Farmers worry about declining crop yields during drought conditions. There are several alternative ways for farmers to overcome this: 1. Plant drought-tolerant crops like cacti and succulents that require less water. 2. Build reservoirs and improve irrigation systems to ensure a steady water supply for crops. 3. Construct greenhouses to better control the temperature and humidity around plants. This allows for plant growth in areas that may otherwise be unsuitable. 4. Explore new areas suitable for agriculture that have reliable access to water if the existing farmland is affected by drought.

1. PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MEMBERS : LECTURER : DR. HASIMAH BINTI ALIMON NO. NAME MATRIC NO. 1. NOR MASDIANA BINTI ABD. RAHMAN D20091034810 2. ISMAEDAYU BINTI ISMAIL D20091034813 3. INDAH SYAFIQAH BINTI ISMAIL D20091034818 4. YIP SOOK HAN D20091034841

2. FILA CHART FACT IDEA LEARNING ISSUE ACTION PLAN 1. Farmers worry about the crops will not yield as usual because of the drought. During drought, plant experienced extreme water deficiency. Farmers use alternative ways to make sure that crop production not decrease because of drought. Why the crops will not yield when drought season coming? How yielding process of the plant occur? What are the alternative ways to overcome the decreasing of yield? Research from internet. Search Botany books. Refer lecture note Plant Physiology.

3. ANSWER LEARNING ISSUES : Why the crops will not yield when drought season coming? During drought, plant experienced extreme water deficiency. As we know, plants need water to grow. Without water, plants could not use energy from the sun to photosynthesis. Many other process also cannot take place when have lack of water. Without water, plants would be unable to grow taller. Water is also needed to carry other nutrients from the roots to the leaves and flowers. Water is so important that plants that are native to desert conditions will go to extraordinary lengths to hoard their water. Example : Cacti are filled with water, which is why most cacti are covered with prickly spines to ward off any potential usurpers.

4. 2. How yielding process of the plants occur? Crop yield = a measure of the yield of cereal per unit area of land under cultivation, - the seed generation of the plant itself Involve the process of phloem translocation which is a process in plants responsible for transporting the photosynthate materials to all parts of a vascular plant.

5. The movement of materials(photoassimilate) from leaves to other part of tissues throughout the plant. Carbohydrates produced by plants in their leaves by photosynthesis - Non photosynthetic part of plant also require carbohydrate, organic and non-organic materials. Nutrients translocated : SOURCE (areas of supply/region of excess carbohydrate-mature leaves) TO SINK (areas of metabolism/region where carbohydrate is needed-roots, tubers, developing fruits, immature leaves.) How is translocation affected by drought? - Insufficient amount of water will affect the movement of solute from source to sink) Materials translocated ? Water Carbohydrates Sucrose Organic solutes Nitrogen in the form of amino acids *photoassimilate is one of a number of biological compounds formed by assimilation using light-dependent reaction . TRANSLOCATION

12. Earliest method. Choosing individual plants that exhibit the best traits and saving their seeds to sow the following year.

13. Process of combining different varieties or species of organisms to create a hybrid . The pollen grains from a plant with desired characters are transferred to the stigmas of female flowers of other plant

14. Process of genome doubling that gives rise to organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes. Polyploids generally grow larger than normal plants.

15. Polyploidy can arise from Spontaneous somatic chromosome duplication Non-disjunction of the homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Artificially induced by treatment with drugs, such as colchicine, which inhibits cell division.

16. Chromosomal Duplication A duplication occurs when part of a chromosome is copied (duplicated) abnormally, resulting in extra genetic material from the duplicated segment.

17. Some gametes have two copies of a chromosome. Others lack a copy.

19. Results in chromosome doubling,

20. Rarely occur in nature. Artificially brought by mutagens. Include: x-rays ultraviolet light atomic radiation certain chemicals

21. The rate of mutation IF the radiation dosage Although the level of radiation used is HARMLESS to consumers of the crop, too much radiation can cause all the plants to die. The short rice plants (right) are less likely to break in strong wind compared to the wild type (left).

22. 3. What are the alternative way to overcome the decreasing of yield? Farmer plant another plants that are drought tolerant. - Xerophytes plants - thickened cuticle that give a leathery feel and provide protection against water loss - thick stem, leaflike pads covered by sharp spines

23. Oleander Cactus Mesquite

24. -CAM plant -fewer stomata - stomata closed during the day when temperature are higher and relative humidity are lower and open at night. -prevent heavy evaporative water loss during the day.

25. Pineapples Mezobromelia capituligera

26. Farmer build many reservoirs by damming rivers and large-scale irrigations to make sure that there are the continuity of water supply for crops.

28. The use of reservoir : Idea of use reservoir during drought : Used to provide raw water (water taken from environment) feed to water treatment plants. 5 thousand year ago, the crater of extinct volcanoes in Arabia used as reservoir by farmer for their irrigation water. Dry climate and water scarcity in India led to early development of water management techniques, include the building of reservoir that ensure the continuity of water supply for crops.

29. In Sri Langka, large reservoir have been created by ancient Sinhalese King in order to save the water for irrigation IRRIGATION : Artificial application of water to soil. Use to assist in the growing of agriculture crops, maintenance of landscapes Revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during period of inadequate rainfall.

30. Build green house to provide and control the temperature surrounding for plant growth and development.

31. What is green house????? A greenhouse is a structure with a glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or plastic walls for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions

32. Purpose of green house Not to imitate mother nature. Take a good look around Bugs eating the plants, unfavorable heating conditions, and competition for nutrients are not in the plants' best interest. To improve upon nature and grow a plant to its optimum capacity.

33. Uses of green house Protect crops from too much heat or cold Shield plants from dust storms and blizzards Help to keep out pests Light and temperature control allows greenhouses to turn inarable land into arable land For growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, and tobacco plants Crops for commercial production.

34. Let watch the video!!!!

35. Farmer find out another place that suitable for plant growth that have enough water.