Pcr primer design

v The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) revolutionized life
sciences as it provides a sensitive, reliable, efficient, and
convenient means of amplifying relatively large quantities of
DNA
v Invented in 1983 by Kary Mullis, who won a Nobel Prize 1993
v The technique was made possible by the discovery of Taq
polymerase, the DNA polymerase that is used by the bacterium
Thermus aquaticus, discovered in hot springs.
v The primary materials used in PCR:
- DNA nucleotides: the building blocks for the new DNA
- Template DNA: the DNA sequence that you want to amplify
- Primers: single-stranded short DNA (16--50 nucleotides
long) that are complementary to a short region on either end of
the template DNA
- DNA polymerase: a heat stable enzyme that catalyzes the
synthesis of new DNA
PCR: the technology that changed the world we knew

Primers dictate the successfulness of a PCR
Specificity?
Proper
annealing to
the template?

Before you design your own primers –
Don’t reinvent the wheels!

Before you start designing primers –
Find and use the right resources!
v What are the primers for?
Ø  General purpose amplification?
Ø  SNPs detection/validation?
Ø  Methylation study?
Ø  Real-time PCR?
Ø  Microarray probes?
Ø  Degenerate PCR?
Ø  Multiplex PCR?
v What do you have to begin with?
Ø  Single DNA/protein sequence?
Ø  Multiple DNA/protein sequence files?
Ø  GenBank ID/Gene ID/Gene Symbol/rsSNP ID?

After you have your primers designed –
Consider a second opinion!
v Most likely your primers can be designed by
several different software
v Different software may vary significantly in:
Ø  Concepts and overall approaches
Ø  Designing criteria and default settings
Ø  Comprehensiveness
Ø  Usability
Ø  Accessibility and speed
v Consider a second opinion when
Ø  You are new to such design task/application
Ø  You don’t have a lot of confidence in the initial result

General rules for primer design
-- Primer and amplicon length
v Primer length determines the specificity and
significantly affect its annealing to the template
Ø  Too short -- low specificity, resulting in non-specific
amplification
Ø  Too long -- decrease the template-binding efficiency at
normal annealing temperature due to the higher probability
of forming secondary structures such as hairpins.
v Optimal primer length
Ø  18-24 bp for general applications
Ø  30-35 bp for multiplex PCR
v Optimal amplicon size
Ø  300-1000 bp for general application, avoid > 3 kb
Ø  50-150 bp for real-time PCR, avoid > 400 bp

-- Melting temperature (Tm)
v Tm is the temperature at which 50% of the DNA duplex
dissociates to become single stranded
Ø  Determined by primer length, base composition and concentration.
Ø  Also affected by the salt concentration of the PCR reaction mix
Ø  Working approximation: Tm=2(A+T)+4(G+C) (suitable only for 18mer
or shorter).
v Optimal melting temperature
Ø  52°C-- 60°C
Ø  Tm above 65°C should be generally avoided because of the potential for
secondary annealing.
Ø  Higher Tm (75°C-- 80°C) is recommended for amplifying high GC
content targets.
v Primer pair Tm mismatch
Ø  Significant primer pair Tm mismatch can lead to poor amplification
Ø  Desirable Tm difference < 5°C between the primer pair

-- Specificity and cross homology
v Specificity
Ø  Determined primarily by primer length as well as sequence
Ø  The adequacy of primer specificity is dependent on the nature of the
template used in the PCR reaction.
v Cross homology
Ø  Cross homology may become a problem when PCR template is genomic
DNA or consists of mixed gene fragments.
Ø  Primers containing highly repetitive sequence are prone to generate non-
specific amplicons when amplifying genomic DNA.
v Avoid non-specific amplification
Ø  BLASTing PCR primers against NCBI non-redundant sequence database
is a common way to avoid designing primers that may amplify non-
targeted homologous regions.
Ø  Primers spanning intron-exon boundaries to avoid non-specific
amplification of gDNA due to cDNA contamination.
Ø  Primers spanning exon-exon boundaries to avoid non-specific
amplification cDNA due to gDNA contamination.

-- GC content; repeats and runs
v Primer G/C content
Ø  Optimal G/C content: 45-55%
Ø  Common G/C content range: 40-60%
v Runs (single base stretches)
Ø  Long runs increases mis-priming (non-specific annealing)
potential
Ø  The maximum acceptable number of runs is 4 bp
v Repeats (consecutive di-nucleotide)
Ø  Repeats increases mis-priming potential
Ø  The maximum acceptable number of repeats is 4 di-
nucleotide

-- Primer secondary structures
v Hairpins
Ø  Formed via intra-molecular interactions
Ø  Negatively affect primer-template binding, leading to poor or no
amplification
Ø  Acceptable ΔG (free energy required to break the structure): >-2 kcal/
mol for 3’end hairpin; >-3 kcal/mol for internal hairpin;
v Self-Dimer (homodimer)
Ø  Formed by inter-molecular interactions between the two same primers
Ø  Acceptable ΔG: >-5 kcal/mol for 3’end self-dimer; >-6 kcal/mol for
internal self-dimer;
v Cross-Dimer (heterodimer)
Ø  Formed by inter-molecular interactions between the sense and antisense
primers
Ø  Acceptable ΔG: >-5 kcal/mol for 3’end cross-dimer; >-6 kcal/mol for
internal cross-dimer;

-- GC clamp and max 3’ end stability
v GC clamp
Ø  Refers to the presence of G or C within the last 4 bases from
the 3’ end of primers
Ø  Essential for preventing mis-priming and enhancing specific
primer-template binding
Ø  Avoid >3 G’s or C’s near the 3’ end
v Max 3’end stability
Ø  Refers to the maximum ΔG of the 5 bases from the 3’end of
primers.
Ø  While higher 3’end stability improves priming efficiency, too
higher stability could negatively affect specificity because of
3’-terminal partial hybridization induced non-specific
extension.
Ø  Avoid ΔG < -9.

-- Annealing temperatures and other considerations
v Ta (Annealing temperature) vs. Tm
Ø  Ta is determined by the Tm of both primers and amplicons:
optimal Ta=0.3 x Tm(primer)+0.7 x Tm(product)-25
Ø  General rule: Ta is 5°C lower than Tm
Ø  Higher Ta enhances specific amplification but may lower yields
Ø  Crucial in detecting polymorphisms
v Primer location on template
Ø  Dictated by the purpose of the experiment
Ø  For detection purpose, section towards 3’ end may be preferred.
v When using composite primers
Ø  Initial calculations and considerations should emphasize on the template-
specific part of the primers
Ø  Consider nested PCR

http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/genetics/obrc
http://www.usc.edu/hsc/nml/lib-services/bioinformatics/index.html

http://search.hsls.pitt.edu/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?input-form=molbio-simple&query=pcr+primer&v%3Asources=OBRC&v%3Aproject=molbio

Resources for General Purpose PCR Primer Design
v  Primer3
v  Primer3Plus
v  PrimerZ
v  PerlPrimer
v  Vector NTI Advantage 10

General Purpose PCR Primer Design Tool– Primer3
Web Site:
http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer3/primer3_www.cgi
More Info:
http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/genetics/obrc/dna/pcr_oligos/URL1043858198/info
Name Primer3 -- an online tool for PCR primer design
Type Web-based software
Key Functions Design PCR primers and hybridization probes.
Publication Info Methods Mol Biol 2000
Times Cited 823
Pros The original and most widely used PCR primer design program; uses sequence
as input; a huge number of options for customizing primer design;
Cons busy interface;
Note In OBRC; the program has been widely adopted by many primer design
software.
YiBu’s Rating 4 out of 5

General Purpose PCR Primer Design Tool– Primer3Plus
Web Site:
http://www.bioinformatics.nl/primer3plus
More Info:
Name Primer3Plus, an enhanced web interface to Primer3
Key Functions Design PCR primers for a given DNA sequence.
Publication Info NAR 2007
Times Cited N/A
Pros Uses sequences or sequence file as input; a huge number of configuration
options; automates specific tasks such as designing primers for cloning or step-
wise sequencing; primers can be sent to an order form; clean, intuitive and well
organized interface;
Cons
Note in OBRC. It is an updated, task-oriented web-interface to the original Primer3.
YiBu’s Rating 4.5 out of 5

General Purpose PCR Primer Design Tool– PrimerZ
Web Site:
http://genepipe.ngc.sinica.edu.tw/primerz/beginDesign.do
More Info:
Name PrimerZ -- streamlined primer design for promoters, exons and
human/mouse SNPs
Key Functions Design PCR primers for promoters, exons, and human/mouse SNPs
Publication Info Nucleic Acid Research 2007
Times Cited 0 (too new)
Pros Uses gene name, Ensembl ID, rs# as input; settings for amplicon region and
length, as well as PCR product sizes; allow batch rsSNP processing; frequently
updated; offers many advance design settings; interactive results output
Cons reported successful rate over 70%; only for human and mouse
Note built on Primer3; in OBRC.

General Purpose PCR Primer Design Tool –
PerlPrimer
Web Site:
http://perlprimer.sourceforge.net/index.html
PerlPrimer screenshots:
http://perlprimer.sourceforge.net/screenshots.html
More Info:
Name PerlPrimer -- cross-platform, graphical primer design for standard,
bisulphite and real-time PCR
Type Desktop software (for Windows, Linux and Mac OS-X)
Key Functions Design primers for standard, bisulphite and real-time PCR, and sequencing.
Publication Info Bioinformatics 2004
Times Cited 8
Pros Cross-platform; versatile applications; retrieving sequences from Ensembl as
input; QPCR primer design without manual intron-exon boundary entry;
BLAST search primers; primer pair quality analysis; ORF and CpG island
detection;
Cons Requires local installation of the software; automatic sequence retrieval only
through Esemble (selected eukaryotic genomes) not NCBI (more
comprehensive).
Note In OBRC

General Purpose PCR Primer Design Tool–
Vector NTI Advance 10
Web Site for NML Workshop:
http://www.usc.edu/hsc/nml/lib-services/bioinformatics/
vector_nti_advance_10_workshop.html
More Info On Vector NTI Advance 10:
http://www.usc.edu/hsc/nml/lib-services/bioinformatics/vector_nti_advance_10.html
Name Vector NTI Advance 10 -- design primers and oligos for regular/multiplex
PCR, sequencing, hybridization.
Type Commercial Desktop software (free to nonprofit users)
Key Functions Design PCR primers and oligos for routine molecular applications
Publication Info N/A
Times Cited N/A
Pros Uses user sequence, multiple DNA sequence alignment as input; commercial
quality features/functions; integrated with other Vector NTI applications; many
design settings; analyzes and ranks primer quality;
Cons requires software installation/licensing;
Note NML offers workshop and tutorials; in OBRC.

Primer Design Resources for Real-time PCR
v  NCBI Probe Database
v  RTPrimerDB
v  Primer Bank
v  qPrimerDepot
v  PCR-QPPD
v  PerlPrimer

Public PCR Primers/Oligo Probes Repository
– The NCBI Probe Database
Web Site:
Database Overview:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/probe/doc/Overview.shtml
Database Query Tips:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/probe/doc/QueryTips.shtml
Name NCBI Probe Database
Type Web-based database
Key Functions Search for documented PCR primers and oligo probes for genotyping, gene
expression, SNP discovery, gene silencing and genome mapping applications.
Publication Info Unpublished
Times Cited n/a
Pros The largest database of its kind; results including information on reagent
distributors, probe effectiveness, and computed sequence similarities; Entrez
allows search to be limited by applications, probe type, and model organism;
Cons n/a
Note

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=probe

Resources for real time PCR– RTPrimerDB
Web Site:
http://medgen.ugent.be/rtprimerdb/
More Info:
Name RTPrimerDB: the real-time PCR primer and probe database
Type Database
Key Functions Search for validated primers and probes used in real-time PCR assays
employing popular chemistries (SYBR Green I, Taqman, Hybridisation Probes,
Molecular Beacon); map primers/probes onto different transcript variants
Publication Info Nucleic Acids Research 2003, 2006 (update)
Times Cited 62
Pros Primers/probes experimentally validated; search with gene name/symbol,
Entrez/Ensembl Gene identifier, SNP ID, or oligo sequence; queries can be
limited to a specific application (gene expression, DNA copy number, SNP
detection, mutation analysis, fusion gene) or organisms (20); results linked to
PubMed record and BLAST; frequently updated;
Cons Gene expression assay viewer requires Adobe SVG viewer plug-in, and only
available for human, mouse, rat.
Note In OBRC; 3845 real-time PCR assays for 2373 genes as of Nov. 2007.

Resources for real time PCR– Primer Bank
Web Site:
http://pga.mgh.harvard.edu/primerbank/
More Info:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=14654707
Name A PCR primer bank for quantitative gene expression analysis
Key Functions Search for pre-designed transcript-specific PCR primers for genome-scale real
time PCR assay
Publication Info Nucleic Acids Research 2003
Times Cited 67
Pros Searchable by GenBank Accession number, gene ID/symbol, keywords etc.;
design algorithm extensively tested and validated with success rate of 82.6%;
results output containing positions of primers and amplicons in the sequence
context of the queried gene
Cons Only for human and mouse genes; algorithm not designed to span introns; no
graphic display;
Note Contains 306,800 real-time PCR primers for 33741 human genes and 27681
mouse genes as of Nov. 2007

Resources for real time PCR– qPrimerDepot
Web Site for Human Genes:
http://primerdepot.nci.nih.gov/
Web Site for Mouse Genes:
http://mouseprimerdepot.nci.nih.gov/
More Info:
Name qPrimerDepot -- a primer database for quantitative real time PCR
Key Functions Provides optimized qRT-PCR primers for all human/mouse RefSeq genes;
Times Cited 19
Pros Uses GenBank RefSeq ID or gene name as input; primers are designed to
amplify desired templates under unified annealing temperature; avoids genomic
DNA contamination (for intron-bearing genes); simple user interface;
Validation results show 70-94% successful rate;
Cons Results output without sequence context display of primer/amplicons positions
Note In OBRC; built on Primer3;

Resources for real time PCR– QPPD
Web Site:
http://web.ncifcrf.gov/rtp/GEL/primerdb/default.asp
More Info:
Name QPPD -- Quantitative PCR Primer Database for human and mouse
Key Functions Search for published quantitative/real time RT-PCR primer and probes for
studying of human and mouse gene expression.
Times Cited n/a
Pros All primers were experimentally validated with literature references; uses gene
name as input; searches can be limited by different assay types; output includes
graphic display of primers/amplicons positions and sizes.
Cons Only human and mouse genes available; no user documentations and database
stats.
Note In OBRC

Web Site:
More Info:
Resources for real time PCR– PerlPrimer
Times Cited 8
detection;
comprehensive).
Note In OBRC

Web Site:
http://www.bioinformatics.org/primerx/
More Info:
Resources for Site-Directed Mutagenesis PCR – PrimerX
Name PrimerX -- Automated design of mutagenic primers for site-directed
mutagenesis
Key Functions Design mutagenic primers for site-directed mutagenesis.
Publication Info unpublished
Times Cited n/a
Pros Uses either DNA or protein sequences as input; results can be customized for
three different commercial mutagenesis kits; straightforward user interface,
Cons No data on evaluation and user feedback;
Note In OBRC

Resources for PCR Primer or Oligo Analysis
v  AutoDimer
v  IDT OligoAnalyzer 3.0
v  PUNS
v  NCBI BLAST
v  UCSC In-Silico PCR

Web Site:
http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div831/strbase/AutoDimerHomepage/AutoDimerProgramHomepage.htm
More Info:
– AutoDimer
Name AutoDimer -- a screening tool for primer-dimer and hairpin structures
Type Web-based or desktop software
Key Functions Rapidly screen PCR primers for primer-dimer and hairpin interactions in short
DNA oligomers (< 30 nucleotides)
Publication Info Biotechniques 2004
Times Cited 17
Pros Suited for screening multiplex PCR primers; output has alignment;
Cons Requires manually formatted primers file as input; crude web layout; the web-
based version is limited 100 sequences/run and maximum oligomer length of
75 nucleotides or less.
Note In OBRC

Web Site:
http://www.idtdna.com/analyzer/Applications/OligoAnalyzer/
Online Instruction:
http://www.idtdna.com/Analyzer/Applications/Instructions/Default.aspx?AnalyzerInstructions=true
–IDT OligoAnalyzer 3.0
Name IDT OligoAnalyzer 3.0
Key Functions Analyze primer/oligo sequence and structure.
Times Cited n/a
Pros Includes analysis of hairpins, self-dimer, heterodimer; customizable
primer/oligo and salt concentrations; many options for various sequence
modifications; direct submission for NCBI BLAST; allows direct order of
primer/oligo;
Cons No evaluation data.
Note

Web Site:
http://okeylabimac.med.utoronto.ca/PUNS/
More Info:
Resources for PCR Primer Specificity Analysis
– PUNS
Name PUNS -- Transcriptomic- and genomic-in silico PCR for enhanced primer
design
Type Web-based or desktop software (Windows, Linux)
Key Functions Use in silico PCR to verify primer specificity by comparing the primers against
the entire transcriptome/genome and looking for alternate binding and potential
alternate amplicons. Particularly suited for the identification of highly selective
primers for quantitative microarray validation;
Times Cited 4
Pros Focuses on primer specificity analysis; capable of design cross-species primers;
uses pre-designed primers as input; good online documentation
Cons For specificity check against transcriptome, works only with model organisms
whose transcriptome info are available in UniGene; requires special input file
format; unnecessary complicated interface;
Note in OBRC

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi?PAGE=Nucleotides&PROGRAM=blastn&MEGABLAST=on&BLAST_PROGRAMS=megaBlast&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&SHOW_DEFAULTS=on
Resources for PCR Primer Specificity Analysis
– NCBI BLAST

http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgPcr?db=mm9
Resources for PCR Primer Mapping
– UCSC In-Silico PCR

http://www.bioinformatics.org/sms2/pcr_products.html
http://www.bioinformatics.org/sms2/index.html
Resources for PCR Primer Mapping/Amplicon Size
– SMS Tool

Please evaluate this workshop to help me improving
future presentations:
http://www.zoomerang.com/survey.zgi?p=WEB2277FTDR3AJ
Have questions or comments about this workshop?
Please contact:
Yi-Bu Chen, Ph.D.
Bioinformatics Specialist
Norris Medical Library
University of Southern California
323-442-3309
yibuchen@belen.hsc.usc.edu

Primer Design Tools for Multiplex PCR
v  MultiPLX
v  PrimerStation

Primer Design Tools for Multiplex PCR–
MultiPLX
Web Site:
http://bioinfo.ebc.ee/multiplx/
More Info:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15598831
Name MultiPLX -- automatic grouping and evaluation of PCR primers
Type Web-based or desktop software (Windows, Linux)
Key Functions Automatic grouping large number of PCR primers pairs based on analysis of
primers properties and compatibilities.
Times Cited 2
Pros Capable of analyzing thousands of primers;
Cons Input requires specially formatted primer file; poor online documentation;
Note

Primer Design Tools for Multiplex PCR–
PrimerStation
Web Site:
http://ps.cb.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index.html
More Info:
Name PrimerStation -- a highly specific multiplex genomic PCR primer design
server for the human genome
Key Functions Design highly specific and accurate multiplex genomic PCR primer for human
genome.
Pros Uses multiple Genbank RefSeq ID or chromosomal coordinates as inputs;
allows exon-only amplification; options to avoid SNPs region or CA-repeats;
configurable settings for primer design;
Cons Only for human genome;
Note In OBRC

Resources for Microarray Probe Design
v  OligoWiz 2.0
v  ROSO
v  YODA

Web Site:
http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/OligoWiz2/
More Info:
http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/genetics/obrc/gene_expression/microarray_design_probes/
URL1118767631/info
Resources for Microarray Probe Design –OligoWiz 2.0
Name OligoWiz 2.0 -- integrating sequence feature annotation into the design of
microarray probes
Type Web-based client-server solution
Key Functions Perform intelligent design of oligonucleotides against a given set of target
sequences for DNA microarray application.
Times Cited 8
Pros The input sequence file can be in FASTA or annotation containing tab format;
integrated species database for reducing or eliminating cross-hybridizations; in
addition to probe selection according to a series of probe quality parameters,
cross-hybridization, Tm, position in transcript, probe folding and low-
complexity, the program facilitates automatic placement of probes relative to
the sequence annotation; evaluation study shows consistent hybridization
results; decent online user guide;
Cons Requires download/install Java-based Graphic User Interface
Note In OBRC

Web Site:
http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/roso/Home.php
More Info:
Resources for Microarray Probe Design –ROSO
Name ROSO -- Optimizing oligonucleotide probes for microarrays
Key Functions Design optimal oligonucleotide probe sets for microarrays.
Times Cited 23
Pros Uses FASTA formatted file for both targeted cDNA sequences and a
facultative external file containing sequences to be avoided in cross-
hybridization; the facultative files are provided for each model organisms,
customized facultative can be uploaded; settings for hybridization conditions
and probe secondary structures;
Cons No data on evaluation and user feedback;
Note

Web Site:
http://pathport.vbi.vt.edu/YODA/
More Info:
http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/8/1365
Resources for Microarray Probe Design –YODA
Name YODA -- selecting signature oligonucleotides
Type Desktop software
Key Functions Select signature sequences for microarray and other applications
Times Cited 15
Pros Cross-platform (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux); relies on a custom sequence
similarity search algorithm instead of BLAST to minimize false negatives;
supports multiple probe design goals including single-genome, multiple-
genome, pathogen-host and species/strain-identification; many configurable
parameters; uses FASTA formatted files for both targeted and avoided
sequences.
Cons Requires download and installation on local PC; no data on evaluation and user
feedback;
Note

PCR Primer Design Resources for SNPs and Genotyping Purposes
v  PrimerZ
v  MuPlex
v  SNPBox

PCR Primer Design Resources for SNPs and Genotyping Purposes
– PrimerZ
Web Site:
http://genepipe.ngc.sinica.edu.tw/primerz/beginDesign.do
More Info:
Name PrimerZ -- streamlined primer design for promoters, exons and
human/mouse SNPs
Key Functions Design PCR primers for promoters, exons, and human/mouse SNPs
Publication Info Nucleic Acid Research 2007
Pros Uses gene name, Ensembl ID, rs# as input; settings for amplicon region and
length, as well as PCR product sizes; allow batch rsSNP processing; frequently
updated; offers many advance design settings; interactive results output
Cons reported successful rate over 70%.
Note built on Primer3; in OBRC.

Web Site:
http://genomics14.bu.edu:8080/MuPlex/MuPlex.html
More Info:
PCR Primer Design Tools for SNPs and Genotyping Purposes–
MuPlex
Name MuPlex -- multi-objective multiplex PCR assay design
Key Functions Design primers for high-throughput multiplex PCR assays, including
genotyping.
Times Cited 7
Pros Input uses FASTA sequence/file; sequence with SNP brackets; allows masked
region; results of assay solutions emailed; many design options;
Cons No evaluation data
Note In OBRC; build on Primer3

Web Site:
http://www.snpbox.org/
More Info:
PCR Primer Design Tools for SNPs and Genotyping Purposes–
SNPBox
Name SNPbox: a modular software package for large-scale primer design
Key Functions Design PCR primers for large-scale amplification and sequencing projects
aimed at constructing single nucleotide polymorphisms maps; design of primer
sets for mutation analysis, STR marker genotyping and microarray oligos.
Publication Info NAR 2004/Bioinformatics 2005
Times Cited 5
Pros Uses GenBank ID or FASTA sequence file as input; no prior knowledge of
rsID needed; many design options; offers SNP; Exon and Saturation module;
Cons Interface not well designed; inconsistent server processing speed; requires
Adobe SVG viewer web browser plug-in for interactive results visualization.
Note In OBRC; build on Primer3;

Primer Design Tools for Degenerate PCR
v  Primaclade
v  GeneFisher2
v  CODEHOP

Primer Design Tools for Degenerate PCR– Primaclade
Web Site:
http://www.umsl.edu/services/kellogg/primaclade.html
More Info:
Name Primaclade -- a flexible tool to find conserved PCR primers across
multiple species
Key Functions Design degenerated PCR primers based on conserved regions from a multiple
species nucleotide alignment file
Times Cited 9
Pros Uses a multiple species nucleotide alignment file as input; accepts several
alignment format;
Cons May not work well when sequences in the alignment are > 29% divergent; does
not use IUPAC codes in the input alignment; last updated in 2004
Note Built on Primer3; in OBRC

Primer Design Tools for Degenerate PCR– GeneFisher2
Web Site:
http://bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/genefisher2/
More Info: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?
Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8877506
Name GeneFisher2 – an interactive tool for designing degenerate PCR primers
flexible tool to find conserved PCR primers across multiple species
Key Functions Design degenerated PCR primers based on conserved regions among multiple
DNA or protein sequences
Publication Info Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol. 1996
Times Cited 38
Pros Uses but does not require pre-aligned sequences; integrated alignment tools to
align starting sequences; accepts both DNA and protein sequences;
Cons Only accepts FASTA format alignment; no evaluation data;
Note Built on Primer3;

Primer Design Tools for Degenerate PCR– CODEHOP
Web Site:
http://blocks.fhcrc.org/codehop.html
More Info:
Name CODEHOP (COnsensus-DEgenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primer)
PCR primer design
Key Functions Design degenerate PCR primers based on multiple protein sequences
alignments
Publication Info Nucleic Acids Research 2003
Times Cited 37
Pros Widely cited with many successful applications; settings for genetic code and
codon usage;
Cons Requires local multiple alignment as input and must be in Blocks Database
format;
Note In OBRC

Primer Design Resources for Methylation PCR
v  MethPrimer
v  methBLAST and methPrimerDB
v  BiSearch
v  PerlPrimer

Primer Design Resources for Methylation PCR–
MethPrimer
Web Site:
http://www.urogene.org/methprimer/
More Info:
Name MethPrimer: designing primers for methylation PCRs
Key Functions Design primers for methylation-specific, bisulfite-sequencing PCR, or bisulfite-
restriction PCR assays.
Times Cited 123
Pros Widely used; uses DNA sequence in any format as input; no need to modify
sequences; very simple interface; settings for primers; output includes graphics
and sequence alignment; fast processing
Cons n/a
Note Build on Primer3; in OBRC;

Primer Design Tools for Methylation PCR–
methBLAST and methPrimerDB
methPrimerDB Web Site:
http://medgen.ugent.be/methprimerdb/
methBLAST Web Site:
http://medgen.ugent.be/methBLAST/
More Info:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/7/496
Name methBLAST and methPrimerDB: web-tools for PCR based methylation
analysis
Key Functions methPrimerDB for validated PCR primers for DNA methylation analysis;
methBLAST for in silico assessment of primer specificity in PCR based
methylation assays.
Publication Info BMC Bioinformatics 2006
Pros Search validated primers by gene name with organism limit; in silico PCR
using bisulfite converted DNA as input;
Cons Only 243 primer sets available in the methPrimerDB (as of Oct. 2007)
Note in OBRC; from the same group of MethPrimer

BiSearch
Web Site:
http://bisearch.enzim.hu/
More Info:
Name BiSearch: primer-design and search tool for PCR on bisulfite-treated
genomes
Key Functions Design primers for both bisulfite-treated and native DNA templates.
Publication Info NAR 2005, BMC Bioinformatics 2006, Methods Mol Biol 2007
Times Cited 8
Pros Uses plain text formatted sequence as input; integrated high-speed ePCR tool
for fast detection of mispriming sites and alternative PCR products in cDNA
libraries and native or bisulfite-treated genomes; tools for calculating primer
Tm and scores; configurable designing/scoring parameters; fast server;
Cons ePCR only available for 4 native/bisufite-treated mammalian genomes.
Note

PerlPrimer
Web Site:
More Info:
Times Cited 8
detection;
comprehensive).
Note In OBRC

Useful web sites for design degenerate PCR primers
http://boneslab.bio.ntnu.no/degpcrshortguide.htm
http://info.med.yale.edu/mbb/koelle/protocols/protocol_degenerate_PCR.html
http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za//pcroptim.htm#Degenerate
http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Molecular_Biology/PCR/Degenerate_PCR/
http://cgat.ukm.my/protease/degpcr.html

Pcr primer design

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Pcr primer design