The document summarizes events in Delhi during a period of decline and epidemic. It describes the death and suffering plaguing the city, including the death of Bilqeece and others close to the characters. It discusses the Rowlatt Act passed by the British to detain revolutionaries without trial. The Khilafat Movement aimed to support the Ottoman Caliph being attacked by European powers. The clash between modern and traditional values is seen in characters like Mir Nihal representing the death of old beliefs versus Asghar embracing new fashions. In conclusion, the decline of the Muslim civilization in Delhi is attributed to the decay of Muslim kingship and collapse of old values under the new British system.

1. Twilight in Delhi
Part-IV
Instructor: Bibi Halima
Bibi.halima@uow@edu.pk

3. No Candle burns upon my grave
Nor Air blows a drooping rose
And no moth burns its wings in
the flame
Nor the bulbul sings his woes

4. The Death of Delhi
• The world of terrible woes and ferocious wounds
• The abbey of ruins and destruction
• The tea of death is served
• The epidemic of brutal virus
• The cemetery of death
• The room of criminals, rascals, and hollow hearted
beings
• The inferno of power-drunk Satans
• The time of despair and utter gloom
• The record of ravished nation

5. Indian Home Rule Movement led by
Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant
• After “Divide and rule policy of British Raaj, the country and congress
became all weak and badly lacked the capability of organizing mass
• Tilak was a man who had great public appeal and he suggested that
congress should be small and strong to take effective decisions
Objectives
• Establishment of self-government in India
• Promoting political education
• Greater political presentation for indians
• Mobilize and inspire Indians against oppressors

6. Rowlatt Bill/Act: Anarchical and
Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919
• Passes by imperial legislative counsels in Delhi
• It authorized government to imprison any revolution for two years
WITHOUT trial suspected of terrorism
• Accused were denied to know the reason of accusation
Opposition
• Home Rule Movement
• Muslim League
• Satyagrah Sabha
• Prayer, protest and petition on 6th April

7. Khilafat Movement (1919-24)
• It was islamic movement organized by Ali brothers, i.e., M. Ali and
Shaukat ali
• This was an attempt by Indian Muslim community to unite together
in the support of Turkish Empire rules by Khalifa (Ottoman Sultan)
which was attacked by European powers
• The end of WWI was catastrophic for Ottoman empire because of
defeat of central powers
• After the defeat the boundaries of Ottoman Empire were changed
and divided among colonial powers i.e., Britain and France
• Its area too was reduced through Treaty of Versailles (1919)
• Abdul Hamid-II was Ottoman Emperor at that time (Caliph) who has
supreme religious and political influence among Muslim community
all over the world

8. Khilafat Movement (1919-24)
• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk became the
founder of REPUBLIC of Turkey who
was a nationalist, revolutionary,
army officer, secular and later
became the first president of Turkey
(1923-38)
• He fought the Turkish War of
Independence
• His policies and ideologies are now
known as “Kemalism”

9. Highlights
• Epidemic of Influenza
• Bilqeece has died
• Sham’s wife had died
• Mirza’s son is shot
• Begam Nihal has become blind of his both eyes
• Masroor has become a vain
• Mehro is locked strictly by his crippled husband
• Asghar is planning to marry Zohra (Bilqeece’s Sister)
• The evening has entered in the streets of Delhi and
twilight is being experienced by every individual who
went through this disastrous phase of history

10. Modernity Versus Conservatism
• The paralytic Mir Nihal reflects the death of
orthodoxic beliefs whereas Asghar’s fashions of
life represent the liberal hybrid beliefs
• Mir Nihal Presents India as a whole that
mutilated, diluted, poisoned and deteriorated at
the arrival of British colonial powers
• The clash between modern and old values gave
rise to decline of Muslim Civilization

11. Decline of Muslim Civilization
• Decay of Muslim kingship
• Collapse of rich esteemed values of Delhi
• Old people were unable to put up with new
system just like Mir Nihal could not
accommodate with the changes because he felt
that in this way Muslims are greatly humiliated
by new powers