Introduction to Real Time PCR (Q-PCR/qPCR/qrt-PCR): qPCR Technology Webinar S...QIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
This presentation gives an easy introduction to genome assemblies from next-generation sequencing data and is part of a bioinformatics workshop. The accompanying websites are available at http://sschmeier.com/bioinf-workshop/#!genome-assembly/
Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Basics of Real Time PCR
Definition
Advantages
Principles
Instruments (Thermal Cyclers)
Useful terms
Real Time PCR Chemistry
Fluorescence Dyes
SYBR Green
EvaGreen
Melt Doctor
Fluorescence Probes
TaqMan Probe
Molecular Beacons
Scorpion Primers
SYBR Green In details
qPCR Set-Up
Assay Design
Data Analysis
Troubleshooting
Introduction to real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) - Download the slidesQIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
Introduction to Real Time PCR (Q-PCR/qPCR/qrt-PCR): qPCR Technology Webinar S...QIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
This presentation gives an easy introduction to genome assemblies from next-generation sequencing data and is part of a bioinformatics workshop. The accompanying websites are available at http://sschmeier.com/bioinf-workshop/#!genome-assembly/
Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Basics of Real Time PCR
Definition
Advantages
Principles
Instruments (Thermal Cyclers)
Useful terms
Real Time PCR Chemistry
Fluorescence Dyes
SYBR Green
EvaGreen
Melt Doctor
Fluorescence Probes
TaqMan Probe
Molecular Beacons
Scorpion Primers
SYBR Green In details
qPCR Set-Up
Assay Design
Data Analysis
Troubleshooting
Introduction to real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) - Download the slidesQIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
It is called “polymerase” because the only enzyme used in this reaction is DNA polymerase.
It is called “chain” because the products of the first reaction become substrates of the following one, and so on.
What is PCR?
History of PCR
Components of PCR
Principles of PCR
Basic Requirements
Instrumentation
PCR Programme
Advantages of PCR
Applications of PCR
Conclusion
References
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)Akshay Deshmukh
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria. Now CRISPR use as genome editing tool in different Plant Breeder to manipulate the DNA of the crop
It is called “polymerase” because the only enzyme used in this reaction is DNA polymerase.
It is called “chain” because the products of the first reaction become substrates of the following one, and so on.
What is PCR?
History of PCR
Components of PCR
Principles of PCR
Basic Requirements
Instrumentation
PCR Programme
Advantages of PCR
Applications of PCR
Conclusion
References
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)Akshay Deshmukh
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria. Now CRISPR use as genome editing tool in different Plant Breeder to manipulate the DNA of the crop
A biochemical technique used in Molecular Biology to amplify a specific fragment of target DNA.
PCR is used in medical and biological research, including cloning, genetic analysis, genetic fingerprinting, diagnostics, pathogen detection and genetic fingerprinting
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• What is PCR?
• History of PCR
• Basic Requirements
• Essential Components of PCR
• Principles of PCR
• Instrumentation
• RT-PCR
• Dental Applications of PCR
• Advantages of PCR
• Limitations of PCR
• Conclusion
• References
3. GENOME
•A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its
genes.
•Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and
maintain that organism.
•In humans, a copy of the entire genome—more than 3 billion DNA
base pairs—is contained in all cells that have a nucleus
The first whole genome to be
sequenced was of the
bacterium Haemophilus influenzae
The worm Caenorhabditis elegans was the
first animal to have its whole genome
sequenced.
4. •Genome sequencing is figuring out the order of DNA nucleotides,
or bases, in a genome—the order of As, Cs, Gs, and Ts that make up
an organism's DNA.
•The human genome is made up of over 3 billion of these genetic
letters. Machines "read" a sequence of DNA bases.
•A DNA sequence that has been translated from life's chemical
alphabet into our alphabet of written letters might look like this.
GENOME SEQUENCING
5. • Genome sequence will represent a valuable shortcut, helping
scientists find genes much more easily and quickly
GENOME SEQUENCING
•The whole genome can't be sequenced all at once because available
methods of DNA sequencing can only handle short stretches of DNA
at a time.
•Break the genome into small pieces, sequence the pieces, and then
reassemble them in the proper order to arrive at the sequence of the
whole genome -TYPES 1."clone-by-clone" approach
• 2. "whole-genome shotgun" method
HOW TO DO GENOME SEQUENCING?
6. HOW DOES THE SEQUENCING MACHINE KNOW
WHETHER A BASE IS AN A, C, G, OR T?
• DNA been chopped up, copied, chemically modified, and tagged with
fluorescent dyes corresponding to the four different DNA bases, or
genetic letters.
•A piece of DNA is copied many times,- then divided into four batches
-another round of copying.
•In this second round, a small amount of chemically modified base is
added to each batch—that is, modified T to one batch, A to another,
and so on.. The result of all this is that one batch of DNA will contain
only pieces that end in T, another only pieces that end in A, a third only
pieces that end in G, and the fourth batch only pieces that end in C
7. The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the
sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains. The Project was
coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy
The main goals of the Human Genome Project were to provide a complete and accurate
sequence of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of
the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes.
8. WHAT IS PCR?
•Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is technique for
generating large quantities of a specified DNA.
•PCR is a cell free amplification technique for synthesizing
multiple identical copies of any DNA of interest.
•Purpose of the PCR is to amplify the lot of double stranded
DNA molecules(fragments) with same size and sequence by
enzymatic method and cycling condition.
10. SHORT HISTORY OF PCR
• 1983: Dr. Kary Mullis developed PCR
• 1985: First publication of PCR by
Cetus Corporation appears in Science.
• 1986: Purified Taq polymerase is first used in PCR
• 1988: PerkinElmer introduces the automated
thermal cycler.
• 1989: Science declares Taq polymerase "molecule of the
year.
11. SHORT HISTORY OF PCR
• 1990: amplification and detection of specific DNA
sequences using a fluorescent DNA-binding dye, laying
the foundation for future "real-time" or "kinetic" PCR.
• 1991: RT-PCR is developed using a single
thermostable polymerase, rTth, facilitating
diagnostic tests for RNA viruses.
• 1993:Dr. Kary Mullis shares Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for conceiving PCR technology.
12. SHORT HISTORY OF PCR
• 1999: Dynal launches DRB-36 HLA-typing kit for
tissue typing.
• 2003: HIV-1 MONITOR Test, version 1.5 Product
Family
• AMPLICOR® CT/NG Test for Chlamydia
trachomatis,
• AMPLICOR® CT/NG Test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
13. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
PCR REACTION
1) DNA sequence of target region must be
known.
2) Primers - typically 20-30 bases in size. These
can be readily produced by commercial
companies. Can also be prepared using a DNA
synthesizer
14. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
PCR REACTION
• 3) Thermo-stable DNA polymerase - eg Taq
polymerase which is not inactivated by heating
to 95C
4) DNA thermal cycler - machine which can be
programmed to carry out heating and cooling of
samples over a number of cycles.
15. ESSENTIAL
COMPONENTS
• DNA template
• DNA polymerase
• Primer dNTPs
• Buffer to maintain PH
• Divalent cations (Mg+2)
• Monovalent cation Potassium ions
18. REQUIREMENTS FOR PCR
•Template extracted DNA is the identified target sequence that
requires to be amplified. DNA polymerase is a key enzyme to
replicate target sequences of DNA that attaches individual nucleotides
together to generate the PCR product.
• Primer molecules are appropriate short and single-stranded
sequences of DNA or RNA designed to particularly anneal to a
desired nucleic acid target.
•Forward and reverse primer pairs have a length of 18–22 base pairs.
19. REQUIREMENTS FOR PCR
•For PCR amplification, DNA is extracted from a desired target and
added to the reaction mix tube including primers, PCR buffer,
deoxynucleotides (dNTP), MgCl2 and DNA polymerase enzyme in an
examination tube.
•The reaction tube then located in a thermocycler that runs repeated
cycles of DNA replication to take place in the following steps.
20. DENATURATION
Denaturation of DNA– Heating reaction tube to 94°C for
separation of the double strands DNA and yielding two
single strands of DNA molecule
21. ANNEALING
•At 50–65°C, forward and reverse primers, anneal to a
particular site at each of the single-stranded DNA
templates. Tm of the primer pairs determines the
annealing temperature
26. CYCLE -I
The new DNA strand joined to each primer is beyond
the sequence that is complementary to second primer.
New strands are referred as long template.
They will be used in second cycle.
27. CYCLE -II
• The DNA strands (original & newly synthesized long template) are
denatured, annealed with primers & subjected to DNA synthesis.
•At the end of second round, long templates & short templates (DNA
strands with primer sequence at one end & sequence complementary
to other end primer) are formed.
28. CYCLE -III
•The original DNA strands along with long & short
templates are starting materials.
•Denaturation, renaturation & synthesis are repeated.
• This process is repeated again & again for each cycle.
•At the end of 32nd cycle of PCR, about million fold target
DNA is synthesized.
29.
30. TYPES OF PCR
•Real-time PCR
•Quantitative real time PCR
(Q-RT PCR)
•Reverse Transcriptase PCR
(RT-PCR)
•Multiplex PCR
•Nested PCR
•Long-range PCR
•Single-cell PCR
•Fast-cycling PCR
•Methylation-specific PCR (MSP)
•Hot start PCR
•High-fidelity PCR
•In situ PCR
•Variable Number of Tandem
Repeats (VNTR) PCR
•Asymmetric PCR
•Repetitive sequence-based PCR
•Overlap extension PCR
•Assemble PCR
36. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE -PCR
•In RT-PCR, complementary DNA (cDNA) is made by reverse
transcribing of the RNA templates with the enzyme reverse
transciptase.
•This technique is used to qualitatively study gene expression, and
can be combined with real time PCR (qPCR) to quantify RNA
levels.
•RT-PCR requires an RNA template, enzyme, nucleotides, buffers
and thermocyclers to produce RT-PCR products. Kits are available to
simplify and streamline the process.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. PERIODONTOLOGY
•Parra and Slots studied the association of human viruses in the GCF
of persons with different types of periodontal disease and reported
the prevalence of DNA viruses such as (HSV), 2 (EBV IRUS).
•Ssygunet al. showed CMV in crevicular specimens of chronic
periodontal wounds frequently exists and indicated a strong
correction between HCMV and EBV-1 in sub gingival regions with
deep furrows along with a loss of insertion.
•Q-PCR offers a sensitive, efficient, and accurate method for
quantification of genes expression. Lyons and coworkers used
TaqMan® systems for determining the quantity of P. gingivalis and
the entire numbers of bacteria exist in bacterial plaque.
51. PERIODONTOLOGY
•Commercial diagnostic tests (e.g., MyPerioPath® , MicroDent®
Test, ParoCheck® kits, and oral DNA® ) using multiplex PCR are
obtainable to assess the microbiota in subgingival plaque samples
and they give important information for a prevention approach for
healthy people and therapy strategies for “at risk” patients
52. DENTAL CARIES
•Rupfet and coworkers used from a competitive PCR technique for
the particular quantitative evaluation of S. mutans. PCR allowed a
rapid and precise evaluation of unknown amounts of S. mutans and
provided an efficient tool for observing the performance of
therapeutic and preventative procedures as well as estimating the risk
of dental caries in patients .
•Glucosyl transferase-directed PCR is available for private practices
of routine screening for S. mutans by plaque and saliva (LCL
Biokey)
53. DENTAL CARIES
•Kukletová isolated and taxonomically characterized lactobacilli
inhabiting rampant caries in children and use rep-PCR fingerprinting
method for characterization of Lactobacillus spp. related with dental
caries.
•Saarela and coworkers studied power of PCR method in the
differentiation of S. sobrinus and S. mutans serotypes and lineages,
they proved that PCR is suitable method for differentiating S. mutans
lineages and epidemiological research .
54. ENDODONTIC INFECTIONS
•Saito and coworkers employed a q-PCR procedure in primary
endodontic infections based on single copy genes. Their result
displayed the highly prevalence and abundant of T. forsythia but
moderate frequency and less abundant of P. gingivalis in the study
groups.
•Baumgartner and coworkers used PCR method to evaluate cellulite
aspirations and abscesses of infected root canals for the presence of
Candida albicans. Their results show that PCR is a very sensitive
molecular technique and can be utilized to directly detect C. albicans
in endodontic infection
55. ENDODONTIC INFECTIONS
•For example, Jafari and coworkers assessed the antibacterial
efficacy of photodynamic and 2.5% NaOCl treatment against E.
faecalis-infected root canals by means of Q-PCR method .
IMPLANT RELATED INFECTIONS
•Trampuz et al. using Multiplex PCR diagnosed the periprosthetic
joint infection (PJI) in sonication fluid from removed dental
implants &assessment for who formerly took antibiotics.
•Multiplex PCR has the potential for more improvement of the PJI
diagnosis with modified primer sets
56. PERI-IMPLANTITIS
•r avoid the risk of peri-implantitis, this method plays a role in
identifying bacteria causing peri-implantitis before implant
placement. Real time PCR has identified opportunistic
microorganisms such as E. faecalis in peri-implant location of
diseased implants suggesting elimination of prosthesis and routine
decontamination of implant surface and implant abutment connection
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM
•Modified gene on chromosome 11 which result in a loss in cathepsin C
function and development of Papillon–Lefevre syndrome.
•Genetic polymorphisms in MPO-463G/A gene and Fc gamma receptor
gene were evaluated by means of RT-PCR and allele-specific PCR,
57. ORAL CANCER PATHOGENESIS
•The one recent study revealed human papilloma virus genomic DNA
in approximately 26% of all Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
by sensitive PCR-based.
•Sand et al. investigated clinically healthy oral mucosa, oral
leukoplakia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) for presence
of HSV-1 via nested PCR method.
•Chiao-Wen et al. used QPCR to analyze 6 SNPs of CD44 in oral
cancer patients and healthy controls. The CD44 rs187115
polymorphism has prognostic importance in oral cancer and also may
be used as factors to predict the clinical stage in oral cancer patients
58. INFLAMMATORY MARKERS
•By means of real time PCR expression level of receptor activator of
NF-KB ligand (RANKL) and matrix metallo proteinases was found
to be associated with expression of interleukin-1β, TNF-α, IF-γ.
•Using semiquantitative PCR gene expression of RANKL to
osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio was found to be increased in
periodontitis.
•mRNA expression level of several growth factors such as toll-like
receptors (TLRs), NALP3 and NOD2 as well as signaling mediators
CD14, MYD88, and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing
interferon-beta (TRIF) were evaluated by RT-PCR technique
59. RECENT ADVANCES
•Gene microarray technology or “global expression profiling” is
based on the ability to deposit numerous different DNA strands on a
small surface, typically a chip.
•The different DNA sequences are organized in columns and rows
such that the identity of each sequence is recognized through its
position on the array.
•Methods like RT-PCR allow analyzing for only a few genes per
sample. But microarray technology not only analyses more genes
than was feasible formerly, but also can observed genes are not
influenced by preselection of genes.
60. ADVANTAGES OF PCR
• Simplicity of quantification, high sensitivity, accuracy, rapid
analysis, reproducibility, quality control, and minimum
contamination
• Accurate detection of strains of different microorganisms with
different phenotype.
• Enormous samples can be evaluated at one time
• RT-PCR is a sensitive technique for finding of viruses and mRNA
expression levels.
• Real time-PCR has the capability to evaluate the actual number of
targets existing in the clinical samples
61. ADVANTAGES OF PCR
• Nested PCR simplifies the identification of bacterial DNA present
at very low levels.
• Multiplex PCR has the capability to examination for variety of
organisms or genes in one reaction tube
• Study of strictly anaerobic microorganisms, in which cell death
could happen during sampling and transportation, where cell
viability is not important factor in PCR method.
62. LIMITATIONS
•Required to high level of expertise.
•Annealing of primers to the similar sequences of the template DNA
could be changed specificity of nonspecific amplified PCR product.
The DNA polymerase enzyme utilized in the PCR technique is prone
to errors which can cause mutations product DNA molecules.
•Mixing different primers in multiplex PCR can cause some
interfering in amplification.
•In the Q-PCR, the fluorescent signal cannot distinguish nonspecific
versus specific PCR products.
•When nested PCR -detecting DNA of periodontal microorganisms,
numerous false negative results -contaminate other reaction tubes
63. CONCLUSION
• PCR is not only vital in the clinical laboratory by amplifying
small amounts of DNA for detection, but it is also important for
genetic predisposing for defects such as Factor V Leiden.
• The PCR technology can also be employed in law enforcement,
genetic testing of animal stocks and vegetable hybrids, and drug
screening along with many more areas.
64. REFERENCES
•Textbook of biochemistry – U satyanarayana
•N. Topcuoglu, G. Kulekci, 16S rRNA based microarray analysis of
ten periodontal bacteria in patients with different forms of
periodontitis, Anaerobe 35 (2015) 35-P.S. Anand, K.P. Kamath, S.
Anil, Role of dental plaque, saliva and periodontal disease in World
journal of gastroenterology: WJG 20(19) (2014) 5639.
• S. Tomo, HPV-16 DNA detection in fresh tissue, saliva and plasma
of patients with oral leukoplakia by real time PCR, (2018).
•L. Domingues, PCR, Springer2017. [16] G. Schochetman, C.-Y.
Ou, W.K. Jones, Polymerase chain reaction, The Journal of
infectious diseases 158(6) (1988) 1154-1157.
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•O. Molavi, F. Narimani, F. Asiaee, S. Sharifi, V. Tarhriz, A.
Shayanfar, M. Hejazi, R. Lai, Silibinin sensitizes chemo-resistant
breast cancer cells to chemotherapy, Pharmaceutical biology 55(1)
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• E. Hamidi-Asl, J.-B. Raoof, N. Naghizadeh, S. Sharifi, M.S.
Hejazi, A bimetallic nanocomposite electrode for direct and rapid
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