1) The document discusses modeling techniques for active components in digital systems to accurately capture their dynamic behavior at high speeds.
2) Traditional SPICE models and transmission line equivalents are not suitable for simulating circuits with hundreds of elements due to slow simulation times and convergence problems.
3) The modeling approach presented uses primitives from the DWN simulator to create behavioral models of active components based on time domain reflectometer (TDR) measurements, allowing for much faster simulations while maintaining accuracy.
DWT-DCT-SVD Based Semi Blind Image Watermarking Using Middle Frequency BandIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a semi-blind image watermarking technique using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD). The technique embeds a watermark in the middle frequency band of the DWT domain of a host image. It modifies the singular values of the DCT coefficients of the middle frequency band using singular values of the DCT transformed watermark. The watermark can then be extracted from the watermarked image using inverse processes. The technique was tested on various attacks and showed robustness, with correlation values between the extracted and original watermarks ranging from 0.5308 to 0.9665 and PSNR values indicating impercept
This document discusses a modified pointwise shape-adaptive discrete cosine transform (SA-DCT) algorithm for deblocking block-DCT compressed images. The key points are:
1) The original pointwise SA-DCT method uses a constant DCT threshold coefficient. The proposed modified method uses an adaptive DCT threshold coefficient instead.
2) The adaptive DCT threshold coefficient is determined based on the mean squared error and maximum absolute difference of the image, related to the quantization table values.
3) Experiments show the proposed modified pointwise SA-DCT method achieves improved deblocking performance over the original method.
Range of Influence of Physical Impairments in Wavelength-Division Multiplexed...West Virginia University
The document discusses the range of influence (RoI) of physical impairments in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems. It introduces a 2D discrete-time model to analyze the RoI of impairments like dispersion and nonlinearity between channels over time and wavelength. The significance is that understanding the RoI enables developing signal processing techniques for impairment mitigation in long-haul optical communications.
This document discusses signal processing techniques for removing distortion in ultra-wideband radar and enabling network aided positioning. It describes how the synchronous impulse reconstruction technique is used to digitize wideband radar signals with relatively slow ADCs. However, when the radar is moving, phase and amplitude distortions are introduced in the reconstructed signal. The document then presents a signal processing method to compensate for this motion-induced distortion using the radar's speed and location data. It also discusses how network aided positioning systems can estimate the location of an object using signal strength characteristics and pattern matching techniques.
The document discusses the shift to 3D integrated circuit structures and the manufacturing and process control challenges involved. It describes how 3D NAND flash memory uses a vertically stacked structure to increase density in a cost-effective manner. Implementing FinFET transistors also builds vertically by using fin-shaped gates on three sides to improve performance. Significant challenges include precise control over multiple thin film depositions and complex etch processes needed for these 3D structures. Advanced metrology and inspection is required to monitor critical dimensions, material properties, defects and other parameters in three dimensions.
This document provides an introduction to wavelet transforms. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including an overview of wavelet transforms, the limitations of Fourier transforms, the historical development of wavelets, the principle of wavelet transforms, examples of applications, and references. It then discusses the stationarity of signals and how Fourier transforms cannot show when frequency components occur over time. Short-time Fourier analysis is introduced as a solution, but it is noted that wavelet transforms provide a more flexible approach by allowing the window size to vary. The document proceeds to define what a wavelet is, discuss the historical development of wavelet theory, provide examples of popular mother wavelets, and explain the steps to compute a continuous wave
The document describes a decision tree based technique for removing impulse noise from digital images. It uses a 3x3 pixel mask to detect noisy pixels and then employs an edge-preserving filter to reconstruct pixel values. The technique was implemented on an FPGA and tested on test images corrupted with random valued impulse noise. It achieved better noise removal compared to other lower complexity methods while preserving image details due to its accurate noise detection and minimal hardware requirements.
CST coaxial cable models were compared to commercial programs for signal integrity simulations. S-parameters were first compared in the frequency domain, showing differences in losses predicted between programs. Voltages were then computed in the time domain for a step input. CST Cable Studio 2010 results matched the commercial program better than 2012, but both CST versions showed unphysical oscillations not seen in the other programs. Improving the CST cable models to more accurately capture losses and avoid oscillations was suggested.
DWT-DCT-SVD Based Semi Blind Image Watermarking Using Middle Frequency BandIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a semi-blind image watermarking technique using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD). The technique embeds a watermark in the middle frequency band of the DWT domain of a host image. It modifies the singular values of the DCT coefficients of the middle frequency band using singular values of the DCT transformed watermark. The watermark can then be extracted from the watermarked image using inverse processes. The technique was tested on various attacks and showed robustness, with correlation values between the extracted and original watermarks ranging from 0.5308 to 0.9665 and PSNR values indicating impercept
This document discusses a modified pointwise shape-adaptive discrete cosine transform (SA-DCT) algorithm for deblocking block-DCT compressed images. The key points are:
1) The original pointwise SA-DCT method uses a constant DCT threshold coefficient. The proposed modified method uses an adaptive DCT threshold coefficient instead.
2) The adaptive DCT threshold coefficient is determined based on the mean squared error and maximum absolute difference of the image, related to the quantization table values.
3) Experiments show the proposed modified pointwise SA-DCT method achieves improved deblocking performance over the original method.
Range of Influence of Physical Impairments in Wavelength-Division Multiplexed...West Virginia University
The document discusses the range of influence (RoI) of physical impairments in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems. It introduces a 2D discrete-time model to analyze the RoI of impairments like dispersion and nonlinearity between channels over time and wavelength. The significance is that understanding the RoI enables developing signal processing techniques for impairment mitigation in long-haul optical communications.
This document discusses signal processing techniques for removing distortion in ultra-wideband radar and enabling network aided positioning. It describes how the synchronous impulse reconstruction technique is used to digitize wideband radar signals with relatively slow ADCs. However, when the radar is moving, phase and amplitude distortions are introduced in the reconstructed signal. The document then presents a signal processing method to compensate for this motion-induced distortion using the radar's speed and location data. It also discusses how network aided positioning systems can estimate the location of an object using signal strength characteristics and pattern matching techniques.
The document discusses the shift to 3D integrated circuit structures and the manufacturing and process control challenges involved. It describes how 3D NAND flash memory uses a vertically stacked structure to increase density in a cost-effective manner. Implementing FinFET transistors also builds vertically by using fin-shaped gates on three sides to improve performance. Significant challenges include precise control over multiple thin film depositions and complex etch processes needed for these 3D structures. Advanced metrology and inspection is required to monitor critical dimensions, material properties, defects and other parameters in three dimensions.
This document provides an introduction to wavelet transforms. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including an overview of wavelet transforms, the limitations of Fourier transforms, the historical development of wavelets, the principle of wavelet transforms, examples of applications, and references. It then discusses the stationarity of signals and how Fourier transforms cannot show when frequency components occur over time. Short-time Fourier analysis is introduced as a solution, but it is noted that wavelet transforms provide a more flexible approach by allowing the window size to vary. The document proceeds to define what a wavelet is, discuss the historical development of wavelet theory, provide examples of popular mother wavelets, and explain the steps to compute a continuous wave
The document describes a decision tree based technique for removing impulse noise from digital images. It uses a 3x3 pixel mask to detect noisy pixels and then employs an edge-preserving filter to reconstruct pixel values. The technique was implemented on an FPGA and tested on test images corrupted with random valued impulse noise. It achieved better noise removal compared to other lower complexity methods while preserving image details due to its accurate noise detection and minimal hardware requirements.
CST coaxial cable models were compared to commercial programs for signal integrity simulations. S-parameters were first compared in the frequency domain, showing differences in losses predicted between programs. Voltages were then computed in the time domain for a step input. CST Cable Studio 2010 results matched the commercial program better than 2012, but both CST versions showed unphysical oscillations not seen in the other programs. Improving the CST cable models to more accurately capture losses and avoid oscillations was suggested.
It is a basic ppt of pattern recognition using wavelates and contourlets.... I will describe the algo into next slide... Thank you... It is a good ppt you can learn the basic of this project
The document summarizes Senso LAB, one of the most advanced wireless sensor network labs hosting hundreds of heterogeneous sensor nodes deployed around Middlesex University. It has over 20 members including professors and researchers studying topics such as energy-aware performance evaluation of wireless sensor networks, unequal clustering algorithms, intrusion detection systems, software modeling frameworks, and presents ongoing and future work. The lab utilizes the Castalia simulator to test distributed algorithms and protocols under realistic conditions.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses a digital video watermarking technique using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and perceptual analysis. It proposes embedding a binary watermark in the DCT domain of video frames. A mathematical model is developed to insert a visible watermark into video frames in the DCT domain while considering characteristics of the human visual system to minimize perceptual quality impact. Experimental results show a watermarked video frame with the watermark logo embedded at different positions. The technique aims to provide copyright protection for digital video applications.
Energy Aware performance evaluation of WSNs.ikrrish
The document summarizes Senso LAB, one of the most advanced wireless sensor network labs hosting hundreds of heterogeneous sensor nodes deployed around Middlesex University. It has over 20 members including professors and researchers studying topics such as energy-aware performance evaluation of wireless sensor networks, unequal clustering algorithms, intrusion detection systems, software modeling frameworks, and optimal sensor node deployment. Future work discussed includes improving path loss models and deployment optimization in Castalia, an OMNeT++-based wireless sensor network simulator.
1. The document discusses linear wire antennas, specifically infinitesimal dipoles.
2. An infinitesimal dipole is not practical but is used to represent capacitor-plate antennas and build more complex geometries.
3. Expressions are derived for the electric and magnetic fields radiated by an infinitesimal dipole. These fields are valid everywhere except at the source.
The document describes the NETWORKSUPERVISIONTM DTX CableAnalyzer Series from Fluke Networks. It offers the following key benefits:
1) It significantly reduces the total time to certify fiber networks by improving every aspect of the testing process, including faster testing speeds, accurate results, long battery life, and easy setup and reporting.
2) It delivers fast certification of basic Tier 1 fiber through automated testing features and integrated fiber inspection tools.
3) It enables extended Tier 2 fiber certification by shooting traces with its optional Compact OTDR module to measure loss and reflectivity along fiber links.
IRJET - Object Detection and Translation for Blind People using Deep LearningIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for object detection and translation for blind people using deep learning. The system uses a camera inside a box to capture images of objects placed inside. Mask R-CNN is used to detect objects in the images by generating proposals for object regions, predicting the class of the object, and defining a bounding box. The class name is then converted to speech using pyttsx3 text-to-speech, allowing blind users to identify objects audibly. The system aims to help blind people recognize everyday objects through computer vision and speech translation techniques with a low-cost portable design.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Research work ppt on speech intelligibility quality in telugu speech patterns...chinavs
This document presents a paper on improving the intelligibility of Telugu speech patterns using a wavelet-based hybrid threshold transform method. It discusses how noise can reduce speech intelligibility in industrial areas and for applications like voice recognition. It proposes a new algorithm using multiband spectral subtraction and different transform techniques like Haar and Daubechies transforms to remove noise and improve speech quality. The paper compares this approach to existing methods like spectral subtraction and Wiener filtering through various objective measures.
Wavelet packets provide an adaptive decomposition that overcomes limitations of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In wavelet packets, signal decomposition using high-pass and low-pass filters is applied recursively to both low-pass and high-pass outputs, allowing more flexible time-frequency analysis. This results in a redundant dictionary with increased flexibility but also higher computational costs. Pruning algorithms are used to select an optimal subset of bases for a given application based on cost functions related to properties like sparsity, entropy, or energy concentration.
Design of 3D Specific Systems: Prospective and Interface Requirementschiportal
This document discusses design considerations for 3D-specific systems. It outlines the benefits of 3D integration, such as shorter wires consuming less power, and heterogeneous integration allowing different layers. Barriers to 3D deployment include thermal management, testing, and cost/yield challenges. The document proposes open-source 3D interface IP and CAD interchange standards to address these barriers. Overall, 3D integration could enable higher memory bandwidth and system power efficiency through optimized codesign, while challenges remain in scaling the technology and managing integrity issues.
The document discusses DCT/IDCT concepts and applications. It provides an introduction to DCT and IDCT, explaining that they are used widely in video and audio compression. It describes the DCT and IDCT functions and how they work to transform signals between spatial and frequency domains. Examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT/IDCT equations are also given. Finally, common applications of DCT/IDCT compression techniques are listed, such as in DVD players, cable TV, graphics cards, and medical imaging systems.
Advance Digital Video Watermarking based on DWT-PCA for Copyright protectionIJERA Editor
This document presents a digital video watermarking technique based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and principal component analysis (PCA). It begins with an introduction to digital watermarking and an overview of spatial and transform domain watermarking methods. The document then describes DWT and PCA in more detail. It presents a watermarking scheme that uses DWT to decompose video frames into frequency subbands, and embeds a watermark into the principal components of the low frequency subband after applying PCA. Experimental results on a test video show the watermarked frames have no visible quality differences from the original and the watermark is robust to various attacks. The technique achieves imperceptibility measured by high peak signal-to-
The document discusses the challenges of scaling to smaller nanometer process nodes. Key challenges include increasing complexity, lithography limitations, atomic variability leading to power and timing unpredictability, rising power density, and rising costs of testing. Interconnect delays also increase as feature sizes shrink. Future designs will require more heterogeneous integration of digital and analog/RF circuits. Scaling will continue to drive the need for more advanced EDA tools that can handle complexity and optimize for goals like power that impact reliability. The document promotes the Galaxy implementation platform as providing the right techniques and automation to address these nanometer challenges.
This document presents a dual band video watermarking technique using 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and 2-level singular value decomposition (SVD). A video is divided into frames and a watermark image is embedded into each frame. First, 2D DWT is applied to each frame, decomposing it into subbands. SVD is then applied to two subbands, converting them into matrices. The watermark image is embedded into the matrices. SVD is applied again and the matrices are multiplied with the original components for security. Experiments show the technique provides imperceptibility with a mean PSNR of 75.23dB and robustness against various attacks, with correlation values above 0.83.
This 3-day conference focused on 3D signal processing, applying human factors research to different devices, and measuring the user experience of 3D content. The first day included sessions on 3D signal processing and bandwidth issues, effects of post-processing on stereoscopic video quality, and 3D TV viewing safety guidelines. The second day covered applying human factors research to autostereoscopic displays and mobile devices, as well as eye tracking technologies. The third day featured presentations on the persuasive power of 3D narratives, 3D human factors activities in Korea, psychological differences between 3D and 2D gaming, and a panel discussion on the type of human factors research needed by the content creation community.
High-Performance In0.75Ga0.25As Implant-Free n-Type MOSFETs for Low Power App...ayubimoak
This document discusses high-performance implant-free (IF) n-type MOSFETs using an In0.75Ga0.25As channel for low power applications. Device simulations show that an IF InGaAs MOSFET with a 15nm gate length can achieve up to 1800 μA/μm drain current, 5100 μS/μm transconductance, and cutoff frequencies over 1600 GHz. The IF MOSFET structure avoids issues with channel doping and offers improved electrostatic control, enabling it to maintain high performance to shorter channel lengths compared to conventional MOSFETs.
This document discusses modeling techniques for passive interconnects based on reflectometer measurements. It presents several models of increasing complexity, from lumped LC to distributed lossy transmission line models. Measurement-based behavioral models using scattering parameters extracted from time-domain reflectometry data are proposed. Examples of modeling a coaxial cable and backplane connector using this approach are given. Good agreement is shown between models and actual reflectometer measurements, allowing accurate simulation of signal propagation effects.
This document proposes algorithms called real-time dynamic voltage scaling (RT-DVS) to provide energy savings through dynamic voltage scaling while maintaining real-time deadline guarantees in embedded systems. RT-DVS modifies the operating system scheduler and task management to integrate dynamic voltage scaling. Simulations and a prototype implementation show that RT-DVS can reduce energy consumption by 20-40% in an embedded real-time system while closely approaching the theoretical minimum energy usage and preserving timing constraints of real-time tasks.
This document discusses the challenges of verifying mixed-signal integrated circuits. It presents how Freescale used Cadence eManager and a variety of modeling and simulation techniques to verify a sensor IC. They took a progressive approach starting with digital simulations using wreal models for speed and then incorporating more accurate Verilog-AMS and transistor-level models. They were able to set up a single simulation environment in eManager to run analog, digital and mixed-signal simulations. The document discusses using control-oriented and data-oriented functional coverage to ensure the chip's functionality was verified.
This document presents a comparative analysis of digital image watermarking techniques in the frequency domain using MATLAB Simulink. It discusses watermarking using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). For DCT, the image is divided into blocks and DCT is applied before embedding the watermark in middle frequency coefficients. For extraction, the same process is reversed. For DWT, the image is decomposed into sub-bands before embedding the watermark into the low-high frequency sub-band. Extraction follows the reverse process. The document also proposes a technique using both DCT and DWT that embeds a watermark into DCT coefficients of DWT sub-bands for increased robust
It is a basic ppt of pattern recognition using wavelates and contourlets.... I will describe the algo into next slide... Thank you... It is a good ppt you can learn the basic of this project
The document summarizes Senso LAB, one of the most advanced wireless sensor network labs hosting hundreds of heterogeneous sensor nodes deployed around Middlesex University. It has over 20 members including professors and researchers studying topics such as energy-aware performance evaluation of wireless sensor networks, unequal clustering algorithms, intrusion detection systems, software modeling frameworks, and presents ongoing and future work. The lab utilizes the Castalia simulator to test distributed algorithms and protocols under realistic conditions.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses a digital video watermarking technique using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and perceptual analysis. It proposes embedding a binary watermark in the DCT domain of video frames. A mathematical model is developed to insert a visible watermark into video frames in the DCT domain while considering characteristics of the human visual system to minimize perceptual quality impact. Experimental results show a watermarked video frame with the watermark logo embedded at different positions. The technique aims to provide copyright protection for digital video applications.
Energy Aware performance evaluation of WSNs.ikrrish
The document summarizes Senso LAB, one of the most advanced wireless sensor network labs hosting hundreds of heterogeneous sensor nodes deployed around Middlesex University. It has over 20 members including professors and researchers studying topics such as energy-aware performance evaluation of wireless sensor networks, unequal clustering algorithms, intrusion detection systems, software modeling frameworks, and optimal sensor node deployment. Future work discussed includes improving path loss models and deployment optimization in Castalia, an OMNeT++-based wireless sensor network simulator.
1. The document discusses linear wire antennas, specifically infinitesimal dipoles.
2. An infinitesimal dipole is not practical but is used to represent capacitor-plate antennas and build more complex geometries.
3. Expressions are derived for the electric and magnetic fields radiated by an infinitesimal dipole. These fields are valid everywhere except at the source.
The document describes the NETWORKSUPERVISIONTM DTX CableAnalyzer Series from Fluke Networks. It offers the following key benefits:
1) It significantly reduces the total time to certify fiber networks by improving every aspect of the testing process, including faster testing speeds, accurate results, long battery life, and easy setup and reporting.
2) It delivers fast certification of basic Tier 1 fiber through automated testing features and integrated fiber inspection tools.
3) It enables extended Tier 2 fiber certification by shooting traces with its optional Compact OTDR module to measure loss and reflectivity along fiber links.
IRJET - Object Detection and Translation for Blind People using Deep LearningIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for object detection and translation for blind people using deep learning. The system uses a camera inside a box to capture images of objects placed inside. Mask R-CNN is used to detect objects in the images by generating proposals for object regions, predicting the class of the object, and defining a bounding box. The class name is then converted to speech using pyttsx3 text-to-speech, allowing blind users to identify objects audibly. The system aims to help blind people recognize everyday objects through computer vision and speech translation techniques with a low-cost portable design.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Research work ppt on speech intelligibility quality in telugu speech patterns...chinavs
This document presents a paper on improving the intelligibility of Telugu speech patterns using a wavelet-based hybrid threshold transform method. It discusses how noise can reduce speech intelligibility in industrial areas and for applications like voice recognition. It proposes a new algorithm using multiband spectral subtraction and different transform techniques like Haar and Daubechies transforms to remove noise and improve speech quality. The paper compares this approach to existing methods like spectral subtraction and Wiener filtering through various objective measures.
Wavelet packets provide an adaptive decomposition that overcomes limitations of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In wavelet packets, signal decomposition using high-pass and low-pass filters is applied recursively to both low-pass and high-pass outputs, allowing more flexible time-frequency analysis. This results in a redundant dictionary with increased flexibility but also higher computational costs. Pruning algorithms are used to select an optimal subset of bases for a given application based on cost functions related to properties like sparsity, entropy, or energy concentration.
Design of 3D Specific Systems: Prospective and Interface Requirementschiportal
This document discusses design considerations for 3D-specific systems. It outlines the benefits of 3D integration, such as shorter wires consuming less power, and heterogeneous integration allowing different layers. Barriers to 3D deployment include thermal management, testing, and cost/yield challenges. The document proposes open-source 3D interface IP and CAD interchange standards to address these barriers. Overall, 3D integration could enable higher memory bandwidth and system power efficiency through optimized codesign, while challenges remain in scaling the technology and managing integrity issues.
The document discusses DCT/IDCT concepts and applications. It provides an introduction to DCT and IDCT, explaining that they are used widely in video and audio compression. It describes the DCT and IDCT functions and how they work to transform signals between spatial and frequency domains. Examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT/IDCT equations are also given. Finally, common applications of DCT/IDCT compression techniques are listed, such as in DVD players, cable TV, graphics cards, and medical imaging systems.
Advance Digital Video Watermarking based on DWT-PCA for Copyright protectionIJERA Editor
This document presents a digital video watermarking technique based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and principal component analysis (PCA). It begins with an introduction to digital watermarking and an overview of spatial and transform domain watermarking methods. The document then describes DWT and PCA in more detail. It presents a watermarking scheme that uses DWT to decompose video frames into frequency subbands, and embeds a watermark into the principal components of the low frequency subband after applying PCA. Experimental results on a test video show the watermarked frames have no visible quality differences from the original and the watermark is robust to various attacks. The technique achieves imperceptibility measured by high peak signal-to-
The document discusses the challenges of scaling to smaller nanometer process nodes. Key challenges include increasing complexity, lithography limitations, atomic variability leading to power and timing unpredictability, rising power density, and rising costs of testing. Interconnect delays also increase as feature sizes shrink. Future designs will require more heterogeneous integration of digital and analog/RF circuits. Scaling will continue to drive the need for more advanced EDA tools that can handle complexity and optimize for goals like power that impact reliability. The document promotes the Galaxy implementation platform as providing the right techniques and automation to address these nanometer challenges.
This document presents a dual band video watermarking technique using 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and 2-level singular value decomposition (SVD). A video is divided into frames and a watermark image is embedded into each frame. First, 2D DWT is applied to each frame, decomposing it into subbands. SVD is then applied to two subbands, converting them into matrices. The watermark image is embedded into the matrices. SVD is applied again and the matrices are multiplied with the original components for security. Experiments show the technique provides imperceptibility with a mean PSNR of 75.23dB and robustness against various attacks, with correlation values above 0.83.
This 3-day conference focused on 3D signal processing, applying human factors research to different devices, and measuring the user experience of 3D content. The first day included sessions on 3D signal processing and bandwidth issues, effects of post-processing on stereoscopic video quality, and 3D TV viewing safety guidelines. The second day covered applying human factors research to autostereoscopic displays and mobile devices, as well as eye tracking technologies. The third day featured presentations on the persuasive power of 3D narratives, 3D human factors activities in Korea, psychological differences between 3D and 2D gaming, and a panel discussion on the type of human factors research needed by the content creation community.
High-Performance In0.75Ga0.25As Implant-Free n-Type MOSFETs for Low Power App...ayubimoak
This document discusses high-performance implant-free (IF) n-type MOSFETs using an In0.75Ga0.25As channel for low power applications. Device simulations show that an IF InGaAs MOSFET with a 15nm gate length can achieve up to 1800 μA/μm drain current, 5100 μS/μm transconductance, and cutoff frequencies over 1600 GHz. The IF MOSFET structure avoids issues with channel doping and offers improved electrostatic control, enabling it to maintain high performance to shorter channel lengths compared to conventional MOSFETs.
This document discusses modeling techniques for passive interconnects based on reflectometer measurements. It presents several models of increasing complexity, from lumped LC to distributed lossy transmission line models. Measurement-based behavioral models using scattering parameters extracted from time-domain reflectometry data are proposed. Examples of modeling a coaxial cable and backplane connector using this approach are given. Good agreement is shown between models and actual reflectometer measurements, allowing accurate simulation of signal propagation effects.
This document proposes algorithms called real-time dynamic voltage scaling (RT-DVS) to provide energy savings through dynamic voltage scaling while maintaining real-time deadline guarantees in embedded systems. RT-DVS modifies the operating system scheduler and task management to integrate dynamic voltage scaling. Simulations and a prototype implementation show that RT-DVS can reduce energy consumption by 20-40% in an embedded real-time system while closely approaching the theoretical minimum energy usage and preserving timing constraints of real-time tasks.
This document discusses the challenges of verifying mixed-signal integrated circuits. It presents how Freescale used Cadence eManager and a variety of modeling and simulation techniques to verify a sensor IC. They took a progressive approach starting with digital simulations using wreal models for speed and then incorporating more accurate Verilog-AMS and transistor-level models. They were able to set up a single simulation environment in eManager to run analog, digital and mixed-signal simulations. The document discusses using control-oriented and data-oriented functional coverage to ensure the chip's functionality was verified.
This document presents a comparative analysis of digital image watermarking techniques in the frequency domain using MATLAB Simulink. It discusses watermarking using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). For DCT, the image is divided into blocks and DCT is applied before embedding the watermark in middle frequency coefficients. For extraction, the same process is reversed. For DWT, the image is decomposed into sub-bands before embedding the watermark into the low-high frequency sub-band. Extraction follows the reverse process. The document also proposes a technique using both DCT and DWT that embeds a watermark into DCT coefficients of DWT sub-bands for increased robust
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1) A wireless sensor network of 45 nodes has been designed and deployed in a substation to monitor equipment health.
2) The network monitors transformer and circuit breaker surface temperatures, as well as transformer bushing voltages.
3) Early results show the solar-powered nodes can reliably transmit data, with batteries lasting over 8 months in some cases.
Pid controller and space vector modulationremyarrc
This document summarizes a journal article that proposes using a fuzzy PID speed controller for direct torque control of an induction motor drive. The controller aims to reduce torque ripple. Simulation results using MATLAB-Simulink show that the proposed method performs better than conventional direct torque control with space vector modulation alone in reducing torque ripple. Specifically, the fuzzy PID controller achieves faster setting time, less oscillation, and better performance under changes to system parameters like rotor resistance and inertia compared to direct torque control with only PID speed control and SVM.
Advanced railway security system (arss) based on zigbee communication for tra...rashmimabattin28
The principle point of this paper is to build up an inserted framework to distinguishing rail track flaw sending message to close station utilizing ZIGBEE
ZVxPlus Product Brochure: Nonlinear Starter Kit For R&S VNANMDG NV
The document describes the NM310S Nonlinear Starter Kit for characterizing the nonlinear behavior of RF components using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The starter kit includes hardware and software to measure the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of devices under test up to 3 GHz. It allows users to gain experience with large-signal network analyzer techniques through visualizing spectral data, impedances on Smith charts, and time-domain waveforms. The kit is a cost-effective first step for engineers to explore nonlinear RF measurement capabilities.
NM310S Product Brochure: Nonlinear Starter Kit For R&S VNANMDG NV
The document describes the NM310S Nonlinear Starter Kit which allows users to perform introductory nonlinear measurements using their vector network analyzer (VNA). The kit includes a comb generator and software to measure the fundamental and harmonic response of devices up to 3 GHz. It allows visualization of time domain waveforms, spectral data, and derived metrics like gain to characterize the nonlinear behavior of diodes, transistors, and other RF components under real operating conditions with minimal additional equipment. The starter kit is designed to provide a low-cost entry point for engineers to gain experience with nonlinear measurement techniques.
ADVANCED RAILWAY SECURITY SYSTEM (ARSS) BASED ON ZIGBEE COMMUNICATION FOR TRA...rashmimabattin28
The principle point of this paper is to build up an inserted framework to distinguishing rail track flaw sending message to close station utilizing ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY.
PNAPlus Product Brochure: Nonlinear Starter Kit For Agilent VNANMDG NV
The NM310S Nonlinear Starter Kit allows users to make their first steps in nonlinear measurement techniques using their Agilent vector network analyzer. The kit includes hardware and software to measure the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of devices under test up to 3 GHz. It provides new insights into how diodes, transistors, and other devices behave under nonlinear RF conditions. The included ICE software guides users through system configuration, calibration, and nonlinear measurements in both frequency and time domains.
NM310S Product Brochure: Nonlinear Starter Kit For Agilent VNANMDG NV
The document describes the NM310S Nonlinear Starter Kit for extending a vector network analyzer's capabilities to characterize nonlinear components. The starter kit includes hardware and software to measure fundamental and harmonic frequencies up to 3 GHz of devices under test. It allows visualization of measurements in frequency domain plots, Smith charts, time domain waveforms, and 3D trajectories. The software provides easy setup and calibration for nonlinear measurements.
DELAY ERROR WITH META-STABILITY DETECTION AND CORRECTION USING CMOS TRANSMISS...VLSICS Design
The new technologies are giving the advance systems which are capable to perform multiple operations simultaneously. This all is possible by the scaling technology where the overall chip size get reduced but due to manufacturing and fabrication defects, certain design uncertainty arises thereby affecting the transistor performance by timing related effect. The robust circuit where sufficient margins are given sometime is nothing but a wastage of power to overcome this, hybrid technique called Razor was innovated which scaled the voltage dynamically and automatically detect and correct the timing related defects. This paper proposed a new design for the razor flip flop with CMOS transmission logic. The traditional design used the dynamic logic approach which has the drawback of threshold voltage attenuation which is removed by CMOS transmission logic and the transparency of the logic data at input and output is highly achieved. The overall purpose for such design is to reduce the power and delay of the circuit which is reduced by 0.6mW and 12.11ns respectively and thus increased the overall performance. The complexity of
the circuit is also reduced. The analyses of the circuit is done using Cadence virtuoso tool with 45n technology.
Reproducible Emulation of Analog Behavioral Modelsfnothaft
1) Analog behavioral models are abstracted using SystemVerilog real numbers to allow simulation in digital emulation environments with higher throughput.
2) Key challenges to emulating analog models include converting floating-point implementations to fixed-point and handling high sampling rates in filters.
3) The document describes techniques used by Broadcom to synthesize analog behavioral models for emulation, including pragmas for sensitivity analysis and parallelizing filters.
1. The document presents a simulation of a low power analog channel decoder for error correction implemented in 65nm CMOS technology.
2. The decoder uses analog circuitry operating in the sub-threshold region to perform decoding, allowing for ultra-low power operation below 40uW for throughput up to 2.5Mbps.
3. The decoder architecture includes an analog decoding core that implements the sum-product algorithm, digital interfaces for input and output, and a digital controller to manage timing.
This document summarizes a research paper on modeling DC-DC converters with high frequencies using state space analysis. The paper presents an approach to modeling that avoids assuming constant current ripples, allowing for a better representation at high frequencies. State space averaging is commonly used to model PWM DC-DC converters but has limitations. The presented approach generalizes state space averaging to account for harmonics' effects, transforming time-varying models into time-invariant linear models. Equations for the state space model of a buck converter are provided both when operating and when turned off, and the average state model is derived. The goal is to improve performance for load and input variations through implicit feedforward compensation.
Developing a Component-based Simulator for Wireless Sensor Networkadnanfaisal
This document describes the development of a component-based wireless sensor network simulator. The simulator architecture is composed of nodes, an application simulator, and a world model. Each node is made up of components like a radio, sensors, and battery. The simulator allows for different types of nodes to be defined and created at runtime. Future work includes supporting more node types, implementing a world model, and developing improved battery and sensor models.
Power-Grid Load Balancing by Using Smart Home AppliancesValerio Aisa
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet, and can be mitigated by increasing the efficiency of the electric power generation and distribution system. Dynamic demand control is a low-cost technology that fosters better load balancing of the electricity grid, and thus enable savings on CO2 emissions at power plants. This paper discusses a practical and inexpensive solution for the implementation of dynamic demand control, based on a dedicated peripheral for a general-purpose microcontroller. Pre-production test of the peripheral has been carried out by emulating the actual microprocessor. Simulations have been carried out, to investigate actual efficacy of the proposed approach.
The recent development of the automated version of PWLFIT[1,2,4] opens the door also to hybrid PWL/VF[5,8,9] methods. This further possibility expands up to six the number of possible alternatives to modeling and simulation methods
Frequency domain behavior of S-parameters piecewise-linear fitting in a digit...Piero Belforte
This paper describes PWLFIT+, an extension to the frequency domain ofPWLFIT, a new paradigm in time-domain macromodel ing for linear multiportsystems, based on a piecewise-linea r (PWL) behavioral representation of the S-parameters step response.
A parallel-plate capacitor implemented by a rectangular double-sided printed circuit board is characterized by means a stimulus signal injected at a corner. Both frequency-domain (VNA) and time-domain (TDR) techniques are utilized to determine the step response of the reflected wave (S11) to be compared to the theoretical behavior of the equivalent parallel plate capacitance. A commercial application is utilized to convert the frequency domain tabulated data of the frequency response into the corresponding TDR response. A very accurate and fast 2D TLM (Transmission Line Model) model can be easily extracted from these single time-domain experimental responses.
Automated Piecewise-Linear Fitting of S-Parameters step-response (PWLFIT) for...Piero Belforte
An innovative full time-domain macromodeling
technique for general, linear multiport systems is described. The
methodology is defined in a digital wave framework and timedomain
simulations are performed via an efficient method called
Segment Fast Convolution (SFC). It is based on a piecewiseconstant
(PWC) model of the impulse response of scattering
parameters, computed starting from a piecewise-linear fitting
of their step response (PWLFIT). Such step response is directly
available from time-domain reflectometer measurements
(TDR/TDT) or equivalent simulations. The model-building phase
is performed in a fast automated framework and an analytic
formulation of computational efficiency of the SFC with respect to
the standard time-domain convolution is given. Two application
examples are used to verify the PWLFIT performance and to
perform a comparison with macromodeling methods defined in
the frequency-domain, such as Vector Fitting (VF).
Index Terms—Digital wave models, time-domain macromodeling,
S-parameters, step response.
Multigigabit modeling of hi safe+ flying probe fp011Piero Belforte
This document describes the modeling methodology used to assess the performance of these probes in terms of allowed digital bandwidth of signals chosen for temporary fault insertion trials. This methodology is based on time-domain characterization of Scattering parameters (TDR/TDT) and subsequent extraction of a Behavioral Time-domain Model (BTM) [13] of the probe itself. This technique called PWLFIT (Piece-Wise Linear FITting) [14] [15]is supported by the Digital Wave Simulator DWS [16] [17] and its companion tool DWV [18] developed starting in the early '90s for very fast modeling and simulation of high-speed circuits and systems.
HDT (High Design Technology) related content on Cseltmuseum Dec. 13 2017Piero Belforte
HDT (High Design Technology) has been a high-tech startup founded at the end of '80s for the development of state-of-the art predictive CAE tools in the field of Signal/Power Integrity and EMC. Here the collection of posted content related to HDT on the CSELTMUSEUM Facebook public group.
HiSAFE related content on Cseltmuseum Dec. 13 2017 Piero Belforte
HiSAFE is a wideband (20Gbps) Fault Insertion System for Testing purposes. Here the collection of posted content related to HiSAFE on the CSELTMUSEUM Facebook public group.
Piero Belforte related presentations on slideplayer.com july 12 2017Piero Belforte
This document lists over 50 presentations related to Piero Belforte on the website Slideplayer.com from 1995 to 2015. The presentations cover topics related to high-speed circuit design, modeling, simulation, EMC, signal integrity testing tools developed by Belforte and his companies HDT and CSELT during this time period. The status of each presentation on the site is provided.
Collection of Cselt related presentations on slideplayer.com by_Piero_Belfort...Piero Belforte
This document discusses several presentations related to CSELT (Centro Studi e Laboratori Telecomunicazioni), which was a research center of Telecom Italia in Italy. It mentions presentations given by CSELT researchers and employees on topics including access network evolution, JADE agent development framework, multimedia systems, IPv6, UMTS systems, and more. Many of the presentations provide web links to CSELT websites for further information.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
An02 dws
1. PB 1990-2009 AN 02
DWN & DWV
MODELING OF ACTIVE COMPONENTS
The fast growth of signal integrity equivalents, as those utilized in the
and EMC problems of digital transmission line simulators, are The modeling approach shown in
systems requires very accurate not sufficient to describe the this application note is based on the
modeling techniques of active unpredictable dynamic effects of primitives offered by the DWN
components, especially regarding real devices. simulator and allows the designer to
their dynamic behavior at high
speed. On the other hand, the
growing complexity of systems
imposes severe goals regarding the Ctdr
coax
simulation speed. As known the
two requirements of speed and Z0 DUT
accuracy are opposite, so that the
R
traditional approach to these Vbias vcc
problems leads to unsatisfying TDR gnd
ground plane
results. SPICE models, for
example, are not suitable for the Fig. 1: Measurement set-up for TDR characterization.
simulation of circuits with more
than few hundred elements, A behavioral or mixed electrical- perform very accurate electrical
because the simulation time rises behavioral approach is much more simulations with a speed at least
prohibitively with circuit effective to face real-world two orders of magnitude greater
complexity and convergence situations, where the effects of than other commercial products1.
problems could occur. active parts, lossless or lossy This modeling procedure is simple
Furthermore, the results often don't interconnections, EMC constraints, and the data can be collected from
reflect the real situations. In fact, and electrical, logical and timing several sources. In particular, it is
the parasitic effects introduced by issues must be taken possible to extract model
the discontinuities of the package simultaneously into account. parameters from datasheet, from
and the pin bouncing (caused by analog simulations (SPICE, ELDO,
simultaneous output switching) DWN MODELING etc.) or, better, directly from
can often invalidate the results. On APPROACH TDR (Time Domain
the other hand, simple circuital Reflectometer) measurements.
1.00 # Thanks to this fast experimental
#RHO
D approach, the model can take all the
0.80 #
non-linearities of the I/O cells of
0.60 # the device into account,
C
0.40 #
B
0.20 #
A
-0.00 #
-0.20 #
-0.40 #
-0.60 #
-0.80 #
-1.00 #
1DWN uses a very fast DSP engine that
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 assures high speed without convergence
TIME[nS] problems.
Fig. 2: TDR response for a CMOS input
HDT Copyright 1990
2. PB 1990-2009
behavior of the input circuitry (the
STF
1 Tin Vout reactive effects of the input gates in
2
1 this particular case). The final value
Z0,Td of the transient C (point D) is the
0 +
Bin -R 0 5 Vin reflection coefficient determined by
E1
the input ohmic resistance of the
device under test in parallel with
Fig. 3: Simple CMOS input model including logic level shift. the biasing resistor R. It is possible
to compensate the error introduced
by the resistor R with the insertion
as well as its dynamic behavior. the package must be kept as short
of a negative resistor -R in the
The currents flowing through the as possible.
model description, as shown in
model are simulated with accuracy The DC biasing of the input is
Fig.3. Sweeping the bias voltage
and can be used for ground obtained via a variable supply
within the possible operation range
bouncing noise analysis and EMI (Vbias). The resistor R is chosen as
(0V - 5V) there is no practical
verifications. Furthermore, these high as possible, in order to provide
deviation of the behavior shown in
TDR-based models are typically a high-impedance path for the
Fig.2, so that a simple linear model
is suitable for this situation. The
.SUBCKT INCMOS 1 2 choice is a mixed TLM
* TLM model of package (Transmission Line Modeling) and
TIN 1 0 3 0 Z0=75 TD=200PS BTM (Behavioral Time Modeling)
* input dynamic behavior
approach. In particular the package
BIN 3 0 S11=PWL(0 0.2 30PS -0.6 0.6NS -0.5 1.5NS 0.7 2.5NS
+ 0.85 5NS 1.0) Z0=50 TD=0 effect can be modeled as a short
* voltage shifter ("0" -> 0V, "1"->1V) transmission line, while the
E1 2 0 4 0 PWL(0V 0 2.4V 0 2.6V 1 5V 1) behavior of the active input is
.ENDS INCMOS directly modeled by a PWL one-
Fig. 4: Simple CMOS input model description (DWN syntax). port scattering element (Bin)3. The
separation of package effects
wideband2 and are suitable for reflectometer, but low enough to allows the user to simulate the
EMC analysis of even slow bias the input at the desired level. behavior of internal input node so
components. A typical TDR response is shown that it is possible to extrapolate
in Fig.2 where it is possible to
SIMPLE CMOS INPUT
10 VDD
This section is dedicated to the Bdvdd
modeling of a CMOS input without ASvdd
protection diodes. The model is
ST F
based on experimental Pvdd Vout
reflectometer characterizations of 1 T in 1 2
the input stage of the device. The
Z0,Td 0
test-fixture is shown in Fig.1. The Vin +
0 5
TDR output pulse (typically a Bin Pgnd
E1
voltage step with 250mV amplitude
Bdgnd
and 25ps rising edge) is fed to the ASgnd
input pin of DUT package via a
DC-block capacitor and a semi rigid 20 GND
50 coax cable. The realization of
Fig. 5: CMOS input model including protection diodes and supply pins.
the test-fixture must take all high-
speed issues into account, so that identify four sections: the peak device responses with other
ground and Vdd supply planes must identified by the label A is the packages. If this is not required, a
be provided and the interconnection parasitic effect due to the launch whole BTM model can include the
of the device to the fixture must cable where it is connected to the package effects.
reflect that of real operation. The device under test.
connection of the launch cable to The section B is related to package 3 The PWL (PieceWise Linear) fitting of
and package-die bond effects. The Bin is easily extracted from the actual
2 Current TDR analysis offers band up to section C shows the dynamic behavior using the MCS (Model Capture
40 GHz. System) facility of DWV.
3. PB 1990-2009
0.60 #
clamping diodes for protection
0.40 # against electrical discharge, so an
Iclamp=0.2MA accurate model must take both their
0.20 #
non-linear and dynamic effects into
-0.00 # account, as shown in Fig.5. In this
situation it is necessary to introduce
Iclamp=1MA
-0.20 #
the effect of power and ground pins
-0.40 #
because during the clamping action
the diode current flows through
Iclamp=5MA
-0.60 #
them.
-0.80 # Iclamp=20MA
-1.00 #
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 V (V) I(mA)
TIME[nS]
0.00 0.0
a) 0.50 0.1
0.60 #
0.55 0.3
0.40 #
0.60 0.9
0.20 #
0.65 1.8
Iclamp=0.5MA
0.68 3.8
-0.00 #
0.70 10.7
-0.20 #
Iclamp=1MA 0.72 25.4
Tab.1: Example of static charac-
-0.40 # teristic of clamping diode.
-0.60 #
Iclamp=5MA Often each diode has a specific
static and dynamic behavior.
-0.80 #
Iclamp=20MA
Sometimes the static characteristic
is available from the datasheet with
-1.00 #
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
a format similar to tab.1. Biasing
TIME[nS] the device at 5.7V (on the DUT
b) pin) it is possible to test the
Fig. 6: Reflectometer response of protection diodes versus clamping current: a) VDD diode, clamping effect toward the supply,
b) GND diode. while a bias voltage of -0.7V
tests of the ground clamping diode.
In order to simulate the I/O timing By changing the current in
properties of the device it is CMOS INPUT WITH clamping conditions, it is possible
possible to include in the model the PROTECTION DIODES. to collect a family of reflectometer
input static transfer characteristics responses for each protection diode.
of the device with output values Usually, a CMOS input has two Fig.6 shows an example of these
shifted to the logical state "0" and
"1". In this way the model is 0.60 #
directly interfaceable to a core 0.40 #
block able to model the timing logic
behavior of the component. Fig.4 0.20 #
shows DWN net list of the model
-0.00 #
composed by the Bin block and the
transmission line that models the -0.20 #
package contribution. The level
-0.40 #
shifter completes the model. DWN
uses a SPICE-like syntax and this -0.60 #
model can become a DWN sub
-0.80 #
circuit.
Upon the model is completed, it is -1.00 #
possible to validate it through a 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
TIME[nS]
simulation of the measure set-up Fig. 7: PWL fitting of a clamping diode reflectometer response: the last sample is
that has been used during the extrapolated to -1000m .
characterization (see App.A).
4. PB 1990-2009
10 VDD internal available) or directly from V-I
DT F measurements and used for Pvdd
Vout E1 and Pgnd (non-linear resistors)
descriptions;
t Pvdd - plot the TDR dynamic behavior
of both protection diodes in
ST F
sw1 clamping condition (with a suitable
Vout 2
1 value of clamping current4). The
sw2
Z0,T d bottom value of the response,
Bout
Vin always higher than -1000m (for
DT F Pgnd typical CMOS protection diodes
Vout the value ranges from -700m to
E2
-900m ), is the reflection
t
coefficient related to the ohmic
20 GND internal
resistance of the diode. Because
this resistance has been already
Fig. 8: CMOS output behavioral (BTM) model.
taken into account by the non-
linear resistor Pvdd and Pgnd, it is
graphs for a CMOS EPROM in DIL - extract the package and Bin
necessary to compensate this effect
package. It is interesting to observe descriptions as already explained
during the PWL extraction with the
the different behavior of the two
related utility MCS of DWV, as
diodes. R( ) shown in Fig.7.
The ground diode shows a very fast
1M The dynamic behavior of the VDD
response so that low impedance sw2 sw1 and GND path through the supply
levels are reached in about a 1K pins is easily modeled in a
nanosecond. On the contrary, the
behavioral way. This can be
Vdd diode shows a slow transient 1
accomplished by means of the two
(several nanoseconds long) before
2.5 5 S-parameter blocks Bdvdd and
it reaches low impedance levels. Vcontrol Bdgnd obtained as PWL fittings of
This slow behavior obviously has Fig. 9: Static characteristics of the two actual TDR behaviors. The two
significant impact in the clamp switches.
series adaptors ASvdd and ASgnd
action, so that, if a voltage
are used to connect the blocks in
overshoot due to reflections occurs, for the model of Fig.3;
series to the supply paths. In fact
it will be effectively clamped only
after the delay observed in the TDR 0.60 #
characterization. This kind of
situation is very common and 0.40 #
difficult to forecast. This modeling 0.20 #
1MA
approach, based on TDR
measurement, is the best way to -0.00 #
pinpoint these effects. Furthermore, 2MA
during the modeling, the user gets -0.20 #
also a lot of information, not 5MA
-0.40 #
supplied by the manufacturer,
concerning the "quality" of the -0.60 #
10MA
component he is going to use.
20MA
To complete the model shown in -0.80 #
Fig.5 the following procedure is
suggested: -1.00 #
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
TIME[nS]
Fig. 10: TDR responses for an ECL output versus biasing current.
- determine the static input the series adaptor connects the one-
characteristic of the DUT in normal
and clamping conditions. The data
can be extracted from datasheet (if 4 It is suggested to increase the clamping
current up to its maximum limits.
5. PB 1990-2009
performed by two switches
Pout AS Tout 2
DTF controlled by the output voltage
Vout STF Vout Z0,Td itself. The two switches,
1
Eout Bout implemented by voltage controlled
Vin t
+ resistors, have low impedance when
closed in order to not affect the
20 GND
output impedance value. Fig. 9
Fig. 11: ECL output behavioral model
shows suggested static transfer
characteristics that could be used to
control the switch resistance. The
port element placed at its third port pin bouncing phenomena, as it will current flowing from VDD to the
between the two nodes be discussed later. load during the 0->1 transition and
corresponding to its remaining from the load to GND during the 1-
ports. CMOS OUTPUT. >0 transition is accurately modeled.
The TDR dynamic behavior of the Because the switches transitions are
diodes in clamping conditions Typically, the outputs of a CMOS not abrupt, also the current feed
takes into account the driver act as linear resistor until a through between power and ground
contributions of all the elements determined output current level is during the transitions is modeled, a
present along the signal path and, reached. Increasing the current typical effect of CMOS circuitry.
in particular, the package effect of level, the output enters the The two dynamic characteristics are
the input pin, the diode saturation region, where its modeled directly from
capacitance, the on-chip power and resistance grows. measurements of the output voltage
ground rails and the bonding and Other non-linear effects are transient with the driver unloaded,
package effects of the power pins. introduced by the output clamp using PWL fitting. The non-linear
If the diode is a "good diode" (that diodes. The proposed model resistors represent the static
means that the low impedance accepts logic levels (0,1) as input characteristics of the output stage in
condition is achieved in less than 1 and the first STF block (Static both normal and clamping
ns), its intrinsic dynamic effect is Transfer Function) shifts the conditions.
negligible compared with the incoming (logic levels) signal to the The Bout block models the dynamic
behavior of the output in normal
operating condition.
VDD AS
A description of the package
completes the model.
Bvdd out1
in1 IN OUT
ECL OUTPUT
in2 IN OUT out2
Timing/logic
CORE
An ECL device presents a strong
IN OUT
(logic levels) non-linearity of the output
resistance at low current levels. In
fact, the ECL output is
inm IN OUT outn
Bgnd implemented by a bipolar emitter
follower that has low output
GND
resistance (normally less than 10
AS
at 10mA biasing) for normal
Fig. 12: Complete device model including logic/timing behavior and simultaneous operating current. During the 1-> 0
switching noise effect.
transition there are situations in
power and ground distribution desired output levels. The two which the output transistor goes
effects, so that the blocks Bdvdd dynamic transfer functions (DTF) near cut-off and its output
and Bdgnd can be obtained from model the actual behavior of the impedance greatly increases. Fig.10
the measured dynamic behavior of output waveform without load. shows the reflectometer response of
the power pins5. This model The dynamic behavior of the an ECL output with different
allows accurate simulation of the clamping diodes is taken into biasing current for both "1" and "0"
account by the dynamic model of logic states. It is possible to point
the power pins, as discussed in the out the sensitivity of the ohmic
previous section. The switching resistance (given by the right-end
5 Extracted from TDR characterizations of between the two logical states is steady-state responses) versus the
the power pins. current.
6. PB 1990-2009
The dynamic behavior is usually output drivers affects the input times (~1 hour). The wide-
the same for both "0" and "1" logic stage operation. bandwidth models are also suitable
states6 as well as the static output The core sections model the for EMC analysis and in very high-
characteristics. The model structure internal logical functions of the speed applications involving the
is shown in Fig.11. device which can be represented by use of new packaging and
The static transfer function logical functions (AND, OR, etc). interconnection technologies, like
translates the signal from the logic The logic behavior can be modeled the MCMs (Multi-Chip Modules).
input levels to ECL output levels. in DWN using voltage controlled
The dynamic transfer function has switches. APPENDIX A
been represented by a PWL fitting With a correct introduction of
of the output waveform (driver delays along the input, core, or This section describes the
unloaded). The non-linear resistor output sections, the macro model validation of the device model that
is described using the V-I static
characteristic of the output. The
E1=Vcs Ctdr sw1
Bout and package models are
Model
extracted with the same procedure +
1 under
described in the previous sections. test
The pin #20 can be connected td=50ns sw2
directly to GND or to other +
25mV/25ps
circuitry taking pin bouncing Vtdr Cs=1pF
Bias
effects into account.
55ns t
PIN BOUNCING EFFECT Fig. 13: Simulation scheme for model validation.
All the models proposed for input allows accurate electrical, timing has been created using the
and output sections of the device and logic simulation at the same behavioral approach. The model is
are suitable for simulations that time. validated through a simulation of
take the simultaneously switching the same measure set-up that has
noise into account. The model of a CONCLUSION been used for device
complex I/O section of a device characterization. The model is
with package effects is shown in The effects of high-speed operation validated by direct comparison of
Fig.12. of active devices are very complex the simulated waveforms with the
All the I/O models are coupled by and involve several phenomena. actual ones. A very fast step (25ps)
the dynamic behavior of the power The only way to get accurate simulates the TDR pulse. Due to the
and ground rails on chip, by the models is through experimental decoupling capacitor connected to
bonding wires and the package characterization that can take all the the TDR, the initial transient during
itself. The Bdvdd and Bdgnd effects into account, pinpointing the simulation could be very long.
elements are used once and replace unusual operation modes that often In fact, the TDR step must be only
all the dynamic models of the occur. DWN & DWV allow direct activated after the initial transient is
clamping diodes for both input and utilization of the experimental exhausted and when the device is
output models (with the exception measures to build very accurate and biased at the proper operating point.
of "slow" diodes, as previously reliable models without resorting to Fig.13 shows a scheme that can be
mentioned). The power and ground circuital equivalent. used for the simulation of TDR
coupling allows a good simulation In this way the user is able to build responses. At time 0 the switch sw1
of the pin bouncing effect in both up his own library of DWN models is open and the switch sw2 is
normal and clamping operating of active and passive components. closed. The bias generator can be a
conditions. It is interesting to point These models can be utilized for current generator with very high
out that the macro model (that is fast and accurate simulation of internal impedance or a voltage
described as a sub circuit using the digital systems both in the pre- generator with an internal resistor
SPICE-like syntax of DWN) layout and in the post-layout phase greater than 10k . The circuit is
couples the input section of the of the design. In order to automate designed in order to use a current
device with the output one. As a this type of analysis, DWN & generator for current greater than
consequence, the noise due to the DWV are interfaced to the most 100µA (for example validating
popular CAD/CAE environments clamping diodes) and a voltage
through a specific tool (PRESTO) generator for current lower than
6 In fact, a unique transistor is active for allowing accurate and exhaustive 100µA (for example testing
both the logical states. simulation of PCB boards in short
7. PB 1990-2009
elements with very high input
impedance). The values of the
current or voltage bias can be
positive or negative (source or
sink). After 50ns the device is
biased at the correct operating point
and the generator E1 copies the
voltage present at the pin of the
model. At this time, the two
switches change condition and a
step of 25mV amplitude and 25ps
rise time is fed to the model. The
amplitude of the signal at the test
point 1 multiplied by 80 (because
of the 25mV step) gives the
reflectometer response scaled
between -1000m and +1000m in
order to provide a direct
comparison to the TDR measure.