyung
pangmatagalan.
Isang permanenteng proseso na sumasaklaw sa lahat ng mga
gawaing masusi sa pagbuo at pagpapalawig ng kapayapaan at
pagsugpo sa karahasan
A permanent process that encompasses all activities that are key in
building and broadening peace and minimizing (or eradicating)
violence
Resources, actors, and strategies are in synchronicity and synergy toward
addressing long-term issues
1. Civil Society Peacebuilding
1.1. What is Civil Society?
In its modern form, civil society means the active and organized formations
and associations (CADI, 1999) .
For the purposes of this study, the term CSOs is used to include
organization ns, institutions
and other collectivities working and organized autonomously from the
state to respond to societal
and political issues. Peace CSOs refer specifically to a segment of this broad
range of Philippine
CSOs who have adopted a focused peace agenda – meaning they frame
their campaigns, services
and other activities within a peace perspective or advocacy for peace, or
at the least undertake
peace-related activities and consider themselves peace organizations
(Ferrer, 2005).
Civil society, composed of people’s organizations, non-government
organizations and sectoral/major groups representation… These shall
include the following major groups: women, youth, farmers, fisherfolks,
indigenous people, Moro and Cordillera people, urban poor, persons with
disabilities, academe, professionals, media, religious groups, and NGOs
(EO 370)
Civil society refers to the arena of uncoerced collective action around
shared interests, purposes and values. In theory, its institutional forms are
4. distinct from those of the state, family and market, though in practice, the
boundaries between state, civil society, family and market are often
complex, blurred and negotiated. Civil society commonly embraces a
diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms, varying in their degree
of formality, autonomy and power. Civil societies are often populated by
organisations such as registered charities, development non-
governmental organisations, community groups, women's organisations,
faith-based organisations, professional associations, trades unions, self-
help groups, social movements, business associations, coalitions and
advocacy group. (LSE, 2001)
Civil society is most commonly defined by what it is not. Unlike the private
business sector, it is not motivated by the accumulation of wealth. And
unlike the state and political parties, it is not interested in seizing or
consolidating political power (Velasco, 2004)
Civil society is the voluntary, rule-abiding, politically active sector of
society, autonomous from the state. It encompasses masses of citizens
engaged in public protest, social movements, and NGOs acting in the
public sphere. (Noble and Silliman, 1998)
Why Define Civil Society?
- Economy and Political spheres are overly emphasized. The role of
citizens in the larger social and cultural spheres are often
downgraded.
Filipino Concepts: Basis for Civil Society
- Pakikipagkapwa (holistic interaction with others)
- Kapwa (shared inner self)
- Damayan (assistance of peers in periods of crisis)
- Pagtutulungan (mutual self help)
- Pagpapakatao (essence of being human: dignity)
(ADB, 2007)
1.2. Civil Society Roles in Peacebuilding (Ferrer, 2005)
1. Service Provider
Examples of CSO response as service provider include: Relief and
Reconstruction, Training, Program Development, and other forms of
assistance.
5. 2. Watchdog of State and NSAG
Engagement, Campaigns and Mediation are some CSO responses
as watchdog of the state and Non-state armed groups. The
institutionalization of the third-party monitoring called “ Bantay
Ceasefire”, a community-based ceasefire monitoring mechanism, is
an example of this
civil society role as a watchdog.
3. Advocates of Alternative Policies, Programs or Paradigms
This role pertains to policy advocacies, peace education and
interfaith dialogues. Advocating for alternatives is geared towards
policy changes, reforms and a growth in the culture of peace. The
Six Paths to Peace, NAPC and NCIP laws are examples of CSO
advocacy for alternatives. Peace research and studies are also
included under this CSO role.
1.3. Peacebuilding Responses/Interventions (Ferrer, 1997)
1. Peace Constituency Building
Advocacy work, campaigns, organizing, networking , peace education,
inter-faith dialogues and other activities aimed a promoting a peace
agenda, and/or culture of peace, and organizing constituencies united
or mobilized along these goals.
2. Conflict-reduction efforts
Activities aimed a de-escalating the level of political violence and
addressing the negative impact of violence on affected communities
and individuals, with the end of view of enhancing the conditions for
sustainable peace, seeking respite from violence, receiving justice and
reparation for human rights violations, and healing wounds of war
inflicted on war-torn communities.
3. Conflict-settlement efforts
Activities geared toward achieving a non-military solution to the major
armed conflicts, including facilitating, mediating and advocating political
negotiations and meaningful reconciliation.
6. 4. Peace Research and Training Programs
Research efforts and studies on impact of war, peace, conflict
resolution, etc, and training in skills important to peace-building, thereby
supporting and building capacities for peace action.
5. Social Development Work
Economic, livelihood/development, environmental projects and
implementation of actual social and economic reforms aimed at
reconstruction and bringing about social redistribution of wealth,
popular empowerment and sustainable development.
1.4. Peacebuilding Interventions according to Aims (Fisher, et.al. 2000 in Palm-Dalupan
2000)
1. Intervening directly in the conflict
Prevent conflict from escalating
Enable a settlement (e.g. confidence building, facilitating
dialogues, negotiation, mediation)
Maintaining a presence (unarmed protection, monitoring, etc.)
2. Addressing the consequences of the conflict/violence
Post-war reconstruction, psychosocial intervention,
reconciliation, DDR initiatives, etc.
3. Working on the social fabric
institutional reforms, good governance, education, culture of
peace, etc.
2. Peace Initiatives Chigas (2003)
2. 1. Multi-track Diplomacy:
7. Track 1: Formal Peace Negotiations
Track 2: Civil Society
Track 3: Grassroots Communities
2.2. Expanded Tracks (IMTD,n.d.)
1. governments
2. professional organisations
3. the business community
4. private citizens
5. training, research and educational institutions
6. activists
7. church organisations
8. funding
9. media
2.3 Lederach’s Multi-Track Peacebuilding
Nexus of Peacebuilding and Governance
Democracy as delivery systems of human rights (Koenig, 2008)
References:
ADB (2007) Overview of NGOs and Civil Society in the Philippines. NGO
and Civil Society Center. Retrieved July 7, 2010 from
http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Civil-Society-
Briefs/PHI/CSB-PHI.pdf
CADI. Civil Society. Center for Alternative Development Initiatives.
Retrieved 08 June 2010 from <http://www.cadi.ph/civil_society.htm>
Castro and Galace (2008) Peace Education. Miriam College Publication.
Centre for Civil Society (2004) What is Civil Society? The London School of
Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 08 June 2010 from
<http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/what_is_civil_society.htm>
8. Chigas, D. (2003) Track II (Citizen) Diplomacy. Beyond Intractability.
Retrieved 08 June 2010 from
<http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/track2_diplomacy/>
Coronel Ferrer, M. (2005) Institutional Response: Civil Society. Background
paper submitted to Human Development Network Foundation, Inc.
Delfin, N (2009) Human Rights: A Preliminary Discussion, lecture workshop
presented at Global and Effective Youth Projects for Intercultural
Dialogue on December 2009 in Strasbourg, France.
Executive Order 370 (1996) Presidential Executive Order: “Strengthening
the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development.” Section 2. Also
seen in Philippine Agenda 21.
Galtung (1996) Peace By Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict,
Development and Civilization, as referenced in Castro and Galace
(2008) Peace Education. Miriam College Publication.
GenPeace (2009) Generation Peace Youth Network Organizational Paper,
adopted by General Assembly December 2009.
IMTD (n.d.) What is Multi-track Diplomacy? The Institute for Multi-Track
Diplomacy. Retrieved 08 June 2010 from
<http://imtd.server295.com/?page_id=119>
Koenig, Shulamith (2008) The Nature of Human Rights Learning. For the
60th Anniversary of the UDHR. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from
<http://www.pdhre.org/shula-vienna.pdf>
Lederach, Neufeldt, Culbertson. (2007) Reflective Peacebuilding: A
Planning, Monitoring, and Learning Toolkit. Catholic Relief Services
and The Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Retrieved
July 5, 2010 from
http://crsprogramquality.org/pubs/peacebuilding/reflective_peacebld
g.pdf
LSE (2004) “What is Civil Society?” London School of Economics and
Political Science. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from
<http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/what_is_civil_society.htm>
Noble and Silliman, ed. (1998) Organizing for Democracy: NGOs, Civil
Society and the Philippine State. University of Hawaii Press.
Retrieved July 7, 2010 http://www.google.com/books?
id=0kUA0vs63KkC&printsec=copyright&hl=tl&source=gbs_pub_info_s
&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
9. Palm-Dalupan, M.L. (2000) “A Proposed Framework for Documentation
and Assessment of the Peace Process in the Philippines” Working
paper for the UNDP. 20 February.
Perez, J (2007) Strategic Peacebuilding. Gaston Z Ortigas Peace Institute.
(Presented in the Indigenous Peoples Women Workshop on
Peacebuilding) In Filipino
SAIS (n.d.) Conflict Management Toolkit. John Hopkins University.
Retrieved July 7, 2010 from http://www.sais-
jhu.edu/cmtoolkit/approaches/peacekeeping/definitions.htm
Sakhong, L. (2004) A Struggle of Self Determination in Burma: Ethnic
Nationalities Perspectives. Burma Library. Retrieved July 6, 2010
from <http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs/Struggle_for_S-D.htm>
Velasco, D. (2004) “Kompil II: A Study of Civil Society’s Political
Engagements”, Philippine Sociological Review. Vol 52 January-
December 2004 .