This document summarizes recent evidence on medical treatments, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for stable coronary artery disease. Key findings include:
1) Large clinical trials found no significant difference in outcomes between PCI and optimal medical therapy for stable CAD patients.
2) CABG was shown to reduce mortality, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization compared to medical therapy or PCI for multi-vessel disease.
3) For left main coronary artery disease, CABG may be preferable to PCI for patients with high anatomical complexity scores.
4) Ongoing trials like ISCHEMIA are further evaluating optimal revascularization strategies for stable CAD patients with ischemia.
http://www.theheart.org/web_slides/1416535.do
A trial to compare Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Guiding PCI in Patients with Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease II
http://www.theheart.org/web_slides/1416535.do
A trial to compare Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Guiding PCI in Patients with Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease II
Clinical and Angiographic Predictors of No-Reflow Phenomenon after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients; Mansoura Experience
Clinical and Angiographic Predictors of No-Reflow Phenomenon after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients; Mansoura Experience
Impact of statins and beta-blocker therapy on mortality after coronary artery...Paul Schoenhagen
Background: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients after first-time isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and assessed the impact of a discharge regimen including beta-blockers and statin therapy and their relationship to long-term all cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).
Methods: We identified patients age >18 years, undergoing first time isolated CABG from 1993 to 2005. Patients were identified using the Cardiovascular Information Registry (CVIR). We collected follow-up information at 30, 60, 90 days and yearly follow-up. The registry is approved for use in research by the institutional review broad.
Results: We identified 5,205 patients who underwent single isolated CABG between January 1993 and December 2005. The mean age was 64.5±9.7 years and over 70% were male. There was a significant difference in the low density lipoproteins (LDL) concentration between those with or without statin medications (134±41.9 mg/dL) (no statin) vs. 126±44.8 mg/dL (with statin), P=0.001. A discharge regimen with statin therapy was associated with and overall reduction in 30 day, 1 year and long-term mortality. In addition, overall the triple ischemic endpoint of death, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke was also significantly lower in the statin vs. no-statin group. In addition, statin and beta-blockers exerted synergistic effect on overall mortality outcomes short-term and in the long-term. We note that the predictors of overall death include no therapy with statin therapy and age [hazard ratios (HR) 1.1, 95% CI: 1.04-1.078, P<0.001] and presence of renal failure (HR 2.0, P=0.005). The estimated 11-year Kaplan Meier curves for mortality between the two groups starts to diverge immediately post discharge after single isolated CABG and continue to diverge through out the follow-up period.
Conclusions: A post-discharge regimen of statins independently reduces overall and 1 year mortality. These results confirm those of earlier studies within a contemporary surgical population and support the current clinical guidelines.
Impact of statins and beta-blocker therapy on mortality after coronary artery...Paul Schoenhagen
Abstract
Background: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients after first-time isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and assessed the impact of a discharge regimen including beta-blockers and statin therapy and their relationship to long-term all cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).
Methods: We identified patients age >18 years, undergoing first time isolated CABG from 1993 to 2005. Patients were identified using the Cardiovascular Information Registry (CVIR). We collected follow-up information at 30, 60, 90 days and yearly follow-up. The registry is approved for use in research by the institutional review broad.
Results: We identified 5,205 patients who underwent single isolated CABG between January 1993 and December 2005. The mean age was 64.5±9.7 years and over 70% were male. There was a significant difference in the low density lipoproteins (LDL) concentration between those with or without statin medications (134±41.9 mg/dL) (no statin) vs. 126±44.8 mg/dL (with statin), P=0.001. A discharge regimen with statin therapy was associated with and overall reduction in 30 day, 1 year and long-term mortality. In addition, overall the triple ischemic endpoint of death, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke was also significantly lower in the statin vs. no-statin group. In addition, statin and beta-blockers exerted synergistic effect on overall mortality outcomes short-term and in the long-term. We note that the predictors of overall death include no therapy with statin therapy and age [hazard ratios (HR) 1.1, 95% CI: 1.04-1.078, P<0.001] and presence of renal failure (HR 2.0, P=0.005). The estimated 11-year Kaplan Meier curves for mortality between the two groups starts to diverge immediately post discharge after single isolated CABG and continue to diverge through out the follow-up period.
Conclusions: A post-discharge regimen of statins independently reduces overall and 1 year mortality. These results confirm those of earlier studies within a contemporary surgical population and support the current clinical guidelines.
Coronary heart disease is best addressed by a comprehensive approach aimed at halting atherosclerotic disease and reducing the risk of thrombosis. Unfortunately, our success in optimal risk factor modification in patients with stable CHD remains poor: only 41% of patients achieved all basic goals in the recent ISCHEMIA trial, with success rates likely even lower outside the rigorous clinical trial context. A greater focus on achieving prevention goals in patients with CHD will have a substantial impact on patient outcome and rates of hospitalization and more resources and incentives should be allocated for improved secondary prevention.
The ISCHEMIA trial suggests that even selected, high-risk patients with extensive ischemic burden do not benefit from revascularization barring unacceptable angina despite OMT. As ISCHEMIA excluded patients with unacceptable angina, advanced heart failure, and those with unprotected left main disease, our evaluation may be geared to identify such patients for consideration of revascularization alongside an initial strategy of OMT.
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease of the arterial circulation, with focal areas of more severe manifestation. From an imaging standpoint, the paradigm of ischemia testing may have come to an end. Recent evidence from COURAGE, PROMISE, SCOT-HEART, and ISCHEMIA has demonstrated that functional testing for inducible myocardial ischemia is inferior to anatomic assessment for risk stratifying and managing patients with suspected or known CHD. Consistent with a large body of evidence, risk from CHD is mediated by the extent of atherosclerotic disease burden and not by the extent of inducible ischemia. Given that 55% of patients had nonobstructive CHD by CT in PROMISE, which was associated with 77% of cardiovascular deaths and myocardial infarctions at follow-up, there is immense opportunity to impact the disease at an earlier stage in a very large population of patients with occult CHD.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention [PCI] has been a revolutionary advance in cardiology, and many lives have been saved as a result of the widespread application of primary PCI. However, elective PCI has not yet been proven to save lives or reduce the risk of myocardial infarction. Despite this lack of
evidence, elective PCI has been misused and in some cases, abused for nonmedical reasons. The considerable cost of elective PCI can be reduced, and the resources could potentially be utilized for better public health outcomes. The following.article intends to highlight the lack of evidence supporting the use of elective PCI, which is a problem not only in North America and Europe but also throughout the world.
Better regulation of the elective PCI procedure could reduce health care expenditures and divert resources to cardiovascular disease prevention.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. • Medical treatments of coronary artery disease have improved
in the past decade because of the availability of statins,
effective blood pressure lowering drugs and antiplatelet
agents.
• In addition, improvements in PCI have revolutionised the
management of high risk people with acute myocardial
infarction (primary PCI and rescue PCI), non-ST elevation
myocardial infarction and unstable angina.
• The use of stents, together with antiplatelet and
antithrombotic treatments, has reduced procedural
complications and made PCI safer.
3. • DESs have reduced restenosis after PCI, although they
increase late stent thrombosis, for which long term dual
antiplatelet treatment is required.
• Improvements in coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery have
been slow because only a few randomised controlled trials
have been performed.
• Surgeons still debate the benefits of off-pump CABG (beating
heart surgery) versus on-pump surgery, and whether double
internal mammary artery grafts are superior to single internal
mammary grafting.
4. • IHD represents as a dynamic continuum of disease with a
variable natural history that may, over decades, encompass
many phases of clinical expression ranging from asymptomatic
periods, development of chronic exertional angina,
subsequent quiescent periods, progression to accelerating
angina, and culmination in unstable angina, acute MI, or
sudden cardiac death.
• Therefore the approach to treatment should be tailored to the
individual patient’s clinical status.
5. Risk Stratification Based on Noninvasive Testing
2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/ STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic
heart disease: Circulation. 126:e354, 2012.
6. (Data from Califf RM, Armstrong PW, Carver JR, et al: Task Force 5: Stratification of patients into high-, medium-,
and low-risk subgroups for purposes of risk factor management. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:964, 1996.)
7. Patient Selection for Revascularization
• Each of the following considerations may be used to guide
decisions regarding the indications for as well as the approach
to revascularization:
– Presence and severity of symptoms
– Physiologic significance of the coronary lesions and other anatomic
considerations
– Extent of myocardial ischemia and the presence of LV dysfunction
– Other medical conditions that influence the risks associated with
percutaneous or surgical revascularization.
9. The 4.6-year cumulative primary-event rates were 19.0% in the PCI group and 18.5% in the
medical-therapy group (hazard ratio for the PCI group, 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87
to 1.27; P=0.62).
There were no significant differences between the PCI group and the medical-therapy group in
the composite of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke (20.0% vs. 19.5%; hazard ratio, 1.05;
95% CI, 0.87 to 1.27; P=0.62); hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (12.4% vs. 11.8%;
hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.37; P=0.56); or myocardial infarction (13.2% vs. 12.3%;
hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.43; P=0.33).
13. Recruitment was halted prematurely after enrollment of 1220 patients (888 who underwent
randomization and 332 enrolled in the registry) because of a significant between-group
difference in the percentage of patients who had a primary end-point event: 4.3% in the PCI
group and 12.7% in the medical-therapy group (hazard ratio with PCI, 0.32; 95% confidence
interval [CI], 0.19 to 0.53; P<0.001).
The difference was driven by a lower rate of urgent revascularization in the PCI group than in
the medical-therapy group (1.6% vs. 11.1%; hazard ratio, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.30; P<0.001);
in particular, in the PCI group, fewer urgent revascularizations were triggered by a myocardial
infarction or evidence of ischemia on electrocardiography (hazard ratio, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04 to
0.43; P<0.001).
14. • All patients were prescribed aspirin at a dose of 80 to 325 mg
daily, metoprolol at a dose of 50 to 200 mg daily (or any other
beta-1–selective blocker, alone or in combination with a
calcium-channel blocker or a long-acting nitrate), lisinopril (≥5
mg daily, or another angiotensin-converting–enzyme [ACE]
inhibitor or an angiotensin II–receptor blocker if the patient
had unacceptable side effects with the ACE inhibitor), and
atorvastatin (20 to 80 mg daily, or another statin of similar
potency alone or in combination with ezetimibe, to reduce
the low-density-lipoprotein [LDL] level to less than 70 mg per
deciliter [1.8 mmol per liter]).
15.
16.
17. 12 randomized clinical trials enrolling 7182 participants who fulfilled our inclusion criteria.
For the primary analyses, when compared with OMT, PCI was associated with no significant
improvement in mortality (risk ratio [RR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.71-1.01), cardiac death (RR, 0.71;
95% CI, 0.47-1.06), nonfatal myocardial infarction (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.70-1.24), or repeat
revascularization (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76-1.14), with consistent results over all follow-up time
points.
However, for freedom from angina, there was a significant improved outcome with PCI, as
compared with the OMT group (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.06-1.37), evident at all of the follow-up
time points.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Extended survival information was available for 1211 patients (53% of the original population).
The median duration of follow-up for all patients was 6.2 years (range, 0 to 15); the median
duration of follow-up for patients at the sites that permitted survival tracking was 11.9 years
(range, 0 to 15).
A total of 561 deaths (180 during the follow-up period in the original trial and 381 during the
extended follow-up period) occurred: 284 deaths (25%) in the PCI group and 277 (24%) in the
medical-therapy group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.21;
P=0.76).
25. The CABG group had significantly lower mortality than the medical treatment group at 5 years
(10.2 vs 15.8%; odds ratio 0.61 [95% CI 0.48-0.77], p = 0.0001), 7 years (15.8 vs 21.7%; 0.68
[0.56-0.83], p < 0.001), and 10 years (26.4 vs 30.5%; 0.83 [0.70-0.98]; p = 0.03). The risk
reduction was greater in patients with left main artery disease than in those with disease in
three vessels or one or two vessels (odds ratios at 5 years 0.32, 0.58, and 0.77, respectively).
26. Impact of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery versus Medical
Therapy on Survival
43. Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event rates at 1 year in LM patients were similar
for CABG and PCI (13.7% versus 15.8%; Delta2.1% [95% confidence interval -3.2% to 7.4%];
P=0.44). At 1 year, stroke was significantly higher in the CABG arm (2.7% versus 0.3%; Delta-
2.4% [95% confidence interval -4.2% to -0.1%]; P=0.009]), whereas repeat revascularization
was significantly higher in the PCI arm (6.5% versus 11.8%; Delta5.3% [95% confidence interval
1.0% to 9.6%]; P=0.02); there was no observed difference between groups for other end
points.
When patients were scored for anatomic complexity, those with higher baseline SYNTAX
scores had significantly worse outcomes with PCI than did patients with low or intermediate
SYNTAX scores.
44. Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event rates at 5 years was 36.9% in PCI
patients and 31.0% in CABG patients (hazard ratio, 1.23 [95% confidence interval, 0.95-1.59];
P=0.12).
Mortality rate was 12.8% and 14.6% in PCI and CABG patients, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.88
[95% confidence interval, 0.58-1.32]; P=0.53).
Stroke was significantly increased in the CABG group (PCI 1.5% versus CABG 4.3%; hazard ratio,
0.33 [95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.92]; P=0.03) and repeat revascularization in the PCI arm
(26.7% versus 15.5%; hazard ratio, 1.82 [95% confidence interval, 1.28-2.57]; P<0.01).
Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were similar between arms in patients with
low/intermediate SYNTAX scores but significantly increased in PCI patients with high scores
(≥33).
46. • ISCHEMIA is an NHLBI-funded international randomized controlled
trial comparing the effectiveness of two initial management
strategies in 8,000 patients with moderate or severe ischemia: an
invasive strategy with cardiac catheterization and optimal
revascularization plus OMT versus a conservative strategy with OMT
alone and cath reserved for patients who fail medical therapy.
• The primary aim of the ISCHEMIA trial is to determine whether the
invasive strategy will reduce cardiovascular death or nonfatal
myocardial infarction as compared with the conservative strategy.
• Patients who qualify on the basis of ischemia and have normal renal
function will undergo blinded coronary CT angiography (CCTA) to
exclude left main disease and to confirm the presence of
obstructive coronary artery disease prior to randomization.
• Eligible patients are then randomized to the invasive or
conservative strategy
47. • Accrual is projected to last 4 years with a minimum 1.5 years and
maximum 6 years of follow-up.
• Patients randomized to the invasive group will undergo optimal
revascularization—PCI or CABG—as recommended by the local
interventional cardiologist and cardiovascular surgeon based on
protocol recommendations.
• Patients randomized to the conservative strategy will be permitted
to undergo invasive management as needed for refractory angina
or acute coronary syndrome.
• The protocol is designed to minimize unnecessary cath in patients
randomized to the conservative strategy.
• The primary outcome measure is time to cardiovascular death or
nonfatal MI.
• Secondary outcome measures will include quality of life, cost-
effectiveness, and cardiovascular hospitalizations.
• Enrollment began in late 2012.
52. Revascularization to Improve Symptoms With Significant Anatomic (>50% Left Main
or >70% Non–Left Main CAD) or
Physiological (FFR <0.80) Coronary Artery Stenoses
53. Conclusions
• In patients with multivessel coronary disease, CABG does not
only lead to a dramatic reduction in repeat revascularization
and MACCE but also leads to a 27% reduction in long-term all-
cause mortality and a 42% reduction in MIs compared with
PCI.
• The benefits were not only observed in trials of diabetic
patients but also in trials where the great majority of patients
were nondiabetic.
• Use of bare-metal or drug-eluting stents did not alter the
mortality benefit.
• The three approaches should complement one another, not
compete.