It is quite essential to investigate the causes of pavement deterioration in order to select the proper maintenance technique. The objective of this study was to identify factors cause deterioration of recently constructed roads in Khartoum state. A comprehensive literature concerning the factors of road deterioration, common road defects and their causes were reviewed. Three major road projects with different deterioration reasons were selected for this study. The investigation involved field survey and laboratory testing on those projects to examine the existing pavement conditions.
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
This describes about causes, effects, types of pavement failure.
Failures in flexible pavements can be due to failure of its component layers which undergo distress due to various causes. Types of failures in flexible pavements and repair techniques are discussed.
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...VATSAL PATEL
Pavement component functions, factors affecting pavement design and basic pavement design of Flexible and Rigid pavement as per IRC guidelines, Steps for construction of highway on embankment and in cutting. Construction of embankment and subgrade, soil stabilization. Flexible Pavement: Construction of Granular Sub-Base/Drainage layer, Construction of Granular Base Course-WBM and WMM, Construction of bituminous pavement layers- base course and surface course, prime coat and tack coat. Rigid Pavement: Types of cement concrete pavement, components of cement concrete pavement and its functions, construction of cement concrete pavement, joints in cement concrete pavement-function and construction
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Inadequate Stability or Strength
Loss of binding action
Loss of base course materials
Inadequate wearing course
Use of inferior materials and crushing of base course materials
Lack of lateral confinement for the granular base course.
This describes about causes, effects, types of pavement failure.
Failures in flexible pavements can be due to failure of its component layers which undergo distress due to various causes. Types of failures in flexible pavements and repair techniques are discussed.
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...VATSAL PATEL
Pavement component functions, factors affecting pavement design and basic pavement design of Flexible and Rigid pavement as per IRC guidelines, Steps for construction of highway on embankment and in cutting. Construction of embankment and subgrade, soil stabilization. Flexible Pavement: Construction of Granular Sub-Base/Drainage layer, Construction of Granular Base Course-WBM and WMM, Construction of bituminous pavement layers- base course and surface course, prime coat and tack coat. Rigid Pavement: Types of cement concrete pavement, components of cement concrete pavement and its functions, construction of cement concrete pavement, joints in cement concrete pavement-function and construction
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Inadequate Stability or Strength
Loss of binding action
Loss of base course materials
Inadequate wearing course
Use of inferior materials and crushing of base course materials
Lack of lateral confinement for the granular base course.
INVESTIGATING SURFACE DRAINAGE PROBLEM OF ROADS IN KHARTOUM STATEIAEME Publication
Poor drainage contributes immensely to pavement deterioration and subsequently causing increased annual repair expenditure. The investigation is conducted to provide extensive diagnosis to point out the causes of roads problems associated with poor surface drainage and provides possible mitigation measures to overcome the problem in Khartoum state. Some cases of existing roads in different regions in Khartoum state, suffered from severe distresses and damages due to poor drainage were studied. The method used to assess the existing drainage system of the studied roads is field survey. Based on field observations, the drainage structures suffered from blockage with dumping wastes, inadequate inlets and outlet channels, failure of side walls and bed erosion.
Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Failures-A Case Study on Izki RoadIJAEMSJORNAL
Pavement is a multi-layer system that distributes the vehicular loads over a larger area. It helps to make them durable and able to withstand traffic and the environment. Pavement consists of three basic layers the first layer is Sub grade (Gravel) which is the foundation layer, the second layer is sub base (layer Assistant foundation) and the top layer is base (a layer of pavement) which consists of Bituminous Carpet + Bituminous Macadam. Cracking of pavement is a defect that appears in the top layer of the road. Pavement can be under compression and tension at the same time, but in different directions. While a tire compresses a pavement downward, it forms a deflection basin which causes the pavement to go into tension in both horizontal directions. If the pavement is not strong enough, the asphalt is stretched too far, which separates and a crack forms in the wheel track. A crack may also form between the wheel tracks. The maintenance of roads means protecting, restoration and strengthening of all elements of the road to maintain sustainability of the road. Road maintenance also includes additional work that is necessary in order to raise the level of performance and reach the best level of safety and comfort for the road users. Roads are high-cost investments and need constant maintenance so that these investments continue to perform as required. Therefore, care must be taken to maintain the roads in optimum maintenance and in a scientific manner. The aim of this Study is to identify the most common types of cracks and defects which occur in Izki road and suggest suitable option for maintenance. The objectives are to identify different types of cracks & defects, to find out the different reasons that cause defects and cracks in Izki road and to suggest suitable maintenance methods. A 2km length of the road was selected for the study. Survey was carried out and the reasons for cracking and other failures in pavement were studied. Finally, the required maintenance solution for each type of failures was identified and the best maintenance option was selected.
Nigeria has a matured flexible pavement road network owned by the public sector called the Federal Road. The 72km road networks from Ilesha – Akure are providing excellent service to road users for interstate movement. Due to movement of vehicles on the road, bitumen pavements tend to crack at some point of their lives under the combined action of traffic and the environment. These cracks are defects in the pavement surfacing which weaken the pavement and allow water to penetrate and cause potholes on the pavement. The results of a study conducted to facilitate the development of road pavement performance models that are appropriate for Nigeria and other similar developing countries, which could predict the rate of deterioration over their lifespan, have been presented. Comprehensive investigations were carried out on the expressway from the Federal University of Technology (FUTA) North Gate to NNPC Mega Station in Akure, Ondo State – apparently one of the busiest section along the road. The data collected are on traffic characteristics, Structural Number (pavement thickness), potholes and other distress types. Using these data and with the help of stepwise regression analysis, models were developed to predict the road pavement deterioration within the area of study and that could be useful for evaluating the failure susceptibility of the road. The calibrated model has 98.8% and 98.7% as R2 and adjusted R2 respectively. The model also has 8.8% (as average) difference between the predicted and actual rate of deterioration. The model can therefore, be used for planning maintenance programs of flexible pavement roads.
ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR HEAVY GROUND WATER TABLE IN SHIRPUR AND SURROUNDING ...IAEME Publication
Road failure is common problem in India and areas like Shirpur having high water table area are mainly suffered from this problem. To overcome this problem, some methods are studied in this project to improve the bearing capacity of soil such as the use of Geogrids, Cement mixing, proper sub-surface drainage. Soil can be improved by the addition of a stabilizer or excess aggregate. In any case, the traditional undercut & stabilization solution is often costly & always time-consuming. The paper suggests the use of geogrid which helps in increasing the bearing capacity of subgrade soil while greatly reducing the loss of aggregate cover material into weak, wet or saturated subgrade soils. It also provides extensive cost savings & decreased life cycle costs when compared to other structural solutions.
Pavement deterioration is a serious problem for road and traffic sector in almost every country, the most
affecting causes of bituminous pavement failures have been studied in this paper. The paper describes the
lessons learnt from pavement failures and problems experienced. Failures of bituminous pavements are caused
due to many reasons or combination of reasons. Application of correction in the existing surface will enhance
the life of maintenance works as well as that of strengthening layer. Along with the maintenance techniques
there are various methods for pavement preservation which will help in enhancing the life of pavement and
delaying of its failure.This paper discusses the possible causes of pavement failures, and recommendbetter ways
to minimize and hopefully eliminate the causes of failures in bituminous pavements.
After the onset of monsoons, development of potholes on roads and streets of India is a common phenomenon. Quite often, potholes are repaired with antiquated techniques such as placing soil or bare aggregate in the pothole because no hot mix asphalt is available during monsoons. But techniques are not reliable these days because they require large amount of time and the quality of repairing is also not up to the mark. Traditional pothole filling techniques take a lot of manpower and a lot of heavy machinery, which is an expensive process. Due to non-repairing of potholes on time many of accidents and traffic congestion takes place every year. In 2016, nearly 1,50,000 deaths were caused by road accidents in India. Out of these, 2,424 deaths in road accidents were caused by potholes. Apart from deaths, they cause several accidents leading to major and minor injuries, and delay in travel time Pothole is a failure in an asphalt pavement when there is water present in the underlying soil which weakens the supporting soil, and then traffic around affected area fatigues and breaks the asphalt surface. Failure in pavements takes place because of shearing, loading and deflection of materials. Which is the result of the action of traffic, poor support, and adverse atmospheric condition. In this paper different methods which are used for repairing potholes are described and best suitable method is selected based on the costing and quality parameters.
Time, in the globalized world, is one of the most important factors about the economy, science and health. Mankind has made various efforts to use time efficiently for many years. In these studies transport came to the fore and it has become indispensable. In the light of today's technological conditions, air transport is developing at an increasing rate. Every day many aircrafts are produced, which have different speeds, weight and volume, for serve to transport. Therefore to make structures for easy and safe transport need a stable soil. Particularly suitable areas for the airport grounds in cities today, not being physically proper that construction of the airport made on soil with low bearing capacity, swelling potential of an expansive soil, settlement of soil etc, areas. In this study, soil problems encountered in the construction of airports will be explained and a summary of studies on the solution of these problems will be presented.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
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2. Magdi M. E. Zumrawi
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In Sudan, recently constructed roads were reported to deteriorate rapidly after
opened to traffic. These deteriorations were contributed to many reasons such as
excessive loads, climatic changes, poor drainage and low quality pavement materials.
The most common road distresses are cracks, potholes, rutting, raveling, depressions
and damaged edges. These distresses affect the safety and riding quality on the
pavement as they may lead to premature failure and traffic hazards. Before going into
maintenance strategies, engineers must look into the causes of road deterioration.
Therefore, this paper aims to identify the causes of pavement deterioration shortly
after construction or rehabilitation in Khartoum state.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Deterioration of highway pavement is a very serious problem that causes unnecessary
delay in traffic flow, distorts pavement aesthetics, damages of vehicle and most
significantly, causes road traffic accident that had resulted into loss of lives and
properties, [2]. Pavement surface deformation affects the safety and riding quality on
the pavement as it may lead to premature failures.
A variety of factors contribute to pavement deterioration were investigated by
many researchers ([3]; [6]; [8]; [10]; [17]; [18]). On his study on Nigeria highway,
Okigbo [3] has identified some of the factors that cause highway failure. They include
poor design, construction and maintenance, use of low quality construction materials,
poor workmanship and poor supervision of construction work and the applying of
heavy traffic that were not meant for the road. Furthermore, he also suggested that the
following will lead to highway failure; poor highway facilities, no knowledge base, in
adequate sanction for highway failure, no local standard of practice, poor laboratory
and in-situ tests on soil and weak local professional bodies in highway design,
construction and management.
The most significant road defects observed in the field are potholes, cracks, edge
defects, depressions and corrugation, [4]. At the same time he emphasized that traffic
overloading, pavement age, road geometry, weather, drainage, construction quality as
well as construction materials, maintenance policy play the major role as road
deteriorate agents. However, understanding the causes for pavement deterioration
failures is essential step towards minimizing risks to have good road performance. An
intensive literature of the major factors that may lead to pavement deterioration will
be reviewed in the following sections.
2.1. Heavy Traffic
One of the defects caused by heavy traffic on the road is the deformation of the
pavement surface due to overloading that is more than the design load. As stated by
Croney and Croney [5] that deterioration of pavements arises from deformation
generally associated with cracking under heavy commercial vehicles. The increased
traffic loading will then cause failures such as cracks and depressions on the
pavement. Omer et al [6] studied the pavement failures occurred in the ring road in
Khartoum. They observed from the site visit to the road severe trenched on the west
lane that might have been caused by the movements of heavy loaded truck-trailers,
tippers, as well as loaded fuel tankers.
Road surfaces often wear under the action of traffic, particularly during the very
early life of the road. However, the action of traffic continues to wear the surface
texture and thus gradually reduces the high speed skidding resistance, [7]. He reported
that with the increase of traffic loads (volume and axle loads) the road network was
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experiencing a deterioration equivalent to a loss of billions dollars due to road
deterioration and vehicle operating cost.
Nowadays, the rate of traffic accident on roads due to the nature of the road is
alarming. Okigbo [3] indicated that the defects that most often cause injuries to people
and damage to vehicles include inadequate road shoulders, pavement surface that is
uneven, improperly marked signs, malfunctioning stop lights, construction
negligence, and municipal negligence. Traffic volume and size (especially for
overloading) contributes to road safety and conditions. Recognizing of vehicles' uses
and applications (industrial transportations) is the key for decreasing road
deterioration.
2.2. Climatic Changes
Climatic factors include rainfall and annual variations in temperature are an important
consideration in pavement deterioration. Rainfall has a significant influence on the
stability and strength of the pavement layers because it affects the moisture content of
the subgrade soil. The effect of rain on road pavements can be destructive and
detrimental as most pavements are designed based on a certain period of rainfall data.
In addition, rainfall is well established as a factor affecting the elevation of the water
table, the intensity of erosion, and pumping and infiltration. Long periods of rainfall
of low intensity can be more adverse than short periods of high intensity because the
amount of moisture absorbed by the soil is greater under the former conditions, [8].
He further emphasized that water is the critical factor that cause road failures. Once
water has entered a road pavement, the damage initially is caused by hydraulic
pressure. Vehicles passing over the road pavement impart considerable sudden
pressure on the water, this pressure forces the water further into the road fabric and
breaks it up. This process can be very rapid once it begins. When vehicles pass over
the weak spot, the pavement will start to crack and soon the crack generates several
cracks. Water will then enter the surface voids, cracks and failure areas. This can
weaken the structural capacity of the pavement causing existing cracks to widen.
Eventually, the water will descend to the subgrade, weakening and hence lowering the
CBR value of the subgrade on which the road pavement design was based upon.
Wee et al [9] reported that climatic changes in temperature and rainfall can
interact together. Rainfall can alter moisture balances and influence pavement
deterioration while the temperature changes can affect the aging of bitumen resulting
in an increase in embrittlement of the bitumen which causes the surface to crack, with
a consequent loss of waterproofing of the surface seal.
2.3. Poor drainage
The highway drainage system includes the pavement and the water handling system
which includes pavement surface, shoulders, drains and culverts. These elements of
the drainage system must be properly designed, built, and maintained. When a road
fails, inadequate drainage often is a major factor. Poor design can direct water back
onto the road or keep it from draining away. Too much water remaining on the
surface combine with traffic action may cause potholes, cracks and pavement failure.
Patil Abhijit et al [10] investigated the effect of poor drainage on road pavement
condition and found that the increase in moisture content decreases the strength of the
pavement. Therefore, poor drainage causes the premature failure of the pavement.
Little and Jones [11] investigated moisture damage in asphalt pavements due to
poor drainage. They found that the loss of strength and durability due to the effects of
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water is caused by loss of cohesion (strength) of the asphalt film, failure of the
adhesion (bond) between the aggregate and asphalt, and degradation of the aggregate
particles subjected to freezing. Moisture damage generally starts at the bottom of an
asphalt layer or at the interface of two asphalt layers, [12]. Eventually, localized
potholes are formed or the pavement ravels or ruts. Surface raveling or a loss of
surface aggregate can also occur, especially with chip seals. Occasionally, binder
from within the pavement will migrate to the pavement surface resulting in flushing
or bleeding, [13].
2.4. Construction with low quality materials
The use of low quality materials for construction adversely affects the performance of
the road. This sometimes occurs in the form of the improper grading of aggregates for
base or subbase and poor subgrade soil of low bearing strength. The use of marginal
or substandard base materials for pavement construction will affect pavement
performance, [14]. He found that these materials may accelerate deterioration of the
pavement and often result in rutting, cracking, shoving, raveling, aggregate abrasion,
low skid resistance, low strength, shortened service life, or some combination of these
problems.
Osuolale et al [15] investigated the possible causes of highway pavement failure
along a road in south western Nigeria. He stated that the materials used as subbase
have the geotechnical properties below the specification and this is likely to be
responsible for the road failure.
The base materials with high fines content are susceptible to loss of strength and
load supporting capability upon wetting, [16]. However, marginal base materials often
lead to distress and can lead to premature failure in the form of severe shrinkage
cracking followed by accelerated fatigue cracking and a general loss of stability, [17].
2.5. Expansive subgrade soil
Expansive soil as road subgrade is considered one of the most common causes of
pavement distresses. Longitudinal cracking results from the volumetric change of the
expansive subgrade, is one of the most common distresses form in low volume roads
(see Fig. 1). This type of cracking is initiated from the drying highly plastic subgrade
(PI >35) through the pavement structure during the summer, [18], [19]. Other forms
include fatigue (alligator) cracking, edge cracking, rutting in the wheel path, shoving,
and popouts.
Figure 1 Longitudinal cracking and failure, [19]
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Charlie et al [20] investigated more than 30 sites and found that over one third of
Sudan's area may have potentially expansive soils and recommended all potential
construction sites in the clay plain be evaluated for expansive soils. Problem of
expansive soils results from a wide range of factors such as swelling and shrinkage of
clay soils result from moisture change, type of clay minerals, drainage– rise of ground
water or poor surface drainage and compression of the soil strata resulting from
applied load.
3. CASE STUDY
The current investigation was carried out on selected three major roads in Khartoum
state. These roads have exhibited pavement deterioration and failures occurred shortly
after their last rehabilitation. The investigation consisted of field survey of road
surface distresses and laboratory investigation. The visual field inspection was carried
out on the existing pavement of failed sections. The laboratory investigation was
conducted to determine the materials characteristics of the pavement layers.
Three major road projects in Khartoum state, which are distinctly different in their
current pavement conditions, were selected for study: Algaba road, Shambat west
road, and Alarbeen road are located in Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman
respectively. These roads are located in the most crowded areas in Khartoum state.
They were subjected to rehabilitation several times within the last ten years and still
severing significant distresses and fast deterioration. The projects were investigated to
identify sources and reasons of pavement deterioration and other problems that have
led to premature failures. For the study purpose, it is required to evaluate design,
construction, and materials properties. The sections below provide brief summaries of
the investigation methodology followed in order to achieve the research objective.
3.1. Records Review
A detailed records review was conducted with the help of some civil engineers of the
Road Corporation, Ministry of Infrastructure in Khartoum state to obtain some data
about the geometric and pavement design and year of last rehabilitation of the study
road projects as given in Table 1.
Table 1: Summary of the findings from records review
Data Description
Algaba
Road
Shambat
west Road
Alarbeen
Road
Road length, km
Total length 3.0 2.5 2.0
failed length 1.4 1.6 0.5
Road cross-section
Total width, m 22 to 7 7 15
Carriageway 2 or 1 1 2
No. of lanes 6 or 2 2 4
Pavement Layers
Thickness, cm
Surface 7 5 7
Base 20 20 15
Subbase 20 25 20
Subgrade Soil
Type Silty clay Silty clay Clayey sand
Design CBR 7.0 5.5 10.0
Design Traffic Loading, ESAL 4 x 106
3.5 x 106
2.5 x 106
Year of last rehabilitation 2013 2010 2007
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3.2. Field Inspection of Distresses
The visual examination of the pavement surface was conducted by a car driving at
slow speed on the shoulders along the distress locations. Frequently stops were made
near locations where severe distresses were witnessed. Drainage features at and/or
near these locations were inspected to determine if improper drainage was a
contributing factor to the distress. In addition, photographs of the distressed
pavements were taken at these locations. The details of the field inspection of
distresses for the three roads are given in the following sections.
3.2.1. Algaba Road
This road connects the southern part of Khartoum with Omdurman by Al Ingaz
Bridge. The road is a major transport facility for trucks and buses that transport goods
and passengers from Omdurman to Khartoum south. A portion of this road located at
Almugran in Khartoum, 1400m length had been plagued by significant distresses.
This particular road section recently had received a 30mm overlay. However, within
one year of construction, the overlay was badly cracked and rutted. It was observed
that there is an open small side drain in a very bad condition located on north side
edge of the northbound. These conditions of pavement prompted the urgent need for a
detailed inspection of failures.
Both the northbound and southbound lanes were examined. On the southbound
lanes, the majority of the damage is due to high severity rutting leads to large potholes
mostly concentrated to the wheel path of heavy traffic as shown in Fig. 2. There is
also significant damage due to medium severity transverse cracking mostly occurring
in edge lane.
In the northbound lanes there is substantial fatigue cracking with small potholes.
As would be expected, the damage appears to be isolated mostly in the center of the
road. There is some medium to severe transverse cracking in edge lane.
Figure 2 Severe rutting leading to large potholes in Algaba road
3.2.2. Shambat West Road
It is a major road that located at the western part of Khartoum North. This road has
been experiencing considerable pavement failures. The road narrows to one lane in
each direction. It was observed that the majority of the damage is large potholes. In
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addition there are large areas of moderate fatigue cracking associated with
depressions and heave. Most of the cracks and potholes are considered severe and
located along the road edges (see Fig. 3).
Figure 3 Severe potholes and damaged edge in Shambat west road
3.2.3. Alarbeen road
This road connects Omdurman town with Khartoum and is located in the eastern part.
The damage was observed mainly in the middle portion of the road length,
particularly in the edge lane of the eastern carriage. The majority of the damage was
moderate to severe edge cracking. Raveling is also present and appears to be worse.
The severe raveling has lead to potholes and depression areas where the top surface
has delaminated from the road structure as clearly shown in the photograph of Fig. 4.
Figure 4 Severe surface damage along the edge lane in Alarbeen road
It was observed that the eastern carriageway of the road is connected with side
drain. In general, most of the drain is covered with concrete slab and damage manhole
covers. The drain has small cross section of 1m width and not more than 1m depth.
The condition of the drain and its structures is very poor and getting deteriorated by
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the passage of time. The drain suffered from low capacity, natural siltation, absence of
inlets, lack of proper maintenance and over and above disposal of solid waste into the
drain and the crossing culverts. The drain blocked with silt and sand accumulation,
debris and vegetation as shown in Fig. 5. It is clear that the drain being converted to
dumpy place and subsequently obstructed the water flow.
Figure 5 Side drain of damaged cover full with debris in Alarbeen road
3.3. Laboratory Testing
The laboratory investigation was conducted on samples obtained from the pavement
materials of the study projects. The Field sampling consisted of cutting cores from the
pavements and excavating trenches for damaged sections along the three roads
projects. Two samples were obtained from each road for testing.
The tests were conducted to measure the soil physical properties, strength and
swelling characteristics. Sieve analysis, hydrometer, Atterberg limits (liquid and
plastic limits) tests were carried out in accordance with BS 1377 [21]. Oedometer
tests were performed for measuring swell potential and swelling pressure of
compacted soils. Whereas the free swell was measured in a graduated cylindrical
glass jar of 100ml capacity.
The asphalt concrete samples were obtained from the cutting cores in the failed
pavement sections. The thickness of the core samples were measured prior testing.
The samples of asphalt concrete were prepared by reheating to 60 °C and then
subjected to Marshall Compaction. The compacted samples of asphalt concrete were
subjected to Marshall tests to measure the stability and flow properties.
3.4. Results and Discussion
The results of the experiments carried out for measuring the basic properties of the six
samples of soils and asphalt concrete are presented in Table II. As shown in this table,
the measured properties for the earth pavement materials not complied with the
standard specifications, whereas the samples of asphalt concrete comply with the
requirements of Marshall. It is to be noted that reheating of the asphalt concrete
samples sometimes give higher values. The tests results clearly indicated that the
granular base and subbase materials for the three roads below the specifications. This
may be one of the reasons that cause pavement deterioration.
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Table 2: Summary of the laboratory tests results
TEST PROPERTY
ALGABA
ROAD
SHAMBAT
WEST ROAD
ALARBEEN
ROAD
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
PARTICLE SIZE
ANALYSIS
SAND, % 25 10 28 20 64 61
SILT, % 19 20 20 18 22 18
CLAY, % 56 70 52 62 14 21
ATTERBERG'S
LIMITS
LL, % 61 72 54 70 37 45
PI, % 31 40 29 42 10 17
CBR
BASE 62 56 37 52 70 64
SUBBASE 25 22 20 23 24 20
SUBGRADE 2.2 3.5 1.4 3.1 7.0 11
SWELLING
FSI, % 160 220 165 205 30 45
SWELL % 9.5 15 7.0 10 1.6 4.0
SWELL PRESSURE,
KPA
90 130 95 122 28 50
MARSHALL
THICKNESS, MM 62 60 43 46 55 61
STABILITY, KG 1452 1375 1460 1543 1520 1650
FLOW, MM 2.8 3.5 2.2 2.9 2.4 3.1
The results from field survey of the three roads with different defects are
presented and discussed here. Fig. 2 shows the photo of pavement having rutting
surface and potholes. From figure, the rutting happened to occur on the wheel path
and the potholes appeared in the middle of roadway. This pavement receives heavy
load traffic every day because it is one of the main routes for buses and trucks. From
field observation, this road experience very poor drainage. The data recorded (as
given in Table 1) indicated that the faulty pavement design parameters, the paving
was designed using underestimated traffic loads, the use of low quality materials in
base and subbase construction, inappropriate pavement design procedures were
followed. Therefore, insufficient thickness and poor drainage may become the reasons
of these defects to occur.
Fig. 3 is the photo taken from pavement that having bumps, cracks, and edge
failures at the middle and side edges of the road carriageway. The defect area is quite
large and obstruct the traffic flow. It appears that failures may simply be due to weak
subgrade soil. The problems associated with heave and edge failures were likely
associated with problems in the subgrade soils along the alignment. Distresses related
to expansive soils exist throughout the road alignment, but significant damages
concentrations are located in a certain sections of about 1.6 km length. A lack of
adequate surface drainage is another critical factor leading to problems with
expansive subgrade soils in this road.
Fig. 4 shows the asphalt layer has delaminated from the top surface of the road
structure. This defect area is adjacent to the side drain, shows significant depression.
It was observed that the side drain was full with refuse dumps. The inlets on the curb
were blocked with soil accumulation as shown in Fig. 5. It is clear that the surface
runoff water penetrated through the cracks and potholes cause a progressive inward
penetration of the zone of soil movement leading to soil depression and ultimately
failure of the pavement. From the on-site observation and the result above, it is clearly
seen that the major cause of pavement deterioration is inadequate drainage.
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4. RECOMMENDED DISTRESSES REPAIR TECHNIQUES
The study aims to recommend effective repair techniques. This may be achieved by
justifying some improvements to current repair techniques to suit roads in Sudan. A
detailed description of the recommended repair techniques is outlined below.
Cracking Repair:
Use crack sealing with bitumen for low severity cracks (< 20 mm wide). For high
severity longitudinal cracks, a base repair may be necessary. Other effective
treatments could be sealing the cracks and applying a surface level-up; or applying
overlay. Cracking because of aged HMA can be effectively treated with applying a
new surface.
Slight ruts (< 8mm deep) can generally be left untreated. Pavement with deeper ruts
should be leveled and overlaid.
The optimal treatment of a pothole is a surface patch.
For narrow roads without shoulders, road widening is suggested as a cost-effective
edge repair solution than patching.
For small, localized areas of corrugation or shoving, it is recommended to remove the
distorted pavement and patch. Large corrugated or shoved areas are repaired by
removing the damaged pavement and overlay.
Depressions or heave should be repaired by removing the affected pavement then
patch over the repaired subgrade.
A raveled pavement repair by removing the damaged pavement and patch if small
otherwise apply overlay for large raveled areas which indicate general HMA failure.
Bleeding repair may eliminate or reduce the asphalt binder film on the pavement's
surface but may not correct the underlying problem that caused the bleeding. Minor
bleeding can often be corrected by applying coarse sand to blot up the excess asphalt
binder. Major bleeding can be corrected by cutting off excess asphalt with a motor
grader or removing it with a heater planer. If the resulting surface is excessively
rough, resurfacing may be necessary.
Patches are themselves a repair action. The only way to repair them by removing
from a pavement's surface and then apply overlay.
5. CONCLUSION
This study has been undertaken to investigate the causes for pavement deterioration.
The results and the conclusions drawn as follows:
Road deterioration is an issue of vital concern to road authorities because of the high
cost for rehabilitation of existing roads.
Pavements deteriorate under traffic loads and climate effects. This fact, together with
the weak subgrade soil and poor drainage system, could be major causes of the road's
fast deterioration in Sudan.
It was pointed out that understanding the causes of pavement deterioration will
significantly contribute to the proper selection of effective maintenance technique
results in prolonged service life of roads and significant savings for the government.
The experience of the investigator is an important factor in correctly diagnosing the
pavement failure cause and determining the best rehabilitation treatment.
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