This document discusses the importance of signal integrity simulations for PCB design. It emphasizes that simulations provide solutions to improve performance and reduce costs when done with the right metrics and quality models. Case studies demonstrate how simulations can show that expensive clock termination is not needed for a design or that stripline routing has too much crosstalk compared to microstrip. Good simulations rely on metrics like noise margin and timing margin to analyze waveforms as well as accurate transmission line and I/O buffer models.
1. The document discusses transmission line theory and parameters. Key topics covered include:
- Telegrapher's equation and circuit model for transmission lines
- Wave propagation and characteristic impedance calculations
- Reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio definitions
- Comparisons of transmission line, circuit, and field theories
2. Specific transmission line types are analyzed, including planar lines, coaxial cables. Equations are given for calculating the capacitance, conductance, inductance, resistance, and characteristic impedance of these common line configurations.
3. Simulation and modeling techniques for transmission lines are briefly mentioned, such as the transmission line matrix method for modeling microstrip lines in antennas and circuits.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Linear and digital ic applications Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains a past exam paper for a Linear and Digital IC Applications course. It consists of 8 multiple choice questions covering various topics related to operational amplifiers, timers, filters, and analog-to-digital converters. The questions test understanding of concepts like negative feedback, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, integrators, Schmitt triggers, phase locked loops, sampling, and successive approximation ADCs. Sample problems are provided to calculate gain, bandwidth, lock range, cutoff frequency, and output levels for various circuit configurations.
This document describes research on using mobile relays to improve connectivity for first responders. It discusses:
1) The need for reliable communication networks for first responders during incidents, as their radio systems often lose connectivity.
2) Using droppable wireless relays to extend the range of communication networks and improve connectivity between first responders and base stations.
3) Methods for optimally placing relays, including constrained placement using integer programming to minimize the number of relays needed, and unconstrained placement using a stitch-and-prune algorithm.
1. The document discusses transmission line theory and parameters. Key topics covered include:
- Telegrapher's equation and circuit model for transmission lines
- Wave propagation and characteristic impedance calculations
- Reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio definitions
- Comparisons of transmission line, circuit, and field theories
2. Specific transmission line types are analyzed, including planar lines, coaxial cables. Equations are given for calculating the capacitance, conductance, inductance, resistance, and characteristic impedance of these common line configurations.
3. Simulation and modeling techniques for transmission lines are briefly mentioned, such as the transmission line matrix method for modeling microstrip lines in antennas and circuits.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Linear and digital ic applications Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains a past exam paper for a Linear and Digital IC Applications course. It consists of 8 multiple choice questions covering various topics related to operational amplifiers, timers, filters, and analog-to-digital converters. The questions test understanding of concepts like negative feedback, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, integrators, Schmitt triggers, phase locked loops, sampling, and successive approximation ADCs. Sample problems are provided to calculate gain, bandwidth, lock range, cutoff frequency, and output levels for various circuit configurations.
This document describes research on using mobile relays to improve connectivity for first responders. It discusses:
1) The need for reliable communication networks for first responders during incidents, as their radio systems often lose connectivity.
2) Using droppable wireless relays to extend the range of communication networks and improve connectivity between first responders and base stations.
3) Methods for optimally placing relays, including constrained placement using integer programming to minimize the number of relays needed, and unconstrained placement using a stitch-and-prune algorithm.
The document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the mobile WiMAX physical layer under different communication channels and modulation techniques. It simulates BER and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models, which model six different channel conditions for varying terrain types. The performance is evaluated for different data rates and modulation schemes like BPSK and OFDMA under the SUI channel models.
Linear Ic Applications Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains questions from past exam papers for the subject "Linear IC Applications". It includes 8 questions related to topics like differential amplifiers, op-amps, filters, oscillators, timers, DACs, ADCs and multiplexers. Students are required to answer any 5 questions out of the 8 questions provided. The questions test the students' understanding of circuit analysis and design of various applications using linear integrated circuits.
Performances des turbo codes parallèles pour un canal satellite non linéaireRachidz
1) The document analyzes the performance of parallel concatenated codes (turbo codes) with iterative decoding for error correction on nonlinear satellite channels.
2) It simulates a digital satellite transmission system using parallel turbo codes with QPSK modulation.
3) The simulation evaluates how varying parameters like constraint length, interleaver size, and number of iterations affects the bit error rate performance of turbo codes compared to Viterbi decoding.
This document summarizes research on nonlinear microwave oscillators and their synchronization. Key points include:
1) A nonlinear microwave system was designed using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), splitter, mixer, and delay line to produce chaos.
2) Coupling two such systems bidirectionally with strength κ led to envelope synchronization between the tuning voltages when the filter bandwidth exceeded the VCO frequency difference.
3) Increasing the coupling strength κ showed initial evidence of phase synchronization between the RF signals, as measured by the decreasing difference between their phases φ1(t) and φ2(t).
4) Future work aims to improve the modeling of coupled systems and try unidirectional coupling with stronger
High-Performance In0.75Ga0.25As Implant-Free n-Type MOSFETs for Low Power App...ayubimoak
This document discusses high-performance implant-free (IF) n-type MOSFETs using an In0.75Ga0.25As channel for low power applications. Device simulations show that an IF InGaAs MOSFET with a 15nm gate length can achieve up to 1800 μA/μm drain current, 5100 μS/μm transconductance, and cutoff frequencies over 1600 GHz. The IF MOSFET structure avoids issues with channel doping and offers improved electrostatic control, enabling it to maintain high performance to shorter channel lengths compared to conventional MOSFETs.
Multiuser MIMO-OFDM simulation framework in MatlabPavel Loskot
Simulation framework for multiuser MIMO-OFDM over multipath fading channels. Also created a C-like pre-processor in Matlab to add flexibility in configuring the simulation prior its run.
The document discusses microwave filters and resonators. It covers:
1. Different types of resonators used in filters including LC resonators using inductors and capacitors, transmission line resonators using short or open circuited transmission lines, and cavity resonators using rectangular or circular waveguides.
2. Properties of filters like passband, stopband, insertion loss, and group delay.
3. Design of microwave filters including the insertion loss method, filter responses for low pass filters, impedance and frequency scaling, and applying the techniques to different filter types like low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filters.
Advantages of blackman window over hamming window method for designing fir fi...Subhadeep Chakraborty
This document discusses advantages of using the Blackman window over the Hamming window for designing finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It provides background on FIR filters and describes techniques for designing FIR filters, focusing on the Fourier series method and window technique. The document derives equations for the Hamming and Blackman windows and compares their frequency responses. It demonstrates how to realize an FIR filter by designing it using the Blackman and Hamming windows and comparing the output magnitude responses.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Warping Concept (iir filters-bilinear transformation method)ZunAib Ali
This document describes the bilinear transformation method for designing IIR filters. It begins by explaining that an analog filter design can be transformed into a digital filter design using the bilinear transformation. It then discusses the warping effect caused by this transformation at higher frequencies. To address this, the document presents the concept of prewarping analog filters so that the desired digital filter frequency responses are achieved after transformation. Finally, it outlines the general design procedure for lowpass filters using this method.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of different pilot-based channel estimation schemes for OFDM systems using QPSK and 16-QAM modulation over Rayleigh fading channels with Doppler frequency shifts. It compares block-type pilot arrangement, which inserts pilots into all subcarriers periodically, to comb-type arrangement, which inserts pilots into each symbol and requires interpolation. It evaluates channel estimation algorithms like LS, LMMSE, SVD for block pilots and linear, quadratic, and cubic spline interpolation for comb pilots. The goal is to analyze how bit error rate is affected by Doppler shifts. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to compare the schemes.
This document discusses infinite impulse response (IIR) filters in digital signal processing. IIR filters involve convolutions with both previous inputs and outputs, resulting in an impulse response that can theoretically be infinite in duration. However, in practice the impulse response dies off to a negligible level. IIR filters can be implemented in direct form I or direct form II structures, with direct form II requiring fewer delay elements. IIR filters are also often implemented as cascades or parallels of second order filter sections to minimize quantization errors and instability issues.
Ofdm sim-matlab-code-tutorial web for EE studentsMike Martin
This document describes an OFDM simulation using Matlab. It begins with an introduction to OFDM and its advantages for wireless communications. It then provides the mathematical equations for OFDM transmission and reception based on the DVB-T standard. The document outlines the steps to simulate OFDM transmission in Matlab, including generating OFDM symbols using an IFFT, adding a guard interval, pulse shaping, and upconverting to a carrier frequency. It also provides the equations and steps for simulating OFDM reception. Figures and tables are included to illustrate the simulation results and parameters.
This document discusses modeling techniques for passive interconnects based on reflectometer measurements. It presents several models of increasing complexity, from lumped LC to distributed lossy transmission line models. Measurement-based behavioral models using scattering parameters extracted from time-domain reflectometry data are proposed. Examples of modeling a coaxial cable and backplane connector using this approach are given. Good agreement is shown between models and actual reflectometer measurements, allowing accurate simulation of signal propagation effects.
INITIAL OBSERVATION RESULTS FOR PRECIPITATION ON THE KU-BAND BROADBAND RADAR ...grssieee
This document describes initial observation results from Japan's Ku-band Broadband Radar (Ku-BBR) Network. The Ku-BBR uses high-resolution pulse compression and wide bandwidth to achieve range resolution of a few meters. A network of these radars in the Osaka area allows for precipitation attenuation correction and high-resolution gridded data. Initial tests show the Ku-BBR provides accurate measurements of rainfall when compared to ground disdrometer measurements.
This document describes Syncob, a collaborative time synchronization technique for wireless sensor networks. Syncob allows nodes to synchronize by sending synchronization symbols simultaneously, averaging the offsets. This avoids conflicts between synchronization transmissions. The document motivates Syncob by describing applications requiring accurate synchronization like collaborative sensing and ultrasound location. It also discusses related work and outlines the Syncob algorithm, addressing issues like distributed operation, handling time shifts, and periodic resynchronization. An implementation on Particle sensor nodes achieves synchronization accuracy below 10 microseconds. Syncob is well-suited for sensor network applications involving fusion and coordination in mobile ad-hoc networks.
This document describes the design of an IIR filter using the LabVIEW graphical programming environment. It begins with an introduction to digital filters and IIR filters. It then discusses the different types of IIR filters including Butterworth, Chebyshev, inverse Chebyshev, and elliptic filters. The document presents the simulation of 4th order examples of each filter type using LabVIEW. It evaluates the performance and characteristics of each filter based on their frequency responses. The document concludes the IIR filter provides advantages over FIR filters for lower order designs and applications where linear phase response is not critical.
The document discusses the shift to 3D integrated circuit structures and the manufacturing and process control challenges involved. It describes how 3D NAND flash memory uses a vertically stacked structure to increase density in a cost-effective manner. Implementing FinFET transistors also builds vertically by using fin-shaped gates on three sides to improve performance. Significant challenges include precise control over multiple thin film depositions and complex etch processes needed for these 3D structures. Advanced metrology and inspection is required to monitor critical dimensions, material properties, defects and other parameters in three dimensions.
1. The document discusses the history and evolution of video and digital cinema cameras, from early analogue video to modern digital cinema cameras like the Red One that use large sensors and RAW formats.
2. It compares key differences between video and cinema cameras like sensor size, dynamic range, and processing.
3. Tips are provided for low-budget filmmakers, including using cameras like the Red One, Canon 5D MkII, or negotiating package deals for cinema lenses and post production. Avoiding tapes and unnecessary transcodes is also recommended.
This document provides specifications for the Samsung SCD-2020/2040 high resolution dome camera. Key details include:
- The camera has a 600TV line resolution and excellent low light sensitivity of 0.15 lux.
- It has a 1/3" Super HAD CCD imaging device with 811x508 or 795x596 total pixels.
- Additional features include 3-axis mechanical design, SSNRIII noise reduction, OSD control, and dual voltage input.
This document discusses signal integrity issues in digital systems. It covers topics like reflections, crosstalk, transmission line characteristics, eye diagrams and analysis tools. Reflections can cause problems like ringing at interconnect boundaries due to impedance mismatches. Crosstalk is unwanted coupling between signal lines and can reduce noise margins. Transmission lines are characterized by parameters like impedance and delay. Eye diagrams are used to analyze signal quality by superimposing waveforms. Analysis tools include oscilloscopes, TDR and simulating eye diagrams with long pseudorandom bit sequences. Maintaining signal integrity requires careful design of transmission line structures, termination, limiting crosstalk and avoiding interference between symbols.
Cat5 To 10gig Convergence Makes Cabling An Assetus056444
The document discusses how convergence of technologies and the proliferation of IP devices is driving demand for higher performance cabling systems. It notes that Category 5e cabling provides better crosstalk and attenuation specifications than Category 5 cabling to help ensure networks can support emerging applications like Gigabit Ethernet that are pushing the limits of existing infrastructure. Upgrading to an enhanced Category 5e system can help networks support greater bandwidth needs both now and in the future.
The document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the mobile WiMAX physical layer under different communication channels and modulation techniques. It simulates BER and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models, which model six different channel conditions for varying terrain types. The performance is evaluated for different data rates and modulation schemes like BPSK and OFDMA under the SUI channel models.
Linear Ic Applications Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains questions from past exam papers for the subject "Linear IC Applications". It includes 8 questions related to topics like differential amplifiers, op-amps, filters, oscillators, timers, DACs, ADCs and multiplexers. Students are required to answer any 5 questions out of the 8 questions provided. The questions test the students' understanding of circuit analysis and design of various applications using linear integrated circuits.
Performances des turbo codes parallèles pour un canal satellite non linéaireRachidz
1) The document analyzes the performance of parallel concatenated codes (turbo codes) with iterative decoding for error correction on nonlinear satellite channels.
2) It simulates a digital satellite transmission system using parallel turbo codes with QPSK modulation.
3) The simulation evaluates how varying parameters like constraint length, interleaver size, and number of iterations affects the bit error rate performance of turbo codes compared to Viterbi decoding.
This document summarizes research on nonlinear microwave oscillators and their synchronization. Key points include:
1) A nonlinear microwave system was designed using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), splitter, mixer, and delay line to produce chaos.
2) Coupling two such systems bidirectionally with strength κ led to envelope synchronization between the tuning voltages when the filter bandwidth exceeded the VCO frequency difference.
3) Increasing the coupling strength κ showed initial evidence of phase synchronization between the RF signals, as measured by the decreasing difference between their phases φ1(t) and φ2(t).
4) Future work aims to improve the modeling of coupled systems and try unidirectional coupling with stronger
High-Performance In0.75Ga0.25As Implant-Free n-Type MOSFETs for Low Power App...ayubimoak
This document discusses high-performance implant-free (IF) n-type MOSFETs using an In0.75Ga0.25As channel for low power applications. Device simulations show that an IF InGaAs MOSFET with a 15nm gate length can achieve up to 1800 μA/μm drain current, 5100 μS/μm transconductance, and cutoff frequencies over 1600 GHz. The IF MOSFET structure avoids issues with channel doping and offers improved electrostatic control, enabling it to maintain high performance to shorter channel lengths compared to conventional MOSFETs.
Multiuser MIMO-OFDM simulation framework in MatlabPavel Loskot
Simulation framework for multiuser MIMO-OFDM over multipath fading channels. Also created a C-like pre-processor in Matlab to add flexibility in configuring the simulation prior its run.
The document discusses microwave filters and resonators. It covers:
1. Different types of resonators used in filters including LC resonators using inductors and capacitors, transmission line resonators using short or open circuited transmission lines, and cavity resonators using rectangular or circular waveguides.
2. Properties of filters like passband, stopband, insertion loss, and group delay.
3. Design of microwave filters including the insertion loss method, filter responses for low pass filters, impedance and frequency scaling, and applying the techniques to different filter types like low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filters.
Advantages of blackman window over hamming window method for designing fir fi...Subhadeep Chakraborty
This document discusses advantages of using the Blackman window over the Hamming window for designing finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It provides background on FIR filters and describes techniques for designing FIR filters, focusing on the Fourier series method and window technique. The document derives equations for the Hamming and Blackman windows and compares their frequency responses. It demonstrates how to realize an FIR filter by designing it using the Blackman and Hamming windows and comparing the output magnitude responses.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Warping Concept (iir filters-bilinear transformation method)ZunAib Ali
This document describes the bilinear transformation method for designing IIR filters. It begins by explaining that an analog filter design can be transformed into a digital filter design using the bilinear transformation. It then discusses the warping effect caused by this transformation at higher frequencies. To address this, the document presents the concept of prewarping analog filters so that the desired digital filter frequency responses are achieved after transformation. Finally, it outlines the general design procedure for lowpass filters using this method.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of different pilot-based channel estimation schemes for OFDM systems using QPSK and 16-QAM modulation over Rayleigh fading channels with Doppler frequency shifts. It compares block-type pilot arrangement, which inserts pilots into all subcarriers periodically, to comb-type arrangement, which inserts pilots into each symbol and requires interpolation. It evaluates channel estimation algorithms like LS, LMMSE, SVD for block pilots and linear, quadratic, and cubic spline interpolation for comb pilots. The goal is to analyze how bit error rate is affected by Doppler shifts. Simulations are conducted in MATLAB to compare the schemes.
This document discusses infinite impulse response (IIR) filters in digital signal processing. IIR filters involve convolutions with both previous inputs and outputs, resulting in an impulse response that can theoretically be infinite in duration. However, in practice the impulse response dies off to a negligible level. IIR filters can be implemented in direct form I or direct form II structures, with direct form II requiring fewer delay elements. IIR filters are also often implemented as cascades or parallels of second order filter sections to minimize quantization errors and instability issues.
Ofdm sim-matlab-code-tutorial web for EE studentsMike Martin
This document describes an OFDM simulation using Matlab. It begins with an introduction to OFDM and its advantages for wireless communications. It then provides the mathematical equations for OFDM transmission and reception based on the DVB-T standard. The document outlines the steps to simulate OFDM transmission in Matlab, including generating OFDM symbols using an IFFT, adding a guard interval, pulse shaping, and upconverting to a carrier frequency. It also provides the equations and steps for simulating OFDM reception. Figures and tables are included to illustrate the simulation results and parameters.
This document discusses modeling techniques for passive interconnects based on reflectometer measurements. It presents several models of increasing complexity, from lumped LC to distributed lossy transmission line models. Measurement-based behavioral models using scattering parameters extracted from time-domain reflectometry data are proposed. Examples of modeling a coaxial cable and backplane connector using this approach are given. Good agreement is shown between models and actual reflectometer measurements, allowing accurate simulation of signal propagation effects.
INITIAL OBSERVATION RESULTS FOR PRECIPITATION ON THE KU-BAND BROADBAND RADAR ...grssieee
This document describes initial observation results from Japan's Ku-band Broadband Radar (Ku-BBR) Network. The Ku-BBR uses high-resolution pulse compression and wide bandwidth to achieve range resolution of a few meters. A network of these radars in the Osaka area allows for precipitation attenuation correction and high-resolution gridded data. Initial tests show the Ku-BBR provides accurate measurements of rainfall when compared to ground disdrometer measurements.
This document describes Syncob, a collaborative time synchronization technique for wireless sensor networks. Syncob allows nodes to synchronize by sending synchronization symbols simultaneously, averaging the offsets. This avoids conflicts between synchronization transmissions. The document motivates Syncob by describing applications requiring accurate synchronization like collaborative sensing and ultrasound location. It also discusses related work and outlines the Syncob algorithm, addressing issues like distributed operation, handling time shifts, and periodic resynchronization. An implementation on Particle sensor nodes achieves synchronization accuracy below 10 microseconds. Syncob is well-suited for sensor network applications involving fusion and coordination in mobile ad-hoc networks.
This document describes the design of an IIR filter using the LabVIEW graphical programming environment. It begins with an introduction to digital filters and IIR filters. It then discusses the different types of IIR filters including Butterworth, Chebyshev, inverse Chebyshev, and elliptic filters. The document presents the simulation of 4th order examples of each filter type using LabVIEW. It evaluates the performance and characteristics of each filter based on their frequency responses. The document concludes the IIR filter provides advantages over FIR filters for lower order designs and applications where linear phase response is not critical.
The document discusses the shift to 3D integrated circuit structures and the manufacturing and process control challenges involved. It describes how 3D NAND flash memory uses a vertically stacked structure to increase density in a cost-effective manner. Implementing FinFET transistors also builds vertically by using fin-shaped gates on three sides to improve performance. Significant challenges include precise control over multiple thin film depositions and complex etch processes needed for these 3D structures. Advanced metrology and inspection is required to monitor critical dimensions, material properties, defects and other parameters in three dimensions.
1. The document discusses the history and evolution of video and digital cinema cameras, from early analogue video to modern digital cinema cameras like the Red One that use large sensors and RAW formats.
2. It compares key differences between video and cinema cameras like sensor size, dynamic range, and processing.
3. Tips are provided for low-budget filmmakers, including using cameras like the Red One, Canon 5D MkII, or negotiating package deals for cinema lenses and post production. Avoiding tapes and unnecessary transcodes is also recommended.
This document provides specifications for the Samsung SCD-2020/2040 high resolution dome camera. Key details include:
- The camera has a 600TV line resolution and excellent low light sensitivity of 0.15 lux.
- It has a 1/3" Super HAD CCD imaging device with 811x508 or 795x596 total pixels.
- Additional features include 3-axis mechanical design, SSNRIII noise reduction, OSD control, and dual voltage input.
This document discusses signal integrity issues in digital systems. It covers topics like reflections, crosstalk, transmission line characteristics, eye diagrams and analysis tools. Reflections can cause problems like ringing at interconnect boundaries due to impedance mismatches. Crosstalk is unwanted coupling between signal lines and can reduce noise margins. Transmission lines are characterized by parameters like impedance and delay. Eye diagrams are used to analyze signal quality by superimposing waveforms. Analysis tools include oscilloscopes, TDR and simulating eye diagrams with long pseudorandom bit sequences. Maintaining signal integrity requires careful design of transmission line structures, termination, limiting crosstalk and avoiding interference between symbols.
Cat5 To 10gig Convergence Makes Cabling An Assetus056444
The document discusses how convergence of technologies and the proliferation of IP devices is driving demand for higher performance cabling systems. It notes that Category 5e cabling provides better crosstalk and attenuation specifications than Category 5 cabling to help ensure networks can support emerging applications like Gigabit Ethernet that are pushing the limits of existing infrastructure. Upgrading to an enhanced Category 5e system can help networks support greater bandwidth needs both now and in the future.
This document provides an overview of signal integrity (SI) and discusses various SI topics including transmission line theory, time domain analysis, frequency domain analysis, equalization techniques, and high speed interfaces. It begins with defining SI and its importance. It then covers transmission line theory concepts such as lossy and lossless lines, single-ended and differential signaling. The document discusses time domain analysis methods like eye patterns, jitter, setup/hold times and rise/fall times. Frequency domain analysis methods such as S-parameters, insertion loss, return loss, and crosstalk are also outlined. Finally, it briefly introduces some common high speed interfaces including DDR, SAS, SATA, USB, and PCIe.
This document discusses crosstalk measurements for signal integrity applications. It begins with an introduction to crosstalk, including a brief history, definition, why it is important, and types of crosstalk. It then covers measurement methods for crosstalk, including time domain and frequency domain measurements. Frequency domain measurements using a vector network analyzer are highlighted as they provide accurate, high dynamic range characterization of crosstalk. The document stresses the importance of crosstalk characterization given increasing data rates and device densities.
The document discusses minimizing crosstalk in VLSI routing. It begins with an overview of routing and discusses global routing versus detailed routing. It then covers crosstalk effects, including inductive and capacitive coupling between wires. Approaches to avoid crosstalk include segregating wires, increasing spacing, assigning wires to different layers, and estimating and minimizing crosstalk during routing. Techniques for detailed routing include net ordering, layer assignment, and rip-up and reroute to meet crosstalk constraints.
High speed PCB design faces several challenges: ensuring system timing, maintaining waveform integrity, avoiding crosstalk, and controlling power/ground stability and EMI. Cadence addresses these with a PCB design flow including functional verification, exploration, floorplanning, high-speed layout, and simulation using tools like SPECCTRAQuest and Allegro. The full flow supports both digital and analog design from IC to board.
Signal Integrity - A Crash Course [R Lott]Ryan Lott
This document provides an introduction to signal integrity for interconnects. It discusses typical interconnects like PCB traces, cables, and connectors and the signal integrity problems they can cause, such as loss, reflections, crosstalk, and ringing. It also introduces concepts like characteristic impedance, frequency-dependent loss, and how signals propagate as electromagnetic waves. Measurement techniques like S-parameters and using a vector network analyzer are discussed as ways to characterize devices in the frequency domain.
This document discusses the importance of using accurate models and metrics in signal integrity simulations to optimize PCB design performance and reduce costs. It provides examples of how simulations can show that expensive clock termination resistors or thicker PCB stacks are not needed, saving money. Metrics like noise margin and timing margin are needed to analyze waveform quality. Good models of transmission lines, I/O buffers, and packages are also important for accurate results. The key is using both high-quality models and performance metrics in simulations to validate designs before production.
This document outlines different types of MOS inverters used in integrated circuits. It discusses 7 main types: resistive load inverter, enhancement mode device (EMD) inverter, depletion mode device (DMD) inverter, CMOS inverter, pseudo CMOS inverter, BiCMOS inverter, and dynamic MOS inverter. For each type, it provides the circuit configuration, operating principles, advantages and disadvantages. It also gives examples of inverter symbols and their truth tables. The document aims to explain the basic concepts of MOS inverter design.
vlsi qb.docx imprtant questions for all unitsnitcse
This document contains a question bank for the course EC3352: VLSI & Chip Design. It includes questions related to MOS transistor operation, CMOS logic, layout design rules, I-V characteristics, delay modeling, scaling concepts, and CMOS fabrication processes. Key topics covered are threshold voltage, body effect, latch-up, twin tub process, SOI process, Elmore delay model, logical effort, critical paths, and layout design rules such as lambda-based rules. Sample questions assess understanding of MOSFET parameters, transfer characteristics, non-ideal effects, noise margins, rise/fall times, and stick diagrams. Layout aspects include designing a 2-input NAND gate and explaining P-well and n
The document contains interview questions and answers related to CMOS design. Some key topics covered include:
1. Latch-up and how it can permanently damage a device due to excessive current flow.
2. NAND gates are preferred over NOR gates in fabrication due to higher electron mobility and lower gate leakage in NAND structures.
3. Noise margin is the minimum amount of noise that can be allowed on the input without affecting the output.
Proposals for Memristor Crossbar Design and ApplicationsBlaise Mouttet
This document discusses potential applications of memristor crossbar arrays. It begins by outlining desirable manufacturing goals for memristor crossbars, such as being compatible with standard techniques and materials. It then discusses two types of crossbar designs - nanowire vs microscale wire - and presents a design incorporating pn junctions. Several potential applications are described, including programmable drive waveforms, pattern recognition, field programmable analog arrays, arithmetic optimization problems, and signal mixing. Advantages of using crossbars for these applications include combining memory and processing, adaptability, and efficient solutions to problems not addressed by conventional hardware.
This document describes a software-defined radio system called Longear that was developed by Wavenetix over 3 years for high dynamic range signal collection and processing of OFDMA signals. The system uses joint detection and iterative interference cancellation algorithms to distinguish signals that are only a few dB apart. It processes signals in both acquisition and post-processing modes using a multithreaded software architecture. Field tests showed the system could detect signals separated by as little as 5-9 dB without interference cancellation, and up to 30 dB with serial interference cancellation enabled. Wavenetix offers this and other wireless testing technologies and services to equipment manufacturers and wireless operators.
IBIS MODELING FOR WIDEBAND EMC APPLICATIONSPiero Belforte
1) The document discusses electrical modeling techniques for predicting signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic emissions from printed circuit boards. Accurate models of device I/O characteristics are needed that consider minimum and maximum parameter values.
2) Measuring the dynamic transfer function (DTF) of device I/O using a time domain reflectometer is important for modeling the high frequency behavior that influences electromagnetic emissions, even for low speed circuits.
3) With an accurate DTF measurement and statistical ranges for key parameters, the models can correctly simulate signals and match measured emission levels, validating the modeling approach for design stage EMC predictions.
This document discusses synchronization issues that can arise in designs with multiple clock domains and presents techniques for reliably handling clock domain crossings. It describes how metastability can occur during data transfers between clock domains and impact reliability. Advanced synchronization techniques using synchronization IP blocks and EDA tools are recommended to automatically handle clock domain crossings in a correct-by-design manner and verify the design is sign off-ready. Synchronization is a critical part of most modern chip designs that must be carefully analyzed and validated.
This document presents the design of a high performance folded cascade OTA and sample and hold circuit. The OTA is designed to achieve 10-bit resolution while operating at a 28 MHz sampling frequency. Simulation results show the OTA achieves a high open loop gain of 72 dB and bandwidth of 112 MHz, with a phase margin of 73 degrees. A low resistance transmission gate switch is designed to reduce charge injection and clock feedthrough effects during sampling. The circuit is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology.
Training Course_5G RAN3.0 mmWave Beam Management.pptxgame__over
This document describes Huawei's 5G RAN 3.0 mmWave beam management solution. It introduces basic beam management which manages analog beams for cell-level synchronization signal/physical random access channel (SSB/PRACH) beams and user equipment (UE)-level channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) beams. It also describes a 3D coverage pattern solution which can configure different SSB beam patterns to meet capacity-oriented or coverage-oriented deployment scenarios. The solution provides flexible beam configuration to optimize network performance for various usage scenarios.
Analog and digital circuit design in 65 nm CMOS end of the road.docxZHKhan15
This document summarizes challenges in analog and digital circuit design for 65nm CMOS technology. It discusses how leakage currents, process variability, and interconnect delays increase as technologies scale down, posing new problems. A panel of experts will discuss whether 65nm marks the "end of the road" for continued design benefits from technology scaling or if issues can be addressed.
The document discusses the challenges of scaling to smaller nanometer process nodes. Key challenges include increasing complexity, lithography limitations, atomic variability leading to power and timing unpredictability, rising power density, and rising costs of testing. Interconnect delays also increase as feature sizes shrink. Future designs will require more heterogeneous integration of digital and analog/RF circuits. Scaling will continue to drive the need for more advanced EDA tools that can handle complexity and optimize for goals like power that impact reliability. The document promotes the Galaxy implementation platform as providing the right techniques and automation to address these nanometer challenges.
Clipper circuits were studied including series, parallel, and dual clipper configurations. Various clipper circuits were simulated using Multisim software and tested using hardware. Key aspects:
1) Series, parallel, and dual clipper circuits were designed to clip either the positive or negative portions of input signals.
2) Biased and unbiased clipper circuits were analyzed both in simulation and using hardware. External biasing was applied to parallel clipper circuits.
3) Input signals of 5V were clipped in various ways depending on the circuit configuration and applied biases. Output waveforms were observed on an oscilloscope.
4) Clipper circuits have applications in limiting signal amplitudes for applications like FM radio
CMOS Analog IC design by Dr GS Javed - Refresher Course - Batch 1Javed G S, PhD
Topics covered in the course
1. DC Biasing of the circuits
2. Circuits for reference voltage and current generation
-Voltage Regulator
-BGR
-LDO
-V-to-I
3. Precision Current References
4. Opamp design for Analog to digital converters
- OTA
- Buffer
- Unity Feedback OTA
- Layout design strategies – 2stage opamp + CMFB
5. Sense and Return mechanisms in Feedback circuits
- Current and Voltage circuits
6. Sub-Threshold Conduction
- Low voltage Operation
7. ADC Design and Simulation
-Near Nyquist performance of Opamp for ADC Circuits
-Spectral Analysis and No. of FFT Points for simulation
-Simulation time for performance
-Resistors – their variation and Calibration
-Switch design for S/H
-CDAC
8. On-Chip Inductors
Webinar Slides: Probing Techniques and Tradeoffs – What to Use and Whyteledynelecroy
Engineers must commonly probe low and high frequency signals with high signal fidelity. Typical passive probes with high input impedance and capacitance provide good response at lower frequencies, but inappropriately load the circuit and distort signals at higher frequencies.
Join Teledyne LeCroy for this webinar as we discuss:
- Selecting the right probing techniques to maximize the accuracy of your measurements
- Probe specifications and their implications on the measured signal
- Variety of probes and accessories available for measurement
- Virtual probing software tools that allow the user to probe the signal when direct access is physically impossible
The document discusses MOS transistor technology and CMOS logic circuits. It begins with an introduction to MOS transistors, including definitions of Moore's law, CMOS technology, and the advantages of CMOS over NMOS. It then covers MOS transistor characteristics, operating modes, and comparisons of NMOS/PMOS and enhancement/depletion devices. The document next discusses combination logic circuits, including definitions of Elmore delay model, types of power dissipation, and methods to reduce power. It also covers topics like transmission gates, pass transistors, and dynamic circuits.
This document provides an overview of the ASIC back-end design flow, including physical design steps like floorplanning, placement, clock tree synthesis, and routing. It describes how CAD tools like Astro are used to automate the complex physical design process and optimize a design for timing while meeting other constraints. Key aspects of the flow include floorplanning the design, performing timing-driven placement and routing, building clock trees, and verifying the final implementation against timing and functional requirements.
The document provides an overview of the ASIC back-end design flow, including physical design steps like floorplanning, timing driven placement, clock tree synthesis, and routing. It explains key concepts in physical design like standard cell libraries, placement, routing grids and tracks, and timing driven optimization. The document also discusses verification steps after physical design like formal verification to check logic equivalence and timing analysis using RC extraction and static timing analysis to check design constraints.
IOLTS 2019: Agressive Undervolting of FPGAs: Power and Reliability Trade-offsLEGATO project
In this work, we evaluate aggressive undervolting, i.e., voltage underscaling below the nominal level to reduce the energy consumption of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Usually, voltage guardbands are added by chip vendors to ensure the worst-case process and environmental scenarios. Through experimenting on several FPGA architectures, we con¿rm a large voltage guardband for several FPGA components, which in turn, delivers signi¿cant power savings. However, further undervolting below the voltage guardband may cause reliability issues as the result of the circuit delay increase, and faults might start to appear. We extensively characterize the behavior of these faults in terms of the rate, location, type, as well as sensitivity to environmental temperature, primarily focusing on FPGA on-chip memories, or Block RAMs (BRAMs). Understanding this behavior can allow to deploy ef¿cient mitigation techniques, and in turn, FPGA-based designs can be improved for better energy, reliability, and performance trade-offs. Finally, as a case study, we evaluate a typical FPGA-based Neural Network (NN) accelerator when the FPGA voltage is underscaled. In consequence, the substantial NN energy savings come with the cost of NN accuracy loss. To attain power savings without NN accuracy loss below the voltage guardband gap, we proposed an application-aware technique and we also, evaluated the built-in Error-Correcting Code (ECC) mechanism. Hence, First, we developed an application-dependent BRAMs placement technique that relies on the deterministic behavior of undervolting faults, and mitigates these faults by mapping the most reliability sensitive NN parameters to BRAM blocks that are relatively more resistant to undervolting faults. Second, as a more general technique, we applied the built-in ECC of BRAMs and observed a signi¿cant fault coverage capability thanks to the behavior of undervolting faults, with a negligible power consumption overhead.
This document discusses different interconnect timing models used to model delays caused by interconnects in integrated circuits. It describes lumped capacitor, transmission line, lumped RC, Elmore delay, distributed RC, and RLC models. The lumped capacitor and transmission line models treat interconnects as either purely capacitive or propagating waves, while the lumped RC, distributed RC, and RLC models account for resistive and inductive effects at higher frequencies. The Elmore delay model provides a simplified yet accurate way to calculate delays in RC networks. Overall, the choice of timing model depends on factors like the operating frequency and interconnect geometry.
1. Models and Metrics:
Get Your Signal Integrity
Simulations Right
Tim Coyle
President
Signal Consulting Group LLC
PCB Carolina 2010
Signal Consulting Group LL Copyright 2010
3. Outline
Why Signal Integrity Matters
How Simulations Provides Solutions
Why You Need Simulation Metrics
Good Simulations Have Good Models
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4. Why Do We Need to Simulate?
Faster edge rates makes interconnect look like transmission
lines
Increased frequencies starts to put digital design into RF
world
Ex. insertion loss
Simulations give you a window into what’s going on in a
system
Used at the right times it can save you from costly board spins
and failing products
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6. Need Metrics To Analyze Waveform
1. Overshoot: Too much voltage could damage component
2. Ringback: Signal must be kept out of threshold region (timing errors)
3. Settling Time: Too long and interferes with next transition (ISI)
4. Non-Monotonic Edge: Can cause timing errors (especially if clock)
1 3 VCC
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Noise margin VIH
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Noise margin VIL
2
1 3
Waveform at Receiver
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7. Metrics Include Timing and Noise
Setup Time: Data has to be valid for a minimum amount of time
before clock edge
Hold Time: Data has to be valid for a minimum amount of time
after clock edge
Clock
Data
Setup Hold
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8. Need Quality Models for Simulation
Single LC Ladder Multiple LC Ladder Segments RLGC Values Per Unit Length
Lumped Distributed Distributed (via algorithims)
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10. Case Study: Clock Termination
Vendor guideline states to use 33 Ohm series termination on
clock line
But what if simulation shows
you don’t need it?
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11. Case Study Results: Clock Termination
Vendor guideline stated to use 33 Ohm series termination on
clock line for a clean signal
Simulations showed for YOUR design it wasn’t needed
1 Resistor = $0.05 USD
10 Resistors per PCB = $0.50 USD
1 Million PCBs = $500,00.00 USD SAVED
Simulations Help You Reduce Costs
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12. Case Study: PCB Stackup
Use Sunstone Circuits PCBexpress Quickturn stack-up
Choose standard 6 Layer PCB Build (62 mil thickness)
Should you route critical signal microstrip or stripline?
signal
ground
signal
signal
power
12 signal
14. Case Study: Microstrip Results
10 mil trace width gives 50 Ohms
Er variation +/- 0.1 small enough to ignore
H variation +/- 0.7mils is biggest factor on Zo
Do we want H to be large or small?
Answer: Crosstalk
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15. NEXT Crosstalk
NEXT=Near End Crosstalk=Backward Crosstalk
Vb = Backward crosstalk voltage
NEXT is induced voltage on the victim and travels in
opposite direction of aggressor
Vb waveform will reflect off of victim TX and affect victim
RX OR full Vb onto victim RX if bi-directional bus
Aggressor Signal
Aggressor
TX RX
Vb
TX RX Victim
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Reflected Signal
16. NEXT Characteristics
Vb
Trise 2Td
Time
If coupling length is longer than saturation length then noise
Vb reaches max constant value
Defined as ratio of near-end noise voltage on quiet line to
switching voltage on aggressor line
NEXT=Vb/Vswing
Same as ratio of backward crosstalk coefficient Kb=Vb/Vswing
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NEXT lasts for time of 2TD and turn on time is Trise
17. Case Study: Microstrip Crosstalk
Use same PCB stackup
Set trace spacing to be 10mils
Vary dielectric height H from 5.7 to 7.1
H=5.7 H=7.1
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18. Case Study: Microstrip Summary
Often times with PCB fabrication for your design you will
only have one or two impedance levers to work with
Our case it was dielectric height
Once impedance target has been established (ex. 50 Ohm
+/- 10 %) need to consider other affects
Crosstalk often overlooked in PCB stackup design
Trade-off between trace width defining Zo and height defining
crosstalk
Could go to larger W so smaller crosstalk but target Zo
decreases
The distance of signal to reference plane is important on
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crosstalk magnitude
19. Case Study: Stripline Crosstalk
Use same PCB stackup as microstrip
Stripline will have same general trends as microstrip so dielectric
height variation will have biggest impact on Zo
Set trace spacing to be 10mils
Vary dielectric height H
H=34 H=41
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20. Case Study Results: PCB Stackup
Wanted to determine if critical signal should be routed on
microstrip or stripline layer
Based upon available noise margin (METRICS) decided
stripline crosstalk too large so chose microstrip
Simulations Help You Increase Performance
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25. Timing Equations : Common Clock
Define equation in terms of margin
Only have 1 full clock cycle to subtract all delays from for
setup time
Tsetup_margin = Tcycle - Tco - Tflight - Tsetup - Tskew - Tjitter
Thold_margin = Tco + Tflight - Thold - Tskew
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27. Example TLine Model Component
Example from SharkSim PCB simulation tool
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28. Impedance: Analytical vs Field Solver
Analytical equations make assumptions by fitting expressions
over tabulated data for given parameter range
Field Solvers use algorithms to solve for Maxwell’s equations
directly
Analytical equations can be very accurate (< 1%) to Field
Solver under certain conditions
When you use analytical equations need to understand where
they work and don’t work
Always use Field Solver for critical design areas and final
sign-off
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31. IO Buffer Model Matrix
Model Type When To Use … Why To Use …
SPICE Need to model advanced SPICE is still the golden standard and if
circuit features that other you can think it you can model it BUT it
formats can’t model reveals IP and can have long simulation
run times
IBIS Want fast and easy simulations IBIS doesn’t reveal any IP and has faster
simulation run times than SPICE BUT it
can’t model some advanced circuits
MacroModel Want ease of use of IBIS but MacroModeling allows you to use existing
(IBIS flexibility of SPICE OR build IBIS models or create your own
External your own behavioral models behavioral models to model complex
Extensions) circuit features like equalization BUT is
tool dependent
IBIS-AMI Need to model >5Gbps SerDes Extension to IBIS specification that allows
for programming own dynamic link
library (dll) to model complex SerDes
31 features
32. IBIS Model Quality Checking
Compliant
IBIS
Keywords
and Syntax
Graph and
View Data
Run IBIS
Parser
Advanced
quality
checking
33. Block Diagram Of An IBIS Model
I/V and V/T curves (lookup tables) represent IO buffer (CMOS
driver and clamps)
IO capacitance modeled as lumped cap
Package modeled as lumped RLC
RLC package VCC
pin
C_comp power C_comp
input pullup pullup clamp power
3-state clamp RLC package
IO
control pin
pulldown C_comp ground C_comp
pulldown clamp ground
clamp RLC package
GND
pin
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34. Load Line Analysis
Calculate Vol Using Pulldown I/V Curve Example
Vdd=3.3V
R_load=50 Ohms
Vdd Vdd
I I=Vdd/R_load V pulldown on
Vcc
Vdd=3.3V R_load
Vol
Vdd
V T
Vol Vol from V/T data (AC) should match
Ground Vol intersection on I/V curve (DC)
IBIS parser uses load line analysis to verify that DC endpoints from I/V curve match
AC endpoints from V/T curve
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35. Summary
Simulations give you two solutions
Reduce Cost
Increase Performance
Simulation results only useful if you have metrics to analyze
them by
Noise Margin
Timing Margin
Simulations need quality models
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