ELS, Grammar

1. Relative Clauses
Cansu Süer

2. Relative Clauses
Function For Defining Non-Defining
Subjective People who/that , who…..,
Things/animals which/that , which…,
Objective people [who(m)/that] , whom…,
Things/animals [which/that] , which…,
Possesive People whose , of which…,
Things/animals whose , whose…,

3. Relative Clauses
• In prepositional relative clauses, the
preposition is placed either at the end or
before the relative pronoun.
- I know the hospital which he works in.
- I know the hospital in which he works.
* That and who can not be used with preposition.

4. Relative Clauses
• Where, when or why may be used instead of
preposition + relative.
- I know the hospital in which/where he works.
- The hotel at which/where I stayed was very
expensive.
- I remember the day on which/when he left.
- I don’t know the reason for which/why he left
early.

5. Non-Defining Clauses
• They give additional or extra information and
are seperated from the main clause by
commas.
- The sun, which gives us light, is a big star.
- The students, who didn’t study, failed. (all of
them)
- The students who didn’t study failed. (only those
who didn’t srudy failed)

6. Non-Defining Clauses
• When the noun is one of a kind
- The moon, which is the earth’s only satellite,
was explored in 1968.
• When the noun is a proper noun
- Istanbul, which is the biggest city in Turkey, has
serious problems.

7. Non-Defining Clauses
• Quantifiers
- There are 250 stars in the Milky Way. One of
them is our sun.
……, one of which is our sun.
A little/much/half
One/two/three whom
Either/neither/both OF which
Each/some/a few/several whose
None/all/every one/most

8. Relative Clauses
• Referring to a whole sentence
- Ali passed all his exams. This surprised his friends.
Ali passed all his exams, which surprised his
friends.
- He blames me for anything. I think this is unfair.
He blames me for anything, which I think unfair.

9. Reduction of Relative Clauses
• -ing participle
- Those wanting to join the trip should contact me.
- The system having serious drawbacks had to be
changed.
- John failed his exam again, disappointing his
parents.

10. Reduction of Relative Clauses
• -ed participle
- The method used in India…..
- Letters sent by air mail cost more money.
• Passive forms of present/past continous
- The car being washed….
- The patient being examined…

11. To (infinitive) for Constructions
• Ordinal numbers
- Sabiha Gökçen was the first woman who became
a female pilot.
She was the first woman to become a female pilot.
- Ali was the last person who arrived.
Ali was the last person to arrive.

12. To (infinitive) for Constructions
• The only
- Madame Curies was the only woman scientist
who won the nobel prize.
- She was the only woman scientist to win the
nobel prize.