2. What are the participles?
• A participle is a verb form that can be used
(1) as an adjective, (2) to create verb tense,
or (3) to create the passive voice, or nouns
that can be used as the subject or object in
the sentence.
There are two types of participles: Present
participle (ending -ing)
• Past participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -
en, or -n).
•
4. What are the participles?
• Swimming is fun. (subject)
• He is afraid of flying. (object)
• He likes dancing. (object)
• He is sitting. (progressive tense)
• He has won the game. (present perfect
tense)
5. Participles as Adjectives
The Verb The Present Participle (Ving) The Past Participle (V3)
To rise/swell the rising sun the swollen eye
To boil the boiling water the boiled egg
To break the breaking news the broken window
To cook the cooking pan the cooked ham
• We can use Ving as active adjective
and V3 as passive adjective.
6. Active Voice
Present Participle (Ving)
The man who runs
is running
was running
running
Perfect Participle (Having V3)
The man who ran
had run
has run
having run
7. Passive Voice
Past Participle (V3)
The man who is caught
was caught
caught
Continous Participle (being V3)
The car which is being washed
was being washed
being washed
Perfect Participle (having been V3)
Mr. Smith who was awarded
had been awarded
has been awarded
having been
awarded
8. Participles with Certain Verbs
• The present participle can be used to
describe the following verbs:
[come, go, sit]
e.g. The girl sat crying on the sofa.
He came towards me talking on
the phone.
9. Present Participle with Sense Verbs
• The present participle can also be used
after verbs of the senses if we do not
want to emphasize that the action was
completed.
[feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see,
smell, watch]
e.g. Did you see him dancing?
I feel her heart beating.
10. Present Participle with the Meaning
(by + Ving)
• My father earns living [by] driving a taxi.
• We spent the whole evening [by]
watching a terrible film.
• We wanted to save energy by cutting off
the electricity.
11. Past Participle with have/get
• I must get the breakfast cooked.
(adjective)
• He got his wrist broken.
• When did you last have your hair cut?
(causative)
12. Participles Combining two Sentences
with Same Subject
• Furthermore, the present participle can
be used to shorten or combine active
clauses that have the same subject.
e.g. She left the house and whistled.
She left the house whistling.
13. Ving For Actions At the Same Time
• TIME
- When I saw the reoad block, I stopped the car.
• Seeing the road block…
- When we opened the cupboard, we found a
skeleton inside.
• [On/Upon] opening, …
- While I was walking down the street, I ran into
one of my oldest friends.
- Walking down the street,…
14. • REASON
- As I felt tired, I went to bed early.
• Feeling tired, …
- Since Bob is an experinced teacher, he knows
how to deal with such problems.
• Being an experinced teacher, …
- Because the weather was warm and clear, we
decided to have a picnic.
- The weather being warm and clear,…
Ving For Actions At the Same Time
15. • MANNER
- Mary smiled warmly. She shook hands with me.
• Smiling warmly, Mary shook …
• Mary, smiling warmly, shook…
• Mary shook hands with me, smiling warmly.
• INSTEAD OF AND
- She wrote him a friendly letter and thanked him
for his help.
- She wrote him a friendly letter, thanking him…
Ving For Actions At the Same Time
16. • TIME
- When he was asked whether he would resign
or not, he said he might.
• When asked whether …
• Asked whether…
• REASON
- Because the dog is seriously injured, it may die.
• Being seriously injured, the dog…
• Seriously injured, the dog…
V3 For Actions At the Same Time
17. • CONDITION
- If it is properly used, reading can be an exciting
avenue of communication and learning.
• If properly used, reading …
• Properly used, reading…
• ALTHOUGH/NOW THAT/WHILE
- Although it was published in 1960, the book
wasn’t much of a success until the late 1980s.
• Although published in 1960,…
V3 For Actions At the Same Time
18. • TIME
- After/When she had collected sufficent data,
Birsen started to write her thesis.
• Having collected sufficient data, …
- When/After the task had been completed, the
man went to their barracks.
• The task having been completed/completed,…
For Actions At Different Times
19. • REASON
- As she had already seen this film, Mary doesn’t
want to see it again.
• Having already seen the film, …
- Since/Because he has been dismissed from
school, Ali plans to join the army.
• Dismissed from school,…
For Actions At Different Times
20. • Since it was a nice day, we went to swimming.
- It being a nice day, we went swimming.
• As John had married Helen, Bill had to find
another girl.
- John having married Helen, …
• Because there were no further issues to be
discussed, the meeting broke up.
- There being no further issues to be discussed, …
Participal Phrase with Its Own Object
21. • Weather permitting, we’ll go hunting. (if weather
permits)
• That being the case/said, we had better adjourn
the meeting.
• All things being equal, we should win on Friday.
- Generaly speaking, the more you pay for stereo
equipment, the better the system.
• Strictly speaking, he is not qualified for the job.
Participles Used Idiomatically
22. • Time permitting, we’ll visit the museum.
• Judging from the findings of the research, this
animal is immune to many diseases
(considering).
• Judging by what everyone says about him, he has
a fair chance of winning.
- Given his enormous popularity as an author, it is
not surprising he was elected President.
(considering)
Participles Used Idiomatically
23. • Granted that he is in hospital, he can’t do us
much harm. (given that)
• Granted that he should send money to help with
the bills, it doesn’t mean he will. (even supposing
that)
• There are 48 members all told. (counting
everyone/altogether)
• All things considered, we’re doing quite well.
Participles Used Idiomatically
