The document discusses the four fundamental forces in physics - strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational. It proposes that all forces originated from a single unified force that evolved over time. The forces are conveyed through exchange of force-carrying particles. It further proposes that momentum is conveyed by quasi-particles called phonons, which were originally conceptualized in solid state physics. This could fulfill Newton's conception of momentum. The document advocates representing phonons as bees or butterflies rather than balls, to capture their versatile behaviors.

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THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

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Particle Accelerators
The search for the nature of momentum and force had been yielding no
results even into the twentieth century when science and technology began
again to progress forward by leaps and bounds. The concepts about force had
also undergone serious changes mainly due to the advanced research into the
microscopic world with the aid of more and more powerful accelerators.
CMS acceleratorChicago's Tevatron particle accelerator

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The Four Fundamental
Forces
One of the most popular
theories accepted by the
scientific community is that
all the fundamental forces
can be classified into four
categories:
(i) The Strong;
(ii) The weak;
(iii) Electromagnetic; and
(iv) Gravitation.
GRAVITATION
WEAK
In radiation process
STRONG
Binding nucleii
ELECTROMAGNETIC
Binding atoms

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WEAK
ELECTROMAGNETIC
STRONG
GRAVITATION
ELECTROWEAK
FORCE
Evolution of Forces
Scientists also hold the belief that all the four forces were of the same
origin in the beginning of the universe. In the course of time, the original
force evolved, the various force emerged and became independent.
UNIFIED FORCE
BIG BANG

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The Scale of Strengths
These forces are shown here
in the order of strength. The
difference among them is in
fact much greater by the
factor of trillions. Here they
are represented roughly by
their relative strength.
STRONG
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WEAK
GRAVITATION

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Relative Strength of the Forces
In numerical terms, their strength may be represented as follows. We take
the strong force as unity, then the other forces are weaker by the
exponential numbers as -2, -8, and -45. One can see that gravitational force
is utterly and absolutely out of class.
1. Strong (nuclear) force (1)
The force that holds nuclei together.
2. Electromagnetic force (10-2)
Interaction among electrically and magnetically charged particles.
3. Weak force (10-8)
Responsible for certain nuclear decays and reactions.
4. Gravitational force (10-45)
Interaction between masses (all particles) familiar to us as weight.

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PARTICLE EXCHANGE
Forces by

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Force by Particle Exchange
In the 1930’s, Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) and Ettore Majorana
(1906-1938) in postulated that the force between particles is due to the
exchange of force carrying particles. For example the electromagnetic
force is produced by the exchange of photons between electrons.
Positive Positron Mediating Photon Negative Electron

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Passing Ball as Analogy
The mechanism of particle exchange may be compared to a basketball
exchange between two players on frictionless ground wearing skates. As
the second player catches the ball, he will recoil and moves away from
the first player. When he returns the ball to the first player, she will move
away on her turn. The actions carry on until both are pushed far apart.
Moves back
upon receiving
the ball
Moves back
upon throwing
the ball

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No Analogy for Particles
The basketball scenario is, of course, a very crude analogy since it can only
explain repulsive forces and gives no clue for example of how exchanging
particles can result in attractive forces. However it is a good example of contact
force which the physicists may have overlooked. What the basketball represents
is actually the mechanical momentum which is not included in the basic forces.
This momentum exchanges could be viewed as momentum changing hosts.
Momentum

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Momentum Particles
It is my postulate that momentum in classical mechanics exists in the form of
particles. They are transmitted from one object to another like little bees.
That is to say, these bees are the particles that mediated the mechanical
forces.
Momentum bees

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From Angels to Particles
It had been a long journey and lots of changes. But the road to maturity is
firm and clearly oriented: from impetus to momentum; from momentum to
particles; (from angels to bees) the true cause of motion has finally unveiled
itself as phonons, even if it is a quasi-one for the time being as classified by
scientists.

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The Momentum Particles - Phonons
So finally, the true body of
momentum has surfaced. It is
the phonons that have been
there all along, unnoticed by
any scientists in the past.
Phonons are wave-particles
most familiar to solid state
physicists. If asked, they
would present you with
hundreds of documents and
books written on it. So it is
not a hard subject to follow.
Let us see what it will unveil
to us in the coming sections.

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PHONON
The Quasi-Particle

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Igor Tamm & the
Phonon
The idea of phonons was
introduced in 1932 by the
Russian physicist Igor Tamm
(1895-1971).
The phonon was not a real
particle but was fabricated as
a concept which facilitated
many treatment of heat and
sound in solids. The virtual
particle became a great and
successful idea used by all
scientists in solid state
physics.

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Importance of
Phonons
Phonons play a major roles in
deciphering many of the physical
properties of solids. They are
responsible for the electrical
conductivity and thermal property
of the condensed matter.
Interactions between phonons and
electrons are thought to be
responsible for such phenomena as
superconductivity.
The importance of phonons in
matter is equivalent to the
importance of photons in free space.

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The real Nature of Phonon Overlooked
Little did Igor and his follower scientists know that this phonon concept is
actually one of the greatest discoveries in the history of physics. Its
usefulness has led people to concentrate on the practicality ONLY and not on
its real nature. In solid state physics, phonons are only regarded as quasi-
particles, that is, it is not in the same rank of real particles.

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Characteristics of Phonons
1. Phonons carry momenta.
2. Phonons do not play any part in altering the internal structure of any
hosting body.
3. According to current studies, phonons do not have a rest mass so that
the overall mass change in the particle or in collisions is negligible.
4. Phonons can travel from one object to another.
5. The transfer of phonon from one place to another is so fast that the
motion is not measurable in conventional collision experiment.

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Fulfilment of Newton’s Work
With these characteristics recognized,
all the pictures about motion come
fitting together. It is a simple matter to
replace all momentum terms by
phonons.
In Newton’s time, the concept of
particles mediating forces was not yet
available. So his concepts about motion
could not extend beyond force and
momentum. We cannot blame Newton
for not providing something more solid
than force and momentum.
Now it seems settled. All we need to do
is to confirm the existence of the
phonon particle. In doing so, we may be
able to put a smile on Newton’s face
which was hardly seen in his life.
That is what I have been
looking for!

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The Culmination
This is exciting. Since the time of Aristotle, it has been an
epoch of over two thousand five hundred years of
speculating, philosophising, and calculating until now. The
elusive particle is finally found in its full glory. The phonon is
not only the crown jewel of modern science, it is also the
carrier of momentum, the cause of motion, the origin of
almost all particle motions in the universe – provided, of
course, we can prove it.

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PHONON REPRESENTATION
The Art of

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From Angels to Particles
In the past, we had been representing momentum by angels or cherubs. Now
scientists use balls to stand for phonon particles. Angels and cherubs are
religious or mythical, suitable only when the concept of impetus or
momentum were introduced. Balls are not what the phonons may look like,
especially when they can perform so many functions.

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Representation by Bees or Butterflies
According to conventional theories, phonons can vibrate, carry out wavy
motions, attract and repulse, perform heat and sound functions so on and so
forth. These duties are beyond what simple balls can perform. So we think
that bees and butterflies are still the best alternative before the true forms of
the phonons are identified. To have more fun, we can use the images of
fairies to show the versatilities of these little particles.

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Phonon Data
• Phonon symbol 𝛿𝛿 (delta → delton)
• Mass 𝑚𝑚 This is the rest mass or average mass .
• Velocity 𝑣𝑣 Velocity inside matter.
• Photum (momentum) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 The average
momentum.
• Frequency 𝑓𝑓 The original frequency as the photon.
• Angular frequency ⍵ Internal rotation
or spin [5}.
• Wave Number 𝜅𝜅 With velocity 𝑣𝑣 and not 𝑐𝑐.
• Energy 𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 = ℏ⍵=𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐2
The original photon energy.

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Major References
1. Isaac Newton: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Royal Society.
Latin original 1686. English version. 1728.
2. Richard Sorabji: Matter, Space & Motion. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. 1988.
3. Max Jammer: Concept of Force. Harvard University Press. 1957.
4. Mary Hesse: Forces and Fields. Cambridge University Press. T. Nelson. 1961.
5. Wikipedia: The free internet Encyclopaedia.
6. Rod Nave: HyperPhysics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia
State University
7. Charles Kittel: Solid State Physics. John Wiley & Son. 1953.
8. Isaac Asimov: Understanding Physics: Motion, Sound, and Heat. Walker and
Company. 1966.
9. Lucretius: On the Nature of the Universe. R. E. Latham. Penguin Books Ltd..
1951
10. New-Physics web site: www.new-physics.com. Publications: 01-05-2015 to
29-05-2015.

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Picture Credits
1. Wikipedia.
2. Jade Comics.
Hong Kong
3. Dragon Ball and
Others. Japan
4. Starwar Movies.
5. Art Explosion.
Nova
Development
Corporation.
1995.
6. Various Art and
Science
Museums of the
world.