2. Coordinating Conjunctions
• Unites words, phrases and clauses.
or
nd
or
ut
r
et
o
-since/ because
-combines things
-combines untrue things
-expresses exceptions
-chooses between options
-to the contrary
-shows consequences
Coordinating
Conjunctions
3. Subordinating Conjunctions
• Unites dependent and independent clauses.
provides context stands on its own
He performed irresponsible experiences
Independent clause
because he was curious.
Dependent clause
4. Subordinating vs. Coordinating
• Coordinating conjunctions can be seperate in
2 sentences.
• However, subordinating conjunctions can not.
e.g. I want to go to the party, but I am so tired.
(can be seperated)
Although it rained, everyone had a good time.
(can not be seperated)
5. Subordinating Conjunctions
• After/before
• Although/even
though/Though
• As
• As if/as though/like
• Even if
• If/if only/whether
• Rather than
• Since/For
• Unless
• Until
• When
• Whereas
• While
• Where/wherever
7. Conjunctions of Time
• After/before
- After arriving at the hotel, Mr. Lee went straight to the
reception desk.
- Before I go to bed, I always say a prayer for my parents'
good health.
• As/as long as
- The car will keep running as long as you take good care of it.
- He did not hear her soft breathing as she stood over him.
8. Conjunctions of Time
• As soon as
- As soon as I opened the my computer , I saw an error.
• Just as/just after/just before
- He arrived just as i was leaving home.
- My parents had got married just after the war.
- He left just before sunrise.
• Once
- I expect you to repay me once it's sold.
9. Conjunctions of Time
• Since/as/because
- As I was walking down the street I saw Tom driving a
Ferrari.
Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.
• The next time/everytime/last time
- We just have to be ready next time we play them.
• By the time(+ usually followed by will have V3/will
be Ving) until/till
- My kids will already be eating by the time I get home.
10. Conjunctions of Reasons
• Since/as/when/whenever/while
- We've played better since you joined the team.
- You may leave whenever you wish.
- As everyone already knows each other, there’s no need
for introductions.
• On the grounds that (gerekçesiyle/temeline
dayanarak)
- The song was banned on the grounds that it might
increase racial tension.
• Inas much as (-e göre)
- Inasmuch as you are their commanding officer, you are
responsible for the behaviour of these men.
11. Conjunctions of Reasons
• Insofar as (kadarıyla)
- She had done her best to comfort him, best to
comfort him, insofar as she was able.
• Now that (-dığına göre)
- Kevin believes he's a more responsible person now
that he's a parent.
• Seeing that = seeing as
- There's not much we can do, seeing that they've
already made their decision.
12. Conjunctions of Reasons
• So that/ in order that
I’ll go by car so that I can take more luggage.
• For fear that/ Lest (-masın diye)
Lest anyone should doubt my story, I have brought
documents to attest to its truth.
• In that/in view that (of) (göz önüne alarak)/due
to/owing to/on account of/as a consequence
of/in view of/thanks to/by means of/instead of
In view of the fact that in any future world war, nuclear
weapons will certainly be employed.
13. Other Conjunctions
• Rather than + Ving/noun/bare infinitive (instead
of)
- He watched TV instead of/rather than doing his
homework.
- The problem is psychological rather than physical.
- Why didn’t you ask for help rather than try/trying to
do it on your own.
- Work through problems rather than avoid them.
14. Other Conjunctions
• Such as/like/as if/as though
- It felt like it could snow at any minute.
- The problem is psychological rather than physical.
• As if and as though followed by a non-finite clause or
a prepositional phrase:
- She moved her lips as if to smile.
- They were shouting as though in panic.
15. Other Conjunctions
• Contray to/Unlike/As opposed to (aksine)
- Contrary to popular belief, moderate exercise
actually decreases your appetite.
- Unlike most people in the office, I don’t come to
work by car.
- I'd say she is a good player, as opposed to a great
one.
16. Other Conjunctions
• Except for/apart from/aside from
- I've cleaned the house except for the bathroom.
• But for (olmasa/sayesinde)
- But for the wind, the fire wouldn't have spread at
such a fast speed.
• In the event of/in case of/concerning/with
respect to/in regard to/as regards/in terms of
- The two groups were similar with respect to income
and status.
17. Other Conjunctions
• Regardless of + Ving/noun
- All the children are lumped together in one
class, regardless of their ability.
• As of (itibaren/olarak)
- We won't be living here anymore as of tomorrow.
• As to/as for (-e gelince/ilgili olarak)
- The government does not dictate to private or
nongovernmental foundations as to who can qualify
for scholarships.
18. Other Conjunctions
• As well as/in addition to/besides/moreover/what is
more/furthermore/also
- What is more, despite all the problems, several of
the players had produced excellent individual
performances.
• Henceforth/hereafter/from now on
- She announced that henceforth she would be
running the company.
• Heretofore (so far/previoously)
- Heretofore I never had a reason to lose weight, but
with my upcoming wedding, now I do.
19. Other Conjunctions
• Therefore/consequently/for this reason/as a
result/as a consequence/that’s why/
accordingly/thus/hence/thereby
- Certain foods can increase nausea and thereby
increase vomiting.
- On the other hand/after all/above all/in
conclusion/to conclude/to sum up/in
brief/briefly/in summary/in short/on the whole/all
in all/at last/in the end/eventually/finally
- We both thought that all in all it might not be a bad
idea.
20. Other Conjunctions
• In fact/indeed/as a matter of fact/actually
• Similarly/likewise/in the same way
• Meanwhile/in the meantime/at the same time
• Otherwise/or else
• For instance/for example/To illustrate
• In other words/that is/that is to
say/namely/specifically
• Afterwards/later/next/subsequently
• In particular/particularly
