The document discusses major events that occurred in the 16th century Ethiopian region, including increased rivalry between Portugal and the Ottoman Empire for influence over Ethiopia, the wars led by Imam Ahmad of Adal against the Christian highlands which weakened both sides, and the large population movement of Oromo people from their original homeland in the south to other areas which was a major event of the century.
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy as a period of cultural and intellectual revival following the Middle Ages. It spread across Europe over subsequent centuries as new ideas in politics, society, religion, and the arts emerged. The Protestant Reformation began as a religious challenge to the Catholic Church in the 16th century, led by Martin Luther. Luther's teachings and the spread of new Protestant faiths like Calvinism divided Europe along religious lines and weakened the power and influence of the Catholic Church.
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a university course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed as a common course for Ethiopian students and covers the region's history from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The course objectives are to introduce students to the diverse histories of the region and how interactions between peoples shaped its development. Specific topics that will be covered include human evolution, ancient states, religious processes, and internal and external relations from the 19th to 20th centuries.
The document summarizes the emergence and development of early states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa from ancient times until the 13th century CE. It discusses:
- The earliest recorded state of Punt located in northern Somalia or northern Ethiopia, known from Egyptian texts between 2500-1500 BCE.
- Other early cultural centers that emerged like Da'amat and Yeha in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea between 1000-500 BCE.
- The rise of the powerful Aksumite state between 200 BCE-700 CE, which dominated trade routes in the Red Sea region and had territories extending across modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, and South Arabia.
- The Zagwe
Nicholas II's weak leadership and failure to enact meaningful reforms led to growing unrest in Russia. Economic issues like increased taxes hurt peasants while workers faced poor conditions. Socially, ethnic groups faced oppression and workers had no rights. The Bloody Sunday massacre in 1905 further radicalized opposition. Nicholas issued the October Manifesto granting civil liberties and limited parliament, but it did little to resolve issues and revolution continued to simmer until the outbreak of World War I.
Feudalism developed as a political system based on local control by lords loyal to a monarch. It declined due to interactions with the Muslim world bringing new ideas and institutions to Europe. Key factors in its decline included the Magna Carta limiting monarch power, the Hundred Years War weakening nobility, the Peasants' Revolt increasing commoners' rights, influence from the Crusades and Muslim world, and the Black Plague decreasing population and changing the economy. The combined impact of these political, cultural, and social changes caused feudalism to be replaced with stronger centralized government and monarchy.
This document discusses political, economic, and social developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th century to the late 18th century. Major events included expansion of trade routes which led to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over control of trade. Foreign powers also intervened during this period. There were significant population movements as groups like the Afar, Somali, Argoba, and Oromo migrated into the region. Religious influences also spread and peoples began to integrate across ethnic and religious lines.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Persian Empire including its growth under Cyrus the Great and Darius I, the religion of Zoroastrianism, and Persian achievements. It describes how Cyrus expanded the empire and freed Jews in Babylon, and how Darius further organized the empire using satraps and strengthened the military. It explains that Zoroastrianism, based on the teachings of Zoroaster, emerged during this time and taught of dualistic forces of good and evil. It notes the Persians built roads like the Royal Road for improved communication across the empire.
The Congress of Vienna met in 1814-1815 to restore stability in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The five great powers of Europe - Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain and France - sought to contain French power, establish a balance of power, and restore legitimacy to deposed monarchies. The Congress established a system of alliances and suppression of revolutionary ideologies like liberalism and nationalism to maintain conservative control over populations and prevent future revolutionary movements. As a result, traditional monarchs were restored to power across Europe and the Concert of Europe was formed to preserve this post-war settlement.
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy as a period of cultural and intellectual revival following the Middle Ages. It spread across Europe over subsequent centuries as new ideas in politics, society, religion, and the arts emerged. The Protestant Reformation began as a religious challenge to the Catholic Church in the 16th century, led by Martin Luther. Luther's teachings and the spread of new Protestant faiths like Calvinism divided Europe along religious lines and weakened the power and influence of the Catholic Church.
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a university course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed as a common course for Ethiopian students and covers the region's history from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The course objectives are to introduce students to the diverse histories of the region and how interactions between peoples shaped its development. Specific topics that will be covered include human evolution, ancient states, religious processes, and internal and external relations from the 19th to 20th centuries.
The document summarizes the emergence and development of early states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa from ancient times until the 13th century CE. It discusses:
- The earliest recorded state of Punt located in northern Somalia or northern Ethiopia, known from Egyptian texts between 2500-1500 BCE.
- Other early cultural centers that emerged like Da'amat and Yeha in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea between 1000-500 BCE.
- The rise of the powerful Aksumite state between 200 BCE-700 CE, which dominated trade routes in the Red Sea region and had territories extending across modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, and South Arabia.
- The Zagwe
Nicholas II's weak leadership and failure to enact meaningful reforms led to growing unrest in Russia. Economic issues like increased taxes hurt peasants while workers faced poor conditions. Socially, ethnic groups faced oppression and workers had no rights. The Bloody Sunday massacre in 1905 further radicalized opposition. Nicholas issued the October Manifesto granting civil liberties and limited parliament, but it did little to resolve issues and revolution continued to simmer until the outbreak of World War I.
Feudalism developed as a political system based on local control by lords loyal to a monarch. It declined due to interactions with the Muslim world bringing new ideas and institutions to Europe. Key factors in its decline included the Magna Carta limiting monarch power, the Hundred Years War weakening nobility, the Peasants' Revolt increasing commoners' rights, influence from the Crusades and Muslim world, and the Black Plague decreasing population and changing the economy. The combined impact of these political, cultural, and social changes caused feudalism to be replaced with stronger centralized government and monarchy.
This document discusses political, economic, and social developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th century to the late 18th century. Major events included expansion of trade routes which led to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over control of trade. Foreign powers also intervened during this period. There were significant population movements as groups like the Afar, Somali, Argoba, and Oromo migrated into the region. Religious influences also spread and peoples began to integrate across ethnic and religious lines.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Persian Empire including its growth under Cyrus the Great and Darius I, the religion of Zoroastrianism, and Persian achievements. It describes how Cyrus expanded the empire and freed Jews in Babylon, and how Darius further organized the empire using satraps and strengthened the military. It explains that Zoroastrianism, based on the teachings of Zoroaster, emerged during this time and taught of dualistic forces of good and evil. It notes the Persians built roads like the Royal Road for improved communication across the empire.
The Congress of Vienna met in 1814-1815 to restore stability in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The five great powers of Europe - Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain and France - sought to contain French power, establish a balance of power, and restore legitimacy to deposed monarchies. The Congress established a system of alliances and suppression of revolutionary ideologies like liberalism and nationalism to maintain conservative control over populations and prevent future revolutionary movements. As a result, traditional monarchs were restored to power across Europe and the Concert of Europe was formed to preserve this post-war settlement.
The National Convention was the governing body of France from 1792 to 1795 during the French Revolution. It was formed in September 1792 after the overthrow of the French monarchy and was made up of 749 members elected from all of France. The Convention established a republic, created the Committee of Public Safety which instituted the Reign of Terror period under Maximilien Robespierre, and executed King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The Convention was finally dissolved in October 1795 after three years in power.
2013 - 2015 OUR COMMON EUROPEAN ROOTS MEETINGS AND TOPICS
3rd project meeting – 23rd – 28th March 2014 at
Özel Çağ Koleji,
Mersin, Tarsus, Turkey
Topic : “Historical roots: in search of the history that unites us. Great social events”.
The document summarizes the colonization of Africa by European powers between the 15th-early 20th centuries. It describes how Portugal, France, Britain, and other countries gradually established colonies along the coast in the 1400s-1700s by founding trading ports. In the 1800s, Europeans increasingly sought Africa's natural resources and used imperialism to divide the continent. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized the colonial boundaries, ignoring Africa's political structures. By 1900, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent as Europe had colonized the rest.
Colonialism involved one country dominating another through military force to establish control over territory and people. There were economic, religious, and strategic motivations for colonialism. Economically, colonies provided markets, raw materials, and investment opportunities. Religiously, countries sought to spread their beliefs. Strategically, colonies protected trade routes and investments. The 1884-85 Berlin Conference regulated European colonization in Africa, eliminating African autonomy and dividing the continent between European powers. Colonial rule had significant negative consequences for colonized peoples through exploitation of resources and labor forces, destruction of local industries, slavery, and institutionalized racism.
Agamemnon was the king of Mycenae and Argos who commanded the Greek forces during the Trojan War. He sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to appease the goddess Artemis to allow the expedition to sail to Troy. During the war, he led the Greeks to several victories but faced setbacks due to conflicts with Achilles. Upon his return home, Agamemnon was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus, leading to further revenge killings by his son Orestes.
The document discusses the impact of colonialism on African development. It notes that while colonialism brought some benefits like technology and institutions, it also disrupted existing institutions and political systems. While living standards increased under colonial rule from very low bases, growth was modest. After independence, many of the benefits proved ephemeral while the negatives endured, leaving Africa poorer than it may have been without colonialism. Colonialism's impacts are still debated by historians and economists today.
The document discusses how nationalism affected the Ottoman Empire. It began with the Millet system established by Sultan Mehmed, which allowed different ethnic and religious groups to govern themselves. However, in the 18th-19th centuries, European nationalism encouraged ethnic groups within the empire to seek independence. This led to nationalist movements among groups like the Greeks, Albanians, Armenians, and Serbians. In response, the Young Turks promoted Turkish nationalism to counter the loss of territory to revolts. This, along with European encouragement of separatism and the Balkan Wars, ultimately led to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War 1.
The document provides an overview of major events and developments in Europe during the Middle Ages. It discusses the decline of the Roman Empire and rise of feudalism, the growth and influence of the Catholic Church, the Crusades, and key figures like Charlemagne and Joan of Arc. It also covers advances in areas like architecture, trade, and banking as well as setbacks like the Black Plague pandemic in the 14th century.
The Catholic Church used several methods to counter the spread of Protestantism, including educational reforms from the Council of Trent to spread Catholicism, and the Inquisition to put religious dissidents on trial. The Counter-Reformation caused religious turmoil and conflict across Europe as Catholics and Protestants persecuted one another and different religious groups. This religious turmoil led to the rise of independent states and nations separating from the Catholic Church.
The document outlines 26 questions about the French Revolution for a history class assignment. It asks about the circumstances leading to the revolution, the groups that benefited and lost power, Napoleon's rise and fall, key events and locations of the revolution like the storming of the Bastille fortress prison. It also asks students to define terms like Republic, guillotine, Directory, and explain concepts like the Third Estate, Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, and the Reign of Terror period. The document covers the causes, key figures, events, outcomes, and impact of the French Revolution.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was divided. In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with Constantinople as its capital, maintaining Greco-Roman culture and Christianity. In the West, Europe entered the Middle Ages characterized by invasions, warfare, and the rise of feudalism. Without Roman unity, Germanic kingdoms developed and the Catholic Church expanded its influence. By 1000 CE, Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe further destabilizing the region.
The French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment thinkers who challenged the divine right of kings. The social structure in France was unequal, with the poor paying most taxes. A growing middle class demanded more political power. France faced an ongoing financial crisis due to massive war debts and excessive spending by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, whose weak leadership and rumors of corruption further upset the public. Famine and poor harvests exacerbated economic problems and unrest.
Growing tensions between Athens and Sparta led to the Peloponnesian War. Athens had formed an alliance known as the Delian League to dominate trading routes, growing powerful under the leadership of Pericles. As Athens took control of the league and demanded tribute, tensions increased with Sparta and member states. The war was bitterly fought for decades until Athens was defeated by a disastrous plague, a failed expedition to Sicily, and Persian support of Sparta's navy. Both city-states were weakened, allowing Thebes to gain dominance over Greece for several decades until the rise of Philip II of Macedon.
The Sumerian civilization arose around 4500-4000 BC in the fertile crescent region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. Sumerian society was composed of independent city-states like Ur and Kish that were ruled by kings with both governmental and religious powers, forming a theocratic system. Farming was central to their economy and they developed innovations like the wheel, lunar calendar, and a base-60 number system. Religion was important in Sumerian culture and each city had its own patron deity housed in a ziggurat temple.
Rise of Nation States in Medieval Europejauntingjen
In the Late Medieval Period, European monarchies began consolidating power and forming independent nation-states that controlled large territories, unlike city-states. Nation-states such as England, France, and Spain expanded their territories and centralized royal power through conquest and internal reforms. This led to the emergence of strong centralized governments and a sense of national identity defined by shared culture, language, and history in these European powers.
The Persian Empire originated in 550 BC under the rule of Cyrus the Great, who conquered surrounding kingdoms and established an empire spanning 2000 miles through military prowess but also tolerance of local customs. The empire reached its height under Darius I in the 5th century BC, incorporating governance structures like satraps and a royal road system. However, defeats against the Greeks in the Persian Wars weakened the empire, and it was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC due to military, leadership, social, and economic problems including overtaxation, weak rulers, and satraps declaring independence.
The document discusses the rise of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers gave rise to the world's first civilization, as the geography promoted agriculture but posed challenges that required social organization. This included the Sumerian civilization, known for its system of city-states, invention of writing in the form of cuneiform, and cultural achievements in areas like math, science, and architecture. Subsequent empires like those of Sargon and Hammurabi continued the cultural traditions of Sumer while expanding control over Mesopotamia.
The Protestant Reformation began in the early 1500s in response to corruption within the Catholic Church. Some of the key causes included the selling of indulgences by priests to finance church projects, nepotism among high-ranking clergy, and the Church ignoring calls for reform from Christian humanists. Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing indulgences in 1517 is seen as sparking the Reformation. The new Protestant churches, including those led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, spread across Europe in the following decades, while Catholic monarchs like Henry VIII of England broke from Rome. The religious divide escalated conflicts like the Thirty Years' War, devastating much of central Europe.
The document summarizes the four major Islamic empires of the 15th-16th centuries: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Songhay Empire, and Mughal Empire. It describes their origins, religious diversity, economic power, and cultural achievements. It also notes tensions between the Sunni Ottoman and Shia Safavid empires and the gradual decline of these frontier empires over time due to external economic and political forces.
1312 Africa 1400 to 1800 and the Slave Trade (revised)Drew Burks
West Africa from 1400-1800 saw the rise and fall of several major kingdoms and societies, including the Kingdom of Benin, the Songhai Empire, Hausaland, and the Kanem-Bornu Empire. These societies participated extensively in trans-Saharan trade but also engaged in slave trading, first within Africa and later in the transatlantic slave trade. The transatlantic slave trade had a devastating impact on African populations and societies, resulting in over 12 million Africans being taken abroad as slaves and millions more being forced to relocate within Africa. This massive loss of populations disrupted African cultures, development, and economies.
The National Convention was the governing body of France from 1792 to 1795 during the French Revolution. It was formed in September 1792 after the overthrow of the French monarchy and was made up of 749 members elected from all of France. The Convention established a republic, created the Committee of Public Safety which instituted the Reign of Terror period under Maximilien Robespierre, and executed King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The Convention was finally dissolved in October 1795 after three years in power.
2013 - 2015 OUR COMMON EUROPEAN ROOTS MEETINGS AND TOPICS
3rd project meeting – 23rd – 28th March 2014 at
Özel Çağ Koleji,
Mersin, Tarsus, Turkey
Topic : “Historical roots: in search of the history that unites us. Great social events”.
The document summarizes the colonization of Africa by European powers between the 15th-early 20th centuries. It describes how Portugal, France, Britain, and other countries gradually established colonies along the coast in the 1400s-1700s by founding trading ports. In the 1800s, Europeans increasingly sought Africa's natural resources and used imperialism to divide the continent. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized the colonial boundaries, ignoring Africa's political structures. By 1900, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent as Europe had colonized the rest.
Colonialism involved one country dominating another through military force to establish control over territory and people. There were economic, religious, and strategic motivations for colonialism. Economically, colonies provided markets, raw materials, and investment opportunities. Religiously, countries sought to spread their beliefs. Strategically, colonies protected trade routes and investments. The 1884-85 Berlin Conference regulated European colonization in Africa, eliminating African autonomy and dividing the continent between European powers. Colonial rule had significant negative consequences for colonized peoples through exploitation of resources and labor forces, destruction of local industries, slavery, and institutionalized racism.
Agamemnon was the king of Mycenae and Argos who commanded the Greek forces during the Trojan War. He sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to appease the goddess Artemis to allow the expedition to sail to Troy. During the war, he led the Greeks to several victories but faced setbacks due to conflicts with Achilles. Upon his return home, Agamemnon was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus, leading to further revenge killings by his son Orestes.
The document discusses the impact of colonialism on African development. It notes that while colonialism brought some benefits like technology and institutions, it also disrupted existing institutions and political systems. While living standards increased under colonial rule from very low bases, growth was modest. After independence, many of the benefits proved ephemeral while the negatives endured, leaving Africa poorer than it may have been without colonialism. Colonialism's impacts are still debated by historians and economists today.
The document discusses how nationalism affected the Ottoman Empire. It began with the Millet system established by Sultan Mehmed, which allowed different ethnic and religious groups to govern themselves. However, in the 18th-19th centuries, European nationalism encouraged ethnic groups within the empire to seek independence. This led to nationalist movements among groups like the Greeks, Albanians, Armenians, and Serbians. In response, the Young Turks promoted Turkish nationalism to counter the loss of territory to revolts. This, along with European encouragement of separatism and the Balkan Wars, ultimately led to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War 1.
The document provides an overview of major events and developments in Europe during the Middle Ages. It discusses the decline of the Roman Empire and rise of feudalism, the growth and influence of the Catholic Church, the Crusades, and key figures like Charlemagne and Joan of Arc. It also covers advances in areas like architecture, trade, and banking as well as setbacks like the Black Plague pandemic in the 14th century.
The Catholic Church used several methods to counter the spread of Protestantism, including educational reforms from the Council of Trent to spread Catholicism, and the Inquisition to put religious dissidents on trial. The Counter-Reformation caused religious turmoil and conflict across Europe as Catholics and Protestants persecuted one another and different religious groups. This religious turmoil led to the rise of independent states and nations separating from the Catholic Church.
The document outlines 26 questions about the French Revolution for a history class assignment. It asks about the circumstances leading to the revolution, the groups that benefited and lost power, Napoleon's rise and fall, key events and locations of the revolution like the storming of the Bastille fortress prison. It also asks students to define terms like Republic, guillotine, Directory, and explain concepts like the Third Estate, Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, and the Reign of Terror period. The document covers the causes, key figures, events, outcomes, and impact of the French Revolution.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was divided. In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with Constantinople as its capital, maintaining Greco-Roman culture and Christianity. In the West, Europe entered the Middle Ages characterized by invasions, warfare, and the rise of feudalism. Without Roman unity, Germanic kingdoms developed and the Catholic Church expanded its influence. By 1000 CE, Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe further destabilizing the region.
The French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment thinkers who challenged the divine right of kings. The social structure in France was unequal, with the poor paying most taxes. A growing middle class demanded more political power. France faced an ongoing financial crisis due to massive war debts and excessive spending by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, whose weak leadership and rumors of corruption further upset the public. Famine and poor harvests exacerbated economic problems and unrest.
Growing tensions between Athens and Sparta led to the Peloponnesian War. Athens had formed an alliance known as the Delian League to dominate trading routes, growing powerful under the leadership of Pericles. As Athens took control of the league and demanded tribute, tensions increased with Sparta and member states. The war was bitterly fought for decades until Athens was defeated by a disastrous plague, a failed expedition to Sicily, and Persian support of Sparta's navy. Both city-states were weakened, allowing Thebes to gain dominance over Greece for several decades until the rise of Philip II of Macedon.
The Sumerian civilization arose around 4500-4000 BC in the fertile crescent region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. Sumerian society was composed of independent city-states like Ur and Kish that were ruled by kings with both governmental and religious powers, forming a theocratic system. Farming was central to their economy and they developed innovations like the wheel, lunar calendar, and a base-60 number system. Religion was important in Sumerian culture and each city had its own patron deity housed in a ziggurat temple.
Rise of Nation States in Medieval Europejauntingjen
In the Late Medieval Period, European monarchies began consolidating power and forming independent nation-states that controlled large territories, unlike city-states. Nation-states such as England, France, and Spain expanded their territories and centralized royal power through conquest and internal reforms. This led to the emergence of strong centralized governments and a sense of national identity defined by shared culture, language, and history in these European powers.
The Persian Empire originated in 550 BC under the rule of Cyrus the Great, who conquered surrounding kingdoms and established an empire spanning 2000 miles through military prowess but also tolerance of local customs. The empire reached its height under Darius I in the 5th century BC, incorporating governance structures like satraps and a royal road system. However, defeats against the Greeks in the Persian Wars weakened the empire, and it was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC due to military, leadership, social, and economic problems including overtaxation, weak rulers, and satraps declaring independence.
The document discusses the rise of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers gave rise to the world's first civilization, as the geography promoted agriculture but posed challenges that required social organization. This included the Sumerian civilization, known for its system of city-states, invention of writing in the form of cuneiform, and cultural achievements in areas like math, science, and architecture. Subsequent empires like those of Sargon and Hammurabi continued the cultural traditions of Sumer while expanding control over Mesopotamia.
The Protestant Reformation began in the early 1500s in response to corruption within the Catholic Church. Some of the key causes included the selling of indulgences by priests to finance church projects, nepotism among high-ranking clergy, and the Church ignoring calls for reform from Christian humanists. Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing indulgences in 1517 is seen as sparking the Reformation. The new Protestant churches, including those led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, spread across Europe in the following decades, while Catholic monarchs like Henry VIII of England broke from Rome. The religious divide escalated conflicts like the Thirty Years' War, devastating much of central Europe.
The document summarizes the four major Islamic empires of the 15th-16th centuries: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Songhay Empire, and Mughal Empire. It describes their origins, religious diversity, economic power, and cultural achievements. It also notes tensions between the Sunni Ottoman and Shia Safavid empires and the gradual decline of these frontier empires over time due to external economic and political forces.
1312 Africa 1400 to 1800 and the Slave Trade (revised)Drew Burks
West Africa from 1400-1800 saw the rise and fall of several major kingdoms and societies, including the Kingdom of Benin, the Songhai Empire, Hausaland, and the Kanem-Bornu Empire. These societies participated extensively in trans-Saharan trade but also engaged in slave trading, first within Africa and later in the transatlantic slave trade. The transatlantic slave trade had a devastating impact on African populations and societies, resulting in over 12 million Africans being taken abroad as slaves and millions more being forced to relocate within Africa. This massive loss of populations disrupted African cultures, development, and economies.
1312 Africa 1400 to 1800 and the Slave TradeDrew Burks
West Africa contained many powerful kingdoms and societies between 1400-1800, including Benin, Songhai, Hausaland, and Kanem-Bornu. These traded extensively through trans-Saharan routes and with Europeans via sea. The slave trade disrupted African development, with over 12 million slaves taken to the Americas and 6 million to Asia. The impacts of this population loss were immense and contributed to later European colonization. Ethiopia resisted Muslim incursions while Swahili city-states engaged in Indian Ocean trade until the Portuguese intervened militarily in the 16th century.
The document provides answers to review questions about Islam and its spread from the 7th-15th centuries. It discusses how Islam addressed problems in nomadic Arabian societies, the basic beliefs and pillars of Islam, and how Islam transformed from a nomadic to global civilization by 850 through trade, military expansion, and establishing an empire spanning Europe, Asia and North Africa. It also summarizes the major characteristics of the Abbasid Caliphate, changing roles of women in Islamic society over time, Islam's attitude towards slavery, the extent of Islam's conversion in various regions, characteristics of Sudanic states and Swahili city-states, and the Byzantine Empire.
The Medieval period in Europe began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and lasted until around 1500 AD. This period saw the migration of Germanic tribes into Europe, the rise of the Catholic Church and feudal system of government. Significant events included the Crusades beginning in 1099 to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule, and the Black Death pandemic in the mid-14th century that killed around one-third of Europe's population. By the end of the Medieval era, the foundations were being laid for the Renaissance and modern Europe through developments in trade, education and culture.
The document summarizes several key aspects of life in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages, including the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire; the development of feudalism and manorialism; the power and influence of the Catholic Church; major events like the Crusades, Black Death, and Hundred Years War; and the introduction of new ideas, technologies, and crops from other parts of the world.
The document summarizes the four major Islamic empires of the 15th-16th centuries: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, and Songhay Empire. It describes their origins, religious diversity, and economic and cultural achievements. Tensions existed between the Sunni Ottoman and Shia Safavid empires. All four empires declined due to internal religious conflicts, European influence, and the transatlantic slave trade.
Here, I share my Presentation about the Renaissance Age which i presented at the Department of English M.K.B.U.. It was the presentation for MA External Students of M.K. B.U. I tried my best to explain everything through this. It was my first experience to teach at the Department and it was Good. I m satisfied because they liked my teaching through this presentation. You all can see my hardwork through this presentation.
1) The document discusses reforms in the Catholic Church between 800-1500 CE including reforms to priest marriage/offices and the creation of the Curia to advise the Pope.
2) It describes the Crusades which began in response to requests from Byzantine emperors to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule, though later Crusades had mixed success and consequences.
3) Western Europe saw improvements to farming, growth of trade/cities, and the rise of universities which contributed to prosperity and the development of nations like England and France with some democratic traditions evolving.
A brief tour through the geography and history of Europe, based on chapters 9 and 10 from National Geographic's World Geography text for the seventh grade.
Chapter 12 Ways of the World, Worlds of 15th century S Sandoval
AP World History / Ways of the World second edition by Robert W. Strayer. Summary of Chapter 12 An Age of Accelerating Connections 500-1500, The worlds of the fifteenth century.
European powers claimed control over most of Africa by the end of the 1800s through exploration, missionary work, and imperialism. Explorers like Livingstone penetrated Africa's interior, missionaries established schools and clinics, and paternalistic attitudes viewed Africans as children. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, European powers divided Africa without African representation. By 1914, they had split the continent among themselves, often disregarding ethnic groups. Resistance occurred but Europeans largely exploited African lands and peoples due to military superiority.
This document summarizes the history of European imperialism from the 15th to early 20th centuries. It describes two periods of imperialism: the early period from 1500-1800 when Europeans established trading outposts and colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas with limited control. The later period from 1870-1914 saw more aggressive imperial expansion by European powers, Japan, and the US into Asia and Africa. Motivations included economic, political and social factors like acquiring resources, establishing global empires, and spreading Christianity. Many regions of Asia and Africa were colonized during this era.
The document summarizes key developments in nationalism and independence movements in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America between 1919 and 1939. It discusses the decline of the Ottoman Empire and rise of Turkish nationalism under Ataturk; the establishment of nation-states in the Middle East and conflicts over Palestine; independence movements in India led by Gandhi and growing tensions between Hindus and Muslims; the rise of militarism in Japan in the 1930s; communist and nationalist revolutions in China led by Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek; and the growth of nationalist sentiments in Latin America against foreign imperialism.
The Ottoman Empire expanded greatly from the 15th to 17th centuries, conquering the Byzantine Empire and much of the Balkans, Middle East, and North Africa. Key sultans like Suleiman the Magnificent led military campaigns that advanced the empire's borders. The Ottomans established a multi-ethnic society governed through local representatives and a strong central administration. Ottoman architecture, arts, and culture flourished during this period through syncretism of diverse influences. The empire remained a major power until its decline in the 17th-18th centuries.
This document summarizes the conflicts between the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia and the Muslim Sultanate of Adal from the 16th century. It describes:
1) How the Imam Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi rose to power in Adal and united pastoralist groups, defeating the Christian army at Shimbra Kure in 1529.
2) How his empire grew to control much of Ethiopia by 1535, establishing an administration until his death in 1543.
3) The revival of the Christian kingdom under Emperor Gelawdewos after 1543, though the state was weakened and infiltration by the Oromo people was enabled.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AFRICA BEFORE EUROPEAN DOMINATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AFRICA BEFORE EUROPEAN DOMINATION. Contains: Africa divided, early contacts, discovery expeditions, nations compete for overseas empires, the Congo sparking interests, Congo's exploration, Leopold and Congo, the Belgian Congo.
The document summarizes key aspects of feudal Europe between the 10th-13th centuries. It describes the rise of the feudal system in response to invasions and the weakening Carolingian Empire. Lords provided land and protection to vassals in exchange for military service. Society was divided into lords, vassals, peasants and clergy. The economy was based around agriculture on manors. The Catholic Church was highly influential and promoted pilgrimages and Crusades. Architecture was primarily religious buildings in the Romanesque style like churches and monasteries made of stone.
The document discusses the rise of European imperialism in the 1800s. Key reasons for imperialism included obtaining raw materials for industry, expanding political and economic power, and a belief in European racial/cultural superiority. Europeans colonized much of Africa and Asia by 1900. However, the arbitrary borders drawn at the Berlin Conference divided ethnic groups and contributed to long-term conflicts after independence. One example is the 1994 Rwandan genocide that resulted from tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups exacerbated by Belgian colonial policies.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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Grade 11 History Note.pdf
1. MAJOR EVENTS OF THE 16TH
CENTURY IN THE ETHIOPIAN
REGION AND THE HORN AND
THEIR IMPACTS
UNIT 8
2. Portuguese and Ottoman Turkish
Rivalries in the Ethiopian Region and
the Horn
• The legend of Prester John revived the relation
between Ethiopia and the Christian Europe.
• It developed when the European forces were
defeated by Muslim force in the Holy Lands.
• The legend was about wealthy and powerful
Christian king in the east.
• The Europeans wanted ally but didn’t know
where the kingdom was found ruled by Prester
John.
3. Contd.
• In the 14th century the Europeans identified
CHK of Ethiopia as they got information other
Christian communities and Arab merchants.
• In 1400 King Henry IV of England sent letter to
the Christian king addressing as Prester John.
• He requested military help to liberate the Holy
Lands from the Muslim forces.
• Portuguese, Christian superpower of the
world, sent delegation to Ethiopia in 1494.
4. Contd.
• The CHK rulers (Yisihaq and Zerayacob) wanted
to establish contact with Christian Europeans but
blocked by Mamluk Egypt.
• Egypt didn’t want to see the rise of powerful
Christian state in the Horn.
• Venetians were conductors of Far East trade in
European markets.
• The Portuguese monopolized the Far East trade
after they discovered the route to India by Vasco
de Gamma since 1498.
•
5. Contd.
• The Arab, Indians and Chinese merchants
were pushed out of the trade.
• The dominance of Portuguese affected the
economy of Egypt and Turkey.
• Turkey controlled Egypt since 1517 and
blocked Portuguese.
• Both Turkey and Portuguese wanted Ethiopian
allies in cover of religion.
6. Contd.
• Queen Elleni realized the support of Arabs and
Turks would threat the CHK and sent letter to
Portugal in 1512.
• The mission of Elleni was led by an Armenian
merchant called Mathew.
• The Portuguese sent diplomatic mission in 1520.
• The mission went back to Portugal in 1526,
because Lbne Dingel ignored them due to his
temporary victory over Emir Mahfuz in 1517.
7. Conflict Between the Sultanate of Adal
and the Christian Highland Kingdom
• Zerayacob made Adal tributary to the
Christian Kingdom since 1445.
• Various emirs, imams, shayks and powerful
merchants forced Sultan Mohammed
(successor of Sultan Ahmed Badlay) but he
continued paying annual tribute to the CHK
until his death in 1470.
• The Afar began to make incursion to the
highland agricultural regions.
8. Contd.
• Emir Mahfuz attacked the Christian Kingdom
mainly Eskindir and Naod.
• In 1517 Libne Dingel killed Mahfuz in battle.
• Imam Ahmed united the quarrelling ethnic
groups to fight against the CHK.
• He strengthened his army by instilling the spirit of
Jihad.
• In 1527 he attacked and looted Dawaro, Fatagar
and Bali.
• He also killed Degelham (governor of Bali).
9. Who was Imam Ahmed
• Ahmed Gragn was born to a clan called
Balaw in Hubat, near present day Babille.
• Ahmed Gragn served as a cavalry officer of
Mahfouz and married to his daughter, Bati Dil
Wanbera.
• He bring the Afar, Somali and Harari,
together against the CHk.
• He restored peace in the lowland region and
recruited soldiers from peoples the area.
10. Contd.
• Imam Ahmed supported by 200 Turkish and
Yemenise force defeated Libne Dingel in 1529 at
the battle of Shinbra Kurie near Mojo.
• In 1531 the imam annexed Dwaroa nd Bali.
• He used Debre Birhan, Dawaro and Waji as
center of command.
• In1533 he controlled the southern states except
Wolayta.
• Welayta resisted the Adal force led by Wazir ibn
Mujahid.
12. Contd.
• In n1535 Imam Ahmed controlled most parts the
northern Ethiopia.
• He used Debre Birhan, Axum and later Dembia
as command centers.
• In 1535 Libne Dingel sent Bermudez with letter
to Pope of Rome and king of Portugal for military
help.
• The Portuguese force led by Christopher de
Gamma reached Ethiopia fro Goa, India in 1541.
13. Measures of Imam Ahmed over the
Occupied Regions
• He appointed his own Muslim officials over
the occupied regions.
• He burnt Churches and Monasteries.
• He converted the people of newly occupied
regions in to Islam.
•
14. Factors for the Victory of Imam
Ahmed
• His effective leadership (the most decisive
factor)
• The arrival of the Turkish and Arab forces with
their latest weapons (Turkish aid)
• The Christian rulers underestimation towards
the Adal Muslim force.
• False propaganda among the Christian forces
about the Imam.
15. • The Portuguese force defeated Imam Ahmed
at Agame and went back to Debarwa on the
Red Sea Coast.
• Imam Ahmed moved his center to Deresge to
attack the Portuguese force.
• They defeated and wounded him at Seharti.
• The wounded imam retreated to Lake
Ashenge (southern Tigray).
16. Contd.
• The Ottoman Turks sent 900 infantry with
muskets and canons.
• The Adal and Otoman force defeated and
captured Christopher de Gamma at Wofla.
• In 1542 the victorious Imam went to his
former center Dembia.
• He organized his army for another battle.
17. Contd.
• Queen Seble Wongel and Gelawdewos
reorganized the remaining Portuguese and
Christian forces.
• in 1543 Gelawdewos defeated and killed Imam
Ahmed at the battle of Woina Dega.
• The battle of Woina Dega ended the
dominance of Adal Sultante in the Horn.
• The war weakened both fighting sides and
exhausted both CHK and Muslim Sultantes.
18. Shihab al Din
• Shihab al-Din was a Yemene chronicler of
Imam Ahmeb.
• Hi wrote a book entitled Futuh al Habesha
(the Campaign to colonize Habesha).
• He stated the looting of Ethiopian wealth by
the Turkish force.
19. Bati Dil Wanbera
• Bati Dil Wanbera was the daughter of the
Emir Mahfuz and the wife of Imam Ahmed.
• She helped her husband to win the battle
against the Christian Highland Kingdom.
• After the Ahmed’s defeat Bati Dil Wanbera
the leadership position over the dispersed
army of Adal.
20. Consequence of the Wars of Imam
Ahmed
I. Death of large number of men on both sides.
II. Burning and looting of Churches, monasteries
and mosques.
III. Destruction of documents and valuable
heritages.
IV. Weakening power of the CHK due to losing of
professional soldiers.
V. Challenge kings of the CHK from the powerful
regional lords (emergence of Zemene Mesafint).
21. Contd.
VI. Population movement and dislocation of
settlements.
VII. Inter-mixing of different ethnic and religious
groups in the region.
VIII. Decline of trade of Zeila trade route.
IX. Shift of political centers of both CHK (from
Shewa plateau to Lake Tana region and later to
Gonder) and Adal Sultante (from Harar to Ausa ).
X. Catholicism and religious chaos in the Gonder.
22. The Oromo Population Movement
• The population movement of Somalis and
Afars was earlier than the Oromos.
• The Oromos are indigenous and oldest
people of Ethiopia and the Horn.
• The Oromo population movement is the
greatest event in the 16th century.
23. Original Homeland of the Oromos
• According to the Oromo oral tradition, the
original homeland of the Oromos is the
present Bale and Sidamo Highlands.
• all of the Oromo clans attributed their origin
to Harro Walabu, Tullu Walal, Tullu Qurqur
and Harro Girja (all are located in Bale and
Sidamo).
• Before the 16th century the region had been
part of Bali Muslim Sultanate.
24.
25. Contd.
• Mada Walabu was the ritual and political
center of the Oromos before the 16th century.
• Sedentary Oromos existed in the Sultanate of
Sharka and Dawaro.
• Some of them existed in Adal Sultanate, in
the middle course of Awash river.
• Some pastoralists lived in the rift valley low
lands and Genale river.
26. Oromo Institutions and Social
Organization
• The economy of the Oromo people was based on
mixed farming.
• There are two confederacies of the Oromo
namely Borana and Barentu (Baraytuma).
• Each confederacy has different clans.
• Borana included the clans of Mecha, Tullema,
Guji and Southern Borana.
• Barentuincluded Karrayyu, Ittu, Marwa,
Akkachu, Warantisha and Humbana.
27.
28. Religion
• The Oromos believed in a supreme God called
Waqa (refers to both Sky and Sky God).
• Waqa is manifested by spirits called Ayana.
• Qallu is the high priest served as intermediary
between Waqa and the Oromo people.
• Children, young men and adults visited qallu to
get his blessing.
• Abba Qallu (Abba Muda) is responsible for
Muda ceremony of anointment of newly elected
Gada officials every eight years.
29.
30. The Gada System
• The Gada system is an egalitarian democratic
socio-political structure of the Oromo people.
• Gada is arrangement of
I. Social categories (grades).
II. Men in to groups or “sets”.
III. Task or work to be performed.
IV. Ideas, principles and rules.
The group of men are called classes or age-”sets”.
31. Contd.
• The Oromo word for classes or age-”sets” is
misensa or gogesa.
• The stages, categories or eight year long
period is called grades.
32. Contd.
• Each group (party) passes through specific
responsibilities and works.
• At the luba party the responsibility is
governing nation.
• Yuba celebrated as chaffe of completion
called Gada Moji.
• The division of men in to grade is division of
labor.
33. Contd.
• The five commonly used parties (group names
in the gada system) are
Bermaji, Hrata, Bichile, Duuloand Roballe.
A man and his brothers are in the same party
regardless of the differences in age.
They moved through hierarchy of grades a
complete gada cycles of a forty years.
34. The Gada Age-Grade Classes
• There were different gada age grade systems
• We used the most common age grade system.
• It- Mako 0-8 years (age 8-16)
• Debale 9-16 years (age 16-24)
• Folle 17-24 years (age 24-32)
• Qondala 25- 32 years (age 32-40)
• Luba 33- 40 years (age 40-48)
35. Responsibilities of Gada grades
• It-mako serve as messengers, looking for calves,
doing errands close to home.
• Deballe hreding locating new trading
opportunitiesmaking decision on safeguarding
local resources, livestock.
• Folle were warriors by electing leaders (abb
dulas) from their ranks.
• Qondala was a transition grade and acted as
reserve army to assist folle.
• Luba was the ruling grade with political
authority for eight years.
36. Various Gada Grade Names
Central Oromia
• 0-8 Dabballe
• 8-16 Ittimako
• 16-24 Folle
• 24-32 Qondala
• 32-40 Raba-dori
• 40-48 Gada
• 48-56 Luba
• 56-64 2nd Gada
• 64-72 3rd Gada
• 72-80 4th Gada
• 80- 88 Gadamoji
Borana
• 0-8 Dabale
• 8-16 Gamme-didiqa
• 16-24 Gamme- guguda
• 24-32 kussa
• 32-40 Raba-dori
• 40-48 Gada
• 48-56 1st Yuba
• 56-64 2nd Yuba
• 64-72 3rd Yuba
• 72- 80 4th Yuba
• 80-88 Gadamoji
37. Contd.
• All male Oromos joined gada system at birth.
• The gada politico-military structure actively
excluded women.
• Women welded power in domestic sense with
the de facto control over the most important
resources.
• Oromo women had a parallel institution called
Siqqe, functioned hand in hand with gada
system.
39. Contd.
• The gada government was based on
democratic system.
• The Chaffe (assembly) was held by elected
gada officials.
• The main qualification for election included
bravery, knowledge, honesty,
demonstrating ability and courage.
40. Gada Officials
• Abba Boku(Abba Gada) head of Chaffe.
(He acted as the spokesman of the chaffe).
• Abba Dula war commander
• Abba Sera traditional judge
• Abba Lafa father of land
• Abba Qallu ritual father
• All the gada officials served for eight years.
• In gada system political power was held by
elected group of elders.
41. Contd.
• A council called shanee or salgee and retired
gada officials also helped the Abba Boku to
run the government.
• The political philosophy of gada was
embodied in three main principles.
I. Terms of eight years,
II. Balanced opposition between parties and
III. Power sharing between higher and lower
levels.
43. Contd.
• The checks and balances were created to
prevent misuse of power.
• Corrupt and dictatorial leaders would be
removed through a process called buqisu.
44. Causes of the Oromo Population
Movement
• Population pressure (increasing Oromo
people).
• Conflict between Muslim sultante and
Christian kingdom (accelerated their
movement).
• In search of pastureland for their cattle.
• In search of breathing space from pressure
• The gada system itself (eg. Butta War).
46. Direction of the Oromo Movement
• The population movement was initiated by
Tullema and Mecha pastoralists.
• According to Abba Bahrey (an Orthodox monk
lived in Gamo, near Lake Abbaya), the Tullema
and Mecha movement began in 1522 from
Harro Walabu.
• Arsi from Bali N.west to Lake Zeway.
• Southern Borana from N.W. Bali to the
present Borana area and even to kenyaa.
47. Contd.
• Karrayyu from the upper course of Wabi
Shabale easwards to the present area.
• Ittu and Huambana from highlands of Bali to
Harar Plateau.
• The Guji Oromo moved to northward earlier
but were hit by Zerayacob.
48. Challenges and Occupation of the
Oromo Movement
• The Oromos launched swift attacks on Hadya,
Bali, Sharka, Dawaro and Fatagar.
• Gelawdewos tried to stop the Oromos but
was failed.
• Kafa ( in S.W.) and Welayta (in the south)
resisted the Oromo population movement.
• Enarya resisted for a century until its failure in
1710 by Limu Oromo.
49. Contd.
• In 1560 the Oromos established a new center
at Oda Nabi in Dukem in Fatagar.
• They launched attack on Waji, Bizamo, Damot
and Gafat from Oda Nabi.
• King Sertse Dingel got temporary victory over
the Oromos but was failed.
• The population of Bizamo and Damot fled to
Gojam and the remains are assimilated by the
Oromo sttlers.
50.
51. Factors for the Success of the Oromo
Population Movement and Expansion
• Gada System
• Participation of all members of society in war
• Assimilation policy
• Gorilla warfare (attack and runaway warfare)
• Good skill of horse riding and warrior training.
• Weakening of both Muslim and Christian forces
in the long (15 years) war.
52. Consequence of the Oromo
Population Movement and Expansion
• Settlement in new areas of Ethiopian Region
and Kenya.
• Giving Oromo names for the occupied areas.
• Ethnic and cultural inter-mingling of peoples.
• Weakening of the CHK (restricted to N. of
Abbay rver) & Adal Muslim Sultanate.
• Destroying of Damot Kingdom, Bizamo and
Enarya.
53. Contd.
• Decline and fall of Gada system.
• Adoption of (pastoralist Oromos) sedentary
mixed farming.
• Emergence of Gibe Oromo monarchial states.