Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The symptoms generally come on slowly over time.Early in the disease, the most obvious are shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking. Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur.[2] Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease. Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep, and emotional problems. The main motor symptoms are collectively called "parkinsonism", or a "parkinsonian syndrome".[4][8] The cause of Parkinson's disease is generally unknown, but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors.Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves.

1. PARKINSON’S DISEASE

2. WHAT IS PARKINSON’S DISEASE?
- A PROGRESSIVE DISORDER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
THAT AFFECTS MOVEMENT.
- IT DEVELOPS GRADUALLY, SOMETIMES STARTING
WITH A BARELY NOTICEABLE TREMOR IN JUST ONE
HAND. BUT WHILE A TREMOR MAY BE THE MOST
WELL-KNOWN SIGN OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE, THE
DISORDER ALSO COMMONLY CAUSES STIFFNESS OR
SLOWING OF MOVEMENT.

3. WHAT IS PARKINSON’S DISEASE?
- ONE MILLION PEOPLE LIVE WITH PD AND 60,000
PEOPLE ARE DIAGNOSED EVERY YEAR. MEN ARE 1 ½
TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HAVE PD THAN WOMEN.

4. CAUSES
- CERTAIN NERVE CELLS OR NEURONS IN THE BRAIN
GRADUALLY BREAK DOWN OR DIE. MANY OF THE
SYMPTOMS ARE DUE TO A LOSS OF NEURONS THAT
PRODUCE A CHEMICAL MESSENGER IN YOUR BRAIN
CALLED DOPAMINE.
- IN THE BRAIN, DOPAMINE FUNCTIONS AS A
NEUROTRANSMITTER – A CHEMICAL RELEASED BY
NEURONS (NERVE CELLS) TO SEND SIGNALS TO
OTHER NERVE CELLS.

8. CAUSES
- WHEN DOPAMINE LEVELS DECREASE, IT CAUSES
ABNORMAL BRAIN ACTIVITY, LEADING TO SIGNS OF
PD.
- THE CAUSE OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE IS UNKNOWN,
BUT SEVERAL FACTORS APPEAR TO PLAY A ROLE
INCLUDING:
- > GENES
- > ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS
- > HEAD INJURY, HEAD TRAUMA EXAMPLE IS BOXING

9. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
TREMOR
A TREMOR, OR SHAKING USUALLY BEGINS IN A LIMB,
OFTEN YOUR HAND OR FINGERS. YOU MAY NOTICE A
BACK-AND-FORTH RUBBING OF YOUR THUMB AND
FOREFINGER, KNOWN AS A PILL-ROLLING TREMOR. ONE
CHARACTERISTIC OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE IS A
TREMOR OF YOUR HAND WHEN IT IS RELAXED OR AT
REST.

10. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
SLOWED MOVEMENT / BRADYKINESIA
THIS MAY REDUCE THE ABILITY TO MOVE AND SLOW
YOUR MOVEMENT, MAKING SIMPLE TASKS DIFFICULT
AND TIME CONSUMING.
WRITING CHANGES
IT MAY BECOME HARD TO WRITE AND YOUR WRITING
MAY APPEAR SMALL.

11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
RIGID MUSCLES
MUSCLE STIFFNESS MAY OCCUR IN ANY PART OF YOUR
BODY. THE STIFF MUSCLES CAN LIMIT YOUR RANGE OF
MOTION AND CAUSE YOU PAIN.
IMPAIRED POSTURE & BALANCE
YOUR POSTURE MAY BECOME STOOPED OR BEND ONE'S
HEAD OR BODY FORWARD AND DOWNWARD, OR YOU
MAY HAVE THE BALANCE PROBLEMS.

12. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
LOSS OF AUTOMATIC MOVEMENTS
THERE WILL HAVE A DECREASED ABILITY TO PERFORM
UNCONSCIOUS MOVEMENTS, INCLUDING BLINKING,
SMILING OR SWINGING YOUR ARMS WHEN YOU WALK
AND PRESENCE OF MASK-LIKE, BLANK EXPRESSION.
SPEECH CHANGES
YOU MAY SPEAK SOFTLY, QUICKLY, SLUR OR HESITATE
BEFORE TALKING. YOUR SPEECH MAY BE MORE OF A
MONOTONE.

15. CAREGIVER’S
MANAGEMENT

16. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
AS A CAREGIVER OF SOMEONE WITH PARKINSON’S
DISEASE, YOU ARE ADAPTING TO NEW CHALLENGES AS
THE DISEASE PROGRESSES, YOU HAVE THE RIGHT AND
RESPONSIBILITY TO MAKE THE CARE PARTNERSHIP
MOST PRODUCTIVE WITH THE LEAST AMOUNT OF
STRESS AND CONFLICT.

17. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
UNDERSTANDING THE DISEASE AND THE PERSON WITH
PD. CAREGIVERS MUST CLOSELY OBSERVE THE PERSON
WITH PD OVERTIME TO DETECT AND RESPOND
HELPFULLY TO SUBTLE CHANGES IN MOTOR FUNCTION
AND MOOD.
REMEMBER: YOU HAVE A DUAL ROLE AS A CAREGIVER:
- TO CARE FOR THE PERSON WITH PARKINSON’S
DISEASE

18. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
ASSIST AND GUIDE YOUR PATIENT TO PERFORM ACTIVE
ROM (RANGE OF MOTION) TWICE A DAY AND
AMBULATE AT LEAST 4 TIMES PER DAY. THIS EXERCISE
MAY INCREASE YOUR CLIENT’S MUSCLE STRENGTH,
FLEXIBILITY AND BALANCE. THIS WILL ALSO IMPROVE
THE WELL-BEING AND REDUCE DEPRESSION OR
ANXIETY.

19. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
ALTERNATE THE REST PERIODS WITH ACTIVITY TO
AVOID FATIGUE. ENCOURAGE RELAXING ACTIVITIES TO
REDUCE STRESS, WHICH CAN MAKE SYMPTOMS WORSE.
LISTENING TO MUSIC AND RELAXATION GUIDE IMAGERY
MAY HELP EASE TREMORS.
USE ASSISTIVE DEVICES AS NEEDED TO YOUR CLIENT
AND AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE AVOID YOUR CLIENT TO
FALL.

20. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
PROMOTE TO YOUR CLIENT THE DIET FOR FOODS HIGH
IN BULK AND FLUIDS:
- LIMIT PROTEIN WHICH MAY DECREASE
EFFECTIVENESS OF CERTAIN PARKINSON’S DISEASE
MEDICATIONS.
- SERVE FIBER LIKE WHOLE GRAINS, BRAN CEREALS,
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES TO PREVENT
CONSTIPATION, A COMMON PARKINSON’S ISSUE.
- SERVE CALCIUM RICH FOOD AT LEAST 3 TIMES A DAY

21. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
ASSESS COMMUNICATION SKILLS SUCH AS SPEECH,
HEARING AND WRITING.
ASSIST AND GUIDE YOUR PATIENT OF HIS/HER DAILY
LIVING ACTIVITIES SUCH AS DRESSING, EATING,
BATHING, REPOSITIONING THE CLIENT, ETC.

22. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
DEPRESSION IS A PROBLEM FOR AT LEAST HALF OF ALL
PD PATIENTS. THEY ARE KNOWN TO SUFFER FROM
PERIODS OF DENIALS, ANXIETY AND STRESS. YOU
SHOULD PAY ATTENTION TO THESE MOODS AND TALK
ABOUT THEM WITH THEIR LOVED ONES AND CLIENT’S
DOCTOR.

23. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
IT IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT TO KEEP MEDICAL
INFORMATION UP-TO-DATE SO FIRST RESPONDERS CAN
ACCESS IT IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY. KEEP THESE
RECORDS (FOR BOTH YOU AND THE PERSON WITH PD)
UPDATED AND IN A LOCATION WHERE THEY CAN BE
EASILY FOUND.

24. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
WITH THE NURSE ASSISTANCE, THE FOLLOWING
MEDICATION THERAPY FOR THE PARKINSON’S DISEASE
PATIENTS:
CARBIDOPA-LEVODOPA INFUSION. THIS MEDICATION IS
SYNTHESIZED IN THE BRAIN INTO DOPAMINE.
MAO INHIBITORS OR MONOAMINE OXIDASE. THEY HELP
PREVENT THE BREAKDOWN OF BRAIN DOPAMINE BY
INHIBITING THE BRAIN ENZYME MONOAMINE OXIDASE B
(MAO-B). THIS ENZYME METABOLIZES BRAIN DOPAMINE

25. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
DOPAMINE AGONISTS. THEY MIMIC DOPAMINE EFFECTS
IN YOUR BRAIN.
ANTICHOLINERGICS. THESE WILL PROVIDE SHORT-TERM
RELIEF OF SYMPTOMS OF MILD, EARLY STAGE
PARKINSON’S DISEASE.
COMT INHIBITORS OR CATECHOL O-
METHYLTRANSFERASE. THESE MEDICATIONS MILDLY
PROLONGS THE EFFECT OF LEVODOPA THERAPY BY
BLOCKING AN ENZYME THAT BREAKS DOWN DOPAMINE.

26. CAREGIVER’S MANAGEMENT
ANTIDEPRESSANTS AS NEEDED. DEPRESSION IS
COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH PD. THESE MEDS CAN HELP
EASE THE SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION.
DON’T LET THE SYMPTOMS DISCOURAGE
PARTICIPATING IN ACTIVITIES. ENCOURAGE TO PAINT
HOLDING A PAINTBRUSH. IF SOME HOBBIES TOO HARD,
LIKE PLAYING A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT, GO TO A
CONCERT OR LISTEN TO MUSIC INSTEAD.

27. THANK YOU!!!