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Tenses
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- 2. Main Tenses PAST PRESENTFUTURE Simple Simple Simple Continous Continous Continous Perfect Perfect Perfect Perfect Continous Perfect Continous Perfect Continous Going to
- 3. Simple Present Tense •Regular actions/frequency of the actions - We sometimes forget to thank people who acts kindly to us. • Habits - I go to bed very late at summer nights. • General Facts/Scientific Truths - People in Turkey rarely read book. - The rolling stone gathers no moss.
- 4. Simple Present Tense •Official ceremonies and celebrations - I pronounce you man and wife. • Stories and historical events - Hitler declares war against many countries. - When the hunter leaves Snow White in the forest, 7 dwarfs find her. • Sudden moves in sport events - Ronaldo passes the ball to Messi.
- 5. Simple Present Tense •Sentences beginning with «here» and «there» - Hurry up. Here comes the bus. • Headlines in newspapers, magazines, books… - Covid-19 continues to spread and countries respond with travel bans. • With the future meaning (with a timetable/program) - The bus leaves at 9 in the morning.
- 6. Simple Present Tense •Future meaning when used with «when, as, while, before/after, as soon as, until, once». Main clause is generally will/going to. - As soon as she comes, I will give her the gift. • Verb ‘say’ when quoting from books etc. - What does the sign say? It says «No smoking!» • First conditionals - If you study hard, you’ll pass the exam.
- 7. Simple Present Tense •For stative verbs (sound, belong, need, seem etc.) We can use the Present Simple to talk about now with stative verbs. (Stative verbs do not describe action.) - That sounds wonderful. - I want a coffee. - I don’t know anything. - Why are you so beautiful?
- 8. Simple Present Tense •every + noun • once/twice, __ times a + noun • on ___days= every • first ... then • always • often/frequently • usually/generally • sometimes/occasionally • seldom/rarely/barely • never Time References/Expressions
- 9. Emphatic Do • Normally,for positive sentences we do not use the auxiliary verb do. But if we want to emphasize something, we may use it. For example, instead of saying "I like your dress", we could say "I do like your dress", just to show how much we like it: - I do wish you'd stop./I do apologize./You do look smart today. - You did do the thing properly. - She does look familiar.
- 10. Present Continous/Progressive • Actionsstill going on at the time of speaking - A bus is coming towards us. • Temporary situations/habits - I am living in London. (used with at the moment, for a few weeks now, for a couple of months.)
- 11. Present Continous/Progressive • Annoyinghabits (with always, forever, continually, constantly) generally to complain about that certain action - You are forever losing your keys! - I am always washing the dishes. • Definite future plans - I am meeting my father tomorrow.
- 12. Present Continous/Progressive • Actionsgoing on lately but not at the time of speaking - I am reading a novel of Orhan Kemal. • To emphasize the determination of the speaker - You are not walking away from me. • An action that has been still on for a while. - She is talking to herself for two hours.
- 13. Present Continous/Progressive • Futuremeanings with generally a future time expressions (tomorrow, later, at 7 pm, tonight, on Tuesday…) - My wife is baking a pie for lunch tomorrow. • With exclamations happening at the present - Look! The plane is coming out of the clouds. - Watch out! The ball is coming. - Shh! The baby is sleeping.
- 14. Present Continous/Progressive • rightnow • at this moment • just now • temporarily • this + noun • currently • this week only • for a limited time • for the time being • at present Time References/Expressions
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- 16. Present Perfect (have/hasV3) • Past events present results - She has washed her hair. (Her hair is wet) • Recent events - She has cleaned everwhere in the house. • Unfinished actions - They have been married for nearly 50 years. • Life experiences - Have you ever ridden a horse?
- 17. Present Perfect (have/hasV3) • Accomplishments of individuals or humanity when there is no specific time - Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. - Scientists have split the atom. - Our son has learned how to read. • Multiple actions at different times. It suggests that the process is not complete more actions are possible. -The army has attacked the city five times.
- 18. Present Perfect (have/hasV3) - She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. • Changes over time - You have grown since the last time I saw you. - The government has become more interested in arts education.
- 19. Present Perfect (have/hasV3) • Reporting or giving news of recent events when we do not mention exactly when it happened. - There has been a plane crash near London. - Anna has bought a new laptop. • Express number of times - How many times have you tried to call her? - I have moved house 4 times in my life.
- 20. have been orhave gone? • We use have/has been when someone has gone to a place and returned: A: Where have you been? B: I've just been out to the supermarket. A: Have you ever been to San Francisco? B: No, but I've been to Los Angeles.
- 21. have been orhave gone? • But when someone has not returned, we use have/has gone: A: Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks. B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow.
- 22. perfect+ since +simple past • After a clause with the present perfect we often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past: - I've worked here since I left school. - I've been watching that programme every week since it started.
- 23. Present perfect forfuture • We normally use the present simple to talk about the future in clauses with before, after, until, etc.: - I'll keep looking until I find my book. - We'll begin when everyone arrives. but we can also use the present perfect: - I'll keep looking until I have found my book. - We'll begin when everyone has arrived.
- 24. Present Perfect • ever(?) • never • since + beginning point • for + duration • yet (-, ?) at the end of the sentence • already • just/still • recently/lately • over (meaning during) • so far/up to now Time References/Expressions
- 25. Present Perfect Progressive •We normally use the present perfect continuous to emphasize that something is still continuing in the present: - She has been living in Liverpool all her life. - It's been raining for hours. - I'm tired out. I've been working all day. - They have been staying with us since last week.
- 26. Present Perfect Progressive •We do not normally use the present perfect continuous with stative verbs. We use the present perfect simple instead: - I've always been liking liked John. • An action began in the past and uninterruptedly going on to the present - I have been studying for 2 hours. - She has been looking after the baby since they went to holiday.
- 27. Present Perfect Progressive •A repeated action from past to the present - He has been playing football since he started to school. • The verbs used with Ving (requiring a duration) if used with «since/for» - I have been working here for 2 years now. - The baby has been sleeping peacefully since the morning.
- 28. Present Perfect Progressive •all day/night • the whole day • since + beginning point • for + duration • how long Time References/Expressions
- 29. Simple Past • Finishedaction - I saw a ghost yesterday. - He didn’t wash his car. - Leonardo painted Mona Lisa. • Details of news and events (generally together with perfect tense) - I have hurt my leg. I fell of the ladder.
- 30. Simple Past • Youcan use the present perfect tense when talking about an experience you’ve had. But you would never use the present perfect tense to add details: - I have been to Quebec. I went there with my French class in high school. The bus ride took 18 hours. We all stayed with different families…
- 31. Simple Past • Aseries of completed actions - I finished work, walked to the beach and found a nice place to swim. - First I got up and then I had breakfast. • Habits and duration in the past (=used to) - She studied Chinese for 3 years. - When I was young, I watched TV everyday after school.
- 32. Simple Past • Actionsin stories/narratives - It was raining outside when Sam got out of bed and looked out of the window. He picked up his phone and sent a text to his friend James: 'No football today. How about going to the cinema?’ * NARRATIVE TENSES: Simple past, past continous, past perfect, past perfect continous
- 33. Simple Past • Theuses of the present tense in headlines and past tense in news reports. The reason most news reports are written in the past tense is because they describe events that have already occurred. Headlines, in contrast, provide an element of freshness.
- 34. Simple Past • Unreal/imaginarythings (=unreal present) - If I won the lottery, I would buy a house. - Supposing an elephant and a mouse fell in love. - If only I had more money, I could go to the Europe tour, too. - I wish I had more money. She wishes she was beautiful. - I’d rather you went.
- 35. Simple Past • Witha definite/specific time expresssion - I walked to work yesterday. - Did the employees stay late again last night? - Sibel started university last year. • Past facts or generalizations (=used to) - People made much more to make phone calls in the past. - She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
- 36. Simple Past • Withwhen, * if both sentences are in simple past tense, when+clause happens first. * if one of the sentences is in progressive, simple past is normally the most appropriate tense for the dependent clause. - I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. - Lena was telling a story about her most recent exploits when a tree branch broke the living room window.
- 37. Simple Past • Whenthe main clause is in past tense - Copernicus proved that the sun was the centre of the universe. - He said that he wanted to go. • Historical facts - Edison invented the light bulb. - Turk came to Anatolia by Malazgirt War. • It’s time + sb + did sth - It’s time you paid that bill.
- 38. Simple Past • Asif/ as though After as if and as though we often use a past tense with a present meaning. This shows that the comparison is unreal. A present tense, on the other hand, shows that we are talking about real and possible situations. - He looked as if he knew the answer.
- 39. Simple Past - Shetalks as if / as though she knows eveything. (Perhaps she knows everything.) - She talks as if / as though she knew evethough she knew everything. (But she doesn’t. - They look as if / as though they know each other. (Perhaps they know each other.) - They look as if / as though they knew each other. (But they don’t know each other.)
- 40. Simple Past • Wereinstead of was • In an informal style, were is used instead of was in an unreal comparison. This is normal in American English. - He looks as if he was rich. OR He looks as if he were rich.
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- 42. Past Continous/Progressive • Paralelactions - While I was washing the dishes, I heard a loud noise. • To describe what someone is doing at a particular point in time - I was working in the garden all day yesterday. • Interrupted actions in the past - I was driving to work when I crashed my car.
- 43. Past Continous/Progressive • Acontinous past action - You are asking why I didn’t call you yesterday, I was working very hard. • While talking a past actions happening gradually. - She was gettting fatter and fatter. • A planned action that didn’t occur - My sister is coming to see me on Sunday. She was coming on Wednesday but she couldn’t leave her job.
- 44. Past Continous/Progressive • Repetitionand irritation with «always» - She was always coming late for meetings. No wonder she was never promoted. • To describe a mood or atmosphere - When I walked into the bar, Danny and Fred were arguing again. Chris was chatting to the barman with his usual pint. Peter and Sarah were flirting with each other.
- 45. while/as vs when/justas • When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense simple past, whereas "while" is usually followed by past continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time.« - I was studying when she called. - While I was studyding, she called.
- 46. Non-Continous Verbs • Theseverbs cannot be used in any continous tenses. Instead of using past continous with these verbs, we must use simple past. - Jane was being at my house when you arrived. - Jane was at my house….
- 47. Past Progressive Time References/Expressions whenyesterday at 9am as last week on sunday while 3 years ago in May
- 48. Past Perfect • Anaction finished before another past action - I noticed that he had left his books behind. - When we arrived, the film had started. • An action that happened before a specific time in the past - She had never been to an opera before last night.
- 49. Past Perfect • Theemphasize the result of an activity in the past - I had been to London twice by the time I got a job in NY. • To describe cause and effect (combine with simple past) - I got stuck in the traffic because there had been an accident.
- 50. Past Perfect • Howlong to a point in the past - When he graduated, he had been in London for 6 years. • Unreal/imaginary things in the past - I would have believed you if you hadn’t lied to me before. • Wishes in the past - I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.
- 51. Past Perfect • Before/after -Did the students go home after they had visited the library? • By the time (future/past perfect) - By the time I went there, my friends had already arrived. • Generally preferred in written language - I hadn’t made any plans until I got your message.
- 52. Past Perfect • This/Thiswas first/second…..This/that was only…this/that was the +superlative… - This was the only book she had ever read. - This was the first time I had met my teacher. - He was the most charismatic man I had ever known.
- 53. Past Perfect • Just'is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g. - The train had just left when I arrived at the station. - She had just left the room when the police arrived.
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- 56. Past Perfect Progressive •Duration before something in the past - She had been working in the bank for 10 years before it closed forever. • Cause of something in the past - The roads were slippery because it had been snowing. - He started exercising because he had been gaining weight.
- 57. Past Perfect Progressive •Third conditional - If I had been paying attention in the class, I would have gotten A. • Reported speech - He said that Emily had been helping him study for the final exam. - You told me that you’d been saving money.
- 58. Past Perfect Progressivevs. Past Progressive • Past continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas past perfect continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. - He was tired because he was exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment.
- 59. Past Perfect Progressivevs. Past Progressive • He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.
- 60. Simple Future • Predictions -I think the Conservatives will win the next elections. • Promises/Requests/Refusals/Offers/Orde rs/threathens - I’ll help you with your homework. - I will always love you. - Will you open the door, please?
- 61. Simple Future - I’lltake a fish dish. - I’ll finish him when this game is over. • Future conditionals - When I arrive home, I’ll call you. • For actions decided at the moment of speech (generally with ‘I’ or ‘We’) • I will come with you to the party. • Unplanned future actions - Winter will come soon.
- 62. Simple Future • Timeand purpose clauses - When I arrive home, I’ll call you. - As soon as everthing is settled, I’ll let you know. • Thoughts, assumptions, sureness, fears about future - I hope everything will turn out fine. - I am sure King Larry will not give up his kingdom.
- 63. Simple Future - Iam afraid this money won’t cover the bills. • In the negative form, to express unwillingness. - I won’t leave until I’ve seen the manager. - The baby won’t eat his soup. • With ‘you’ to give orders - You will do exatcly as I say.
- 64. Simple Future • With‘shall I___?’, to make an offer or ask for advice or instructions - Shall I turn off the lights? - What shall I tell the boss about the money? Note: In modern English will is preferred to shall. Shall is mainly used with I and We to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice (see examples above).
- 65. Simple Future With theother persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g. "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes.« • Unpreventable actions in future - I am afraid we will get wet. - Summer will come soon.
- 66. Simple Future • With‘you’ in question form, to make an invitation - Will you come to the dance with me? - Will you marry me? • For news and at newspapers, will is used to talk about a planned action which is part of a program. - Livaneli will have concert in Antalya next week .
- 67. Simple Future Time References/Expressions Tomorro w next+ noun Thursday
- 68. Future Progressive • Overlappingactions - I’ll be waiting when you arrive. (when + present simple, will be ving) • Future as a matter of course - The government will be taking a statement later. • Interrupted actions in future - When you come tomorrow, they will be playing tennis.
- 69. Future Progressive • Toexpress actions in progress at a specific time in future - At 12 o’clock tomorrow, we’ll be having lunch at school. • To ask questions politely about the future - Will you be bringing your friend to the party tonight? • To emphasize future plans and intentions - He’ll be coming to visit us next week.
- 70. Future Progressive • Todescribe atmosphere in future - When I arrive at the party everybody will be celebrating, some will be dancing, some will be drinking. • To express paralel actions or series of paralel actions in the future - She will be watching TV and he will be cooking dinner.
- 71. Future Progressive • When/while/as/bythe time - She will be waiting for you by the time you ring the bell. • I’ll be listening to the radio when you are washing up.
- 72. Future Perfect • Howlong to a point in the future - When we get married, I’ll have known Robert for 4 years. • Action finished before a point in the future - By 10 o’clock, I’ll have finished my homework.
- 73. Future Perfect • Anaction that will be completed before another event takes place - She will have learnt Chinese before she moves to China. • To express conviction (idea) that something happened in the near past - The guests will have arrived at the hotel by now.
- 74. Future Perfect • Probability -It’s 5 o’clock, we’ll have arrived Cyprus by now. • When/by the time/before/until - I will have finished my homework before the deadline. P.S: We use by for actions occurring or being completed no later than a future time point.
- 75. by vs. until Weuse until for actions continuing up to a future time point. So, "by" only refers to the deadline, but "until" refers to all the time between now and the end of something. • By the end of this year he will have been giving private courses for ten years. Until the end of this year he will have been giving private courses for ten years.
- 76. Future Perfect Time References/Expressions by+ noun by this time + noun
- 77. Future Perfect Progressive •To show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future - He will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. • To talk about something that finishes just before another time or action - I’ll be tired when I get home because I will have been working for more than 7 hours.
- 78. Going to • Somethingabout to happen - Get back! The bomb is going to explode. • Prior plan - I’m going to the beach next weekend with my friends. • Evidence and signs - My stomach hurts a lot and I think I’m going to throw up.
- 79. Going to • Toexpress emotions such as pity and love - My friend is very ill. I’m afraid she is going to die. • In conditionals when there is a certainty of a future action - If the weather is nice, she is going to walk to work. - I am going to read if there is nothing on TV.
- 80. was/ were goingto • Past : was/were + going to (events that were supposed happen in the past but did not) = was/were supposed to - I was going to bring your book but I totally forgot, I’m sorry. - We were going to the movies with you last night but we had too much work to do.
- 81. Going to • Note:be going to can also be used with a past participle: • They are going to have finished by tomorrow afternoon. = They will have finished by tomorrow afternoon. (however, will is used much more frequently in this type of construction: They will have finished...)
- 82. would • Past intentedactions but didn’t occur - I would go on a holiday with them. • Predicted actions in the past - She didn’t go to school regularly it was certain that she would fail. • With past perfect tense - We would finish this work by now if we had started earlier.
- 83. would • Indirect speechpast of ‘will’ - My friends said that he would go to England after graduation. • Past habits (more formal than used to) • (Not about past states) - We would go to the beach every summer.
- 84. was/were about to(past) am/is/are about to (present) • Informing someone that you were going to do something, but another event prevented you from doing it. - I didn’t have time to call you when I arrived at the airport. My plane was about to leave. - I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.
- 85. was/were due to(past) am/is/are due to (present/future) • Be due to expresses a future action which is expected or scheduled to happen. - The train is due to arrive at 10:54 PM. The train is expected to arrive at 10.54 PM. - The train was due to come when we arrived. So we hadn’t waited for you for long.