Grade 10th Social Science- Geography 6. Manufacturing IndustriesNavya Rai
Grade 10th Social Science- Geography 6. Manufacturing Industries
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development due to the following reasons:
Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture as it provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
It helps in prospering the country by giving a boost to the economy.
Grade 10th Social Science- Geography 6. Manufacturing IndustriesNavya Rai
Grade 10th Social Science- Geography 6. Manufacturing Industries
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development due to the following reasons:
Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture as it provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
It helps in prospering the country by giving a boost to the economy.
Paper, Pulp and Paperboard Production from Bamboo. Profitable Bamboo Processing Industry
Bamboo is a quickly renewable resource. Bamboo is the single fastest growing species of plant on the planet with some species growing more than a meter a day. In sharp contrast to trees which require decades to recover from harvesting, bamboo reaches maturity in 3 to 5 years or less and when it is cut, the stem is left in the soil to sprout a new shoot and start the growing process again.
Paper has been made from bamboo for hundreds of years. The commercial process uses actual bamboo canes for pulp. Bamboo paper is attracting the attention of companies and individuals looking for eco-friendly printing and sustainability. Despite the digital revolution, the demand for paper is growing globally.
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Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
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Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
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#Paper_Pulp_and_Paper_Board_from_Bamboo, #Paper_from_Bamboo, Making Bamboo Paper, Bamboo Paper, How to Make Paper Pulp from Bamboo? Paper Making Process, How Paper is Made, #Paper_Production, #Pulp_from_Bamboo, Process for Making a Pulp from Bamboo, Bamboo Pulp-Making Process, Bamboo Pulp, Pulp and Papermaking, Paper Manufacturing Plant with Pulp from Bamboo, #Bamboo_Pulp_Manufacture, Bamboo Pulp Making, Bamboo Pulp Manufacture in India, Bamboo Pulp Making Process, Pulp Production from Bamboo, Bamboo Paper Pulp Manufacturing, Process for Making a Pulp from Bamboo, #Paperboard_from_Bamboo, #Bamboo_Paperboard, Paper, Pulp and Paper Board from Bamboo, Paperboard, Paper and Paperboard Production, Production of Pulp from Bamboo, #Products_made_from_Bamboo, Pulp and Paper Industry, Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Process, Paper Production Process, Paper Production Process Diagram, Paper Industry, Paper Manufacturing Process PPT, Paper Business Ideas, Paper Mill Business Plan, How to Start Paper Making Business, Paper Manufacturing Business Opportunities, Paper Manufacturing Business Plan, Paper Manufacturing Business Plan Pdf, Paper Manufacturing, Paper Manufacture, Paper Mills/Paper Manufacturing, Paper Manufacturing & Processing, How to Start a Cardboard Box Manufacturing Business? Packaging Box Manufacturing, Paperboard Manufacture, How to set up a Corrugated Box Manufacturing Unit in India, Corrugated Cardboard Box Making Business Plan, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing Industry, Paper Board Manufacture, Production of Paper Cartons, Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Manufacturing, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Paper_Manufacturing_Business, Project Report on Pulp Production from Bamboo, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Pulp Production from Bamboo
Paper, Pulp and Paperboard Production from Bamboo. Profitable Bamboo Processing Industry
Bamboo is a quickly renewable resource. Bamboo is the single fastest growing species of plant on the planet with some species growing more than a meter a day. In sharp contrast to trees which require decades to recover from harvesting, bamboo reaches maturity in 3 to 5 years or less and when it is cut, the stem is left in the soil to sprout a new shoot and start the growing process again.
Paper has been made from bamboo for hundreds of years. The commercial process uses actual bamboo canes for pulp. Bamboo paper is attracting the attention of companies and individuals looking for eco-friendly printing and sustainability. Despite the digital revolution, the demand for paper is growing globally.
See more
https://bit.ly/33n6ZsI
https://bit.ly/2KI3wfV
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Paper_Pulp_and_Paper_Board_from_Bamboo, #Paper_from_Bamboo, Making Bamboo Paper, Bamboo Paper, How to Make Paper Pulp from Bamboo? Paper Making Process, How Paper is Made, #Paper_Production, #Pulp_from_Bamboo, Process for Making a Pulp from Bamboo, Bamboo Pulp-Making Process, Bamboo Pulp, Pulp and Papermaking, Paper Manufacturing Plant with Pulp from Bamboo, #Bamboo_Pulp_Manufacture, Bamboo Pulp Making, Bamboo Pulp Manufacture in India, Bamboo Pulp Making Process, Pulp Production from Bamboo, Bamboo Paper Pulp Manufacturing, Process for Making a Pulp from Bamboo, #Paperboard_from_Bamboo, #Bamboo_Paperboard, Paper, Pulp and Paper Board from Bamboo, Paperboard, Paper and Paperboard Production, Production of Pulp from Bamboo, #Products_made_from_Bamboo, Pulp and Paper Industry, Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Process, Paper Production Process, Paper Production Process Diagram, Paper Industry, Paper Manufacturing Process PPT, Paper Business Ideas, Paper Mill Business Plan, How to Start Paper Making Business, Paper Manufacturing Business Opportunities, Paper Manufacturing Business Plan, Paper Manufacturing Business Plan Pdf, Paper Manufacturing, Paper Manufacture, Paper Mills/Paper Manufacturing, Paper Manufacturing & Processing, How to Start a Cardboard Box Manufacturing Business? Packaging Box Manufacturing, Paperboard Manufacture, How to set up a Corrugated Box Manufacturing Unit in India, Corrugated Cardboard Box Making Business Plan, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing Industry, Paper Board Manufacture, Production of Paper Cartons, Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Manufacturing, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Paper_Manufacturing_Business, Project Report on Pulp Production from Bamboo, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Pulp Production from Bamboo
Sugar cane stalk is a solid biomass waste that can be utilised as a feed for biogas plant. With gratitude to the authors, a paper is made available here for educational putpose.
A simple document emphasizing the reasons behind evolution of .Net technology and how it simplified the yester-decade's technology issues. This document is simplified and teaches a lame man as why & how .net framework gained importance and how it is ruling the roost.
Paper recycling is the process of recovering waste paper and
remaking it into new paper products. It is estimated that on a
global basis municipal solid waste constitutes of about 35% by
weight of paper and paper products which are recyclable.
http://www.wirefabrik.com/snippets/842431570SNIP-MAY-11.pdf
Green Computing and Sustainable Environment – Introduction of E-documents and...AM Publications,India
Green computing” represents environmentally responsible way to reduce power and environmental e-waste. Green computing is the practice of using computing resources efficiently. The goals are to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability outdated products and factory waste. It is known that the demand for computing devices rises as the people seek faster way of doing things. The most important issue is the sustainability or sustainable development and it is the key challenge for the environmentalists today. Quite a number of methods have been suggested to ensure sustainability. One important issue is minimum use of papers. Papers are wastage of natural resources. Papers are produced from wood pulp which leads to deforestation. The production of paper releases many by-products which harms the environment. In the present paper the authors have made a systematic study on various issues while producing printed papers which are not good for the environment as well as for the future generations. The authors also propose the negative impacts of paper on the environment can be negated by using E-documentation.
Make paper factory residue into fuel pelletsJossie Xiong
Making fuel pellets from paper factory residues is a proven and efficient method for paper mills to dispose their paper production residues. Fuel pellets can reduce paper mills energy cost dramatically.
The pulp is fed to a paper machine where it is formed as a paper web and the water is removed from it by pressing and drying. Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. The pulp and paper industry continues to expand at a phenomenal rate and it has an important role to play on the Indian economy. This imposes a difficult problem of selection. Since the amount of material that can be included in a single volume is obviously limited.
Market Outlook
Despite the continued focus on digitization, India’s demand for paper is expected to rise 53 per cent in the next six years, primarily due to a sustained increase in the number of school-going children in rural areas. (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) and the increasing use of documentation will keep demand for writing and printing paper buoyant. “Though India’s per capita consumption is quite low compared to global peers, things are looking up and demand is set to rise from the current 13 million tonnes (mt) to an estimated 20 mt by 2020.
According to “India Paper Industry Forecast & Opportunities, 2017” the paper industry in India is expected to grow at the CAGR of around 9.6% during 2012-2017, which will make the revenues of paper industry of India to reach up to USD 11.83 Billion by 2017. About 70% of the total installed capacity of paper production in India is accounted by Gujarat, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Kerala, Bihar and Assam together account for about 25% of the total paper production in India.
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Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Ballarpur Industries Limited (BILT) is a flagship of the US$ 4 bnAvantha Group and India's
largest manufacturer of writing and printing (W&P) paper. The current chairman of the
company is GautamThapar, who succeeded his late uncle L.M. Thapar.
BILT's subsidiaries include Sabah Forest Industries (SFI), Malaysia's largest pulp and paper
company, and BILT Tree Tech Limited (BTTL), which runs BILT's farm forestry programme
in several states in India.
BILT has six manufacturing units across India, which give the company geographic coverage
over most of the domestic market. BILT has a dominant share of the high-end coated
paper segment in India. The company accounts for over 50% of the coated wood-free paper
market, an impressive 85% of the bond paper market and nearly 45% of the hi-bright
Maplitho market, besides being India's largest exporter of coated paper.
BILT’s acquisition of SFI in 2007 was a watershed event – it was the first overseas acquisition
by an Indian paper company. This acquisition transformed BILT into a major regional
player, and elevated the company's ranking among the global top 100.
Paper production (non-conventional sources) Aman Kapoor
As paper production from wood pulp is leading to huge environment imbalance therefore we should shift to some non conventional methods of paper production.
Single crystallized sugar from Sugar Cane is a large industry of India that generates rural employment and produces useful by-products. an essay about this industry is presented.
Natural rubber tree is cultivated in Asia and a large supplement needed for tyre industry is synthesised based on monomers derived from olefines & benzene.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. India’s Pulp & Paper industry-1990-2002
PULP IS COMMERCIAL CELLULOSE FIBERS
DERIVED FROM WOOD, BAGASSE ETC, BY
MECHANICAL AND / OR CHMICAL TREATMENT TO
RELEASE THE FIBERS FROM LIGNIN BINDING
MATERIAL AND DECOLORISED BY BLEACHING.
PAPER IS MATTED OR FELTED SHEET OF FIBERS,
USUALLY CELLULOSIC AND GENERALLY
FORMED ON A FINE WIRE SCREEN FROM A
WATER SUSPENSION.
Year Installed Capacity, Capacity
Million tonnes /annum Utilization %
1951 0.137
1955-56 0.214
1978-79 1.538 90 %
1985-86 2.46
1988-89 2.76
1991-92 3.30 62 %
1992-93 4.0
1993-94 4.0
1994-95 4.0 64 %
2001-02 5.0 62%
2005-06 6.5
2009-10 11.2
1
2. Pulp and Paper Process
The pulp and paper industry converts fibrous raw materials
into pulp, paper and paperboard. In a first step, raw
materials are processed into pulp and in a second step,
paper and paper products are produced out of this pulp.
Different plant categories exist depending on whether they
only produce pulp (pulp mills) for further processing or
only paper out of purchased pulp and /or recycled waste
paper (paper mills).
The third category, the integrated pulp and paper mills,
combines the two processes and is most common in the
paper industry.
The five principal steps in pulp and paper production are
1) wood preparation,
2) pulping,
3) bleaching,
4) chemical recovery, and
5) papermaking
In 1995:
Total Number of paper mills in India= 380
Large/medium size mills (>20000 TPA capacity) =21
Small mills = 359
2
3. KAGAZ.OM is a vertical portal providing complete
information on the paper and allied industries. It intends
to be a neutral, online business encyclopedia for the
paper industry in India. KAGAZ.COM’s strength lies
in its immense data bank. This consequently lays the
foundation for a market place wherein buying and
selling paper and related products is conducted. Besides
this, KAGAZ.COM also aims at providing intrinsic
information on paper and its allied industries to the end
users.
KAGAZ.COM is India's leading and most
comprehensive pulp and paper industry portal web site.
A pioneer in setting new standards in news and
analysis, KAGAZ.COM is promoted by EcoMedia
InfoSystems Pvt. Ltd, India's leading independent web
solution provider. Users of our services have included
the who's who of business ranging from corporates such
as Charak Pharmaceuticals, Kores India, Porecha
Global Securities, IMP Power, etc.
3
4. 1 Wood Preparation
Wood preparation involves breaking wood down into small
pieces suitable for subsequent pulping operations. Major
wood preparation processes are debarking and chipping.
This process requires little energy.
2 Pulping
Wood is ground and pulped to separate the fibers from each
other and to suspend the fibers in water. Pulping breaks
apart the wood fibers and cleans them of unwanted
residues. The ratio of wood to other materials used for pulp
depends on the resources available. The remaining fiber is
provided by recycled materials or by non-wood plant
sources.
Pulping can be performed using chemical,
mechanical, or combined chemical-mechanical techniques.
In chemical pulping wood chips are cooked in an aqueous
solution at high temperature and pressure. Chemical
processes dissolve most of the glue that holds the fibers
together (lignin) while leaving the cellulose fibers
relatively undamaged. This process results in high quality
paper with a yield of only 40%-60% of the weight of the
4
5. dry wood. The Kraft process, which is the most common,
uses a sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide solution. The
sulfite process uses a mixture of sulfurous acid and bisulfite
iron (typically from sodium sulfite).
The most common mechanical pulping technique involves
separating the cellulose fibers by pressing logs against wet
grindstones or by passing wood chips between counter
revolving grooved metal disks (refiners). Lignins and other
residues are not removed. This results in a higher yield, but
there is more damage to the fibers. In addition, lignin will
degrade in time. The lower quality fiber limits the use of
this process to less expensive grades of paper, such as
newsprint.
Combined chemical and mechanical pulping can produce
varying grades of paper depending on the particular process
used. These processes include thermo-mechanical,
chemical thermo -mechanical, and semi-chemical.
Large Indian mills that are predominantly based on forest
raw materials use the Kraft process. Agro-based mills use a
soda process while newsprint mills use mechanical,
5
6. chemical, chemi -mechanical and chemi-thermo-
mechanical (CTMP) processes. (Mohanty, 1997)
3 Bleaching
Bleaching whitens pulps for the manufacture of writing,
printing, and decorative papers. The process alters or
removes the lignin attached to the wood fiber. Chemical
pulps are bleached through the use of alternating treatments
of oxidizing agents and alkali solutions.
The Kraft process produces a darker pulp that requires
more bleaching. Mechanical pulps are treated with
hydrogen peroxide or sodium hydrosulfite to reduce the
light absorption of the lignin rather than remove it.
4 Chemical Recovery
Chemical recovery regenerates the spent chemicals used in
Kraft chemical pulping. Chemical pulping produces a waste
stream of inorganic chemicals and wood residues known as
black liquor. The black liquor is concentrated in
evaporators and then incinerated in recovery furnaces,
many of which are connected to steam turbine
6
7. cogeneration systems. The wood residues provide the fuel
and the chemicals are separated as smelt which is then
treated to produce sodium hydroxide. Sodium sulfide is
also recovered.
5 Papermaking
Papermaking consists of preparation, forming, pressing and
drying; preparation and drying are the most energy
intensive processes. During preparation, the pulp is made
more flexible through beating, a mechanical pounding and
squeezing process. Pigments, dyes, filler materials, and
sizing materials are added at this stage. Forming involves
spreading the pulp on a screen. The water is removed by
pressing and the paper is left to dry. In one of the most
common papermaking processes, the paper is pressed,
drained and dried in a continuous process. In another, a
pulp matt is formed in layers with water removal and
treating occurring between deposits.
7
8. Paper- in years - 2000-02
The production of paper and paper board during
the year 2001-02 was 3.162 million tonnes. About 60.8
per cent of the total production was based on non-
wood raw material and 39.2 per cent based on wood.
India’s per capita consumption of paper in 2002 was
around 4.00 kg, which was one of the lowest in the
world. With the expected increase in literacy rate and
growth of the economy, an increase in the per capita
consumption of paper is expected. The demand for
upstream market of paper products like tissue paper,
tea bags, filter paper, light weight online coated
paper, medical grade coated paper, etc. , is growing
up. These developments are expected to give fillip to
the industry.
There were (in 2002), about 515 units engaged in
the manufacture of paper and paperboards and
newsprint in India. The capacity utilization of the
industry is low at 62% as about 194 paper mills,
particularly small mills, are sick and/or lying closed.
Till 1970, the major raw material was wood, based on
forests. Since then, agro-residues and waste paper being
recycled were used as raw materials for small mills.
Newsprint is paper made at a lower cost than white writing
paper, as it is not elaborately bleached and finished as
writing paper. In 1990-91, newsprint produced in India was
0.3 MT and imported was 0.25MT
8
9. India’s per capita consumption of paper in 2002
was around 4.00 kg, which was one of the lowest in
the world. In 1990, per capita consumption of paper in
India was 3. 0 kg
1990: China = 12 kg
USA = 330 kg
Japan = 134 kg
Australia = 150 kg
The Indian paper and paperboards industry is on
the growth path. The Indian paper and paperboards
industry grew by nearly 7.8 percent during the period
2000-2006. This is substantially higher than the Asian
average of 5.1 percent. India’s paper manufacturing
capacity is expected to grow at a Compounded
Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.4 percent from 8.4
million MT per annum to 11.2 million MT per annum
between 2008 and 2010.
The Indian per capita paper consumption is among
the lowest at 7.0 kg, while Asian and global averages
are 11.0 kg and 49.0 kg respectively. But the demand
for paper is increasing given the rising disposable
incomes particularly of the expanding middle income
group.
9
10. The literacy level in India which is on the increase is
further set to improve the demand for paper in the
future. The Government of India’s increased budget
allocation for education sector is expected to further
improve the literacy rates in both urban and rural
areas, resulting in increased demand for writing
paper. The Indian Pulp and paper industry is
expected to grow at 7.4 % CAGR over the period
2008 – 10. With Indian economy in one of its best
ever growth mode, the Indian paper industry
continues to be a major beneficiary.
10
11. Paper Industry Policy - in years – 1991-2002
International Paper Prices
Recently, the international prices of pulp have
increased from around US$443 per tonne in May
1999 to US$550 per tonne in November 1999. The up
trend is expected to continue for another two years
and the cycle is currently expected to peak by the end
of 2001/ early 2002. The domestic prices of PWP
have shown improvement since June 1999 and they
are expected to remain firm with demand growth of 6-
7% in next two years without commensurate increase
in supply.
Growth In Industrial Production / Usage Industries
The demand for paperboards is dependent upon
growth in usage industries like FMCG,
pharmaceuticals, cigarettes etc. Therefore the
demand for the fastest growing segment,
paperboards can be traced by tracking the growth in
these industries.
Changes In Import Duty Of Paper
With the opening of the economy in 1991, the basic
import duty paper and paperboards has come down
from a peak of 140% in 1991 to 30% in 1999. This
has exposed Indian paper mills to the threat of
imports. Any increase in import duty on paper will help
the industry in countering the threat from imports
11
12. along with increases in price realizations and capacity
utilization.
Power Tariff
Paper manufacturing is an energy intensive process.
10 million kilo calorie of energy are required to
produce one ton of paper. The power tariffs, which
differ from state to state, have a major impact on the
cost of production of paper. Also, the power supply
situation in a particular state may become a cause of
concern as it will have bearing on production activity
of a company, unless the mill has sufficient captive
power generation facility.
Changes In Import Duty On Wood Pulp And Waste
Paper
The increase in import duty on wood pulp and waste
paper has increased the input cost for many large
players as they depend on imports. This has a
negative impact on the profitability of the Indian
companies as their raw material cost goes up. Any
changes in import duty on raw material inputs in the
future are bound to have a pronounced impact on
operating margins of Indian paper manufacturers.
Forest Policy
The request by industry to allow use of degraded land
for commercial plantation is long pending before the
government. Similar schemes in countries like
Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil have been carried out
12
13. successively and have helped the paper industry to
grow to global levels. Therefore, proper policy on this
front by GOI will help in boosting the growth of paper
industry in the country.
Run-up to the Budget 2000-01
Status of the Indian Paper Industry
The Indian Paper industry has been passing through
a difficult period in recent times. The period from FY
1995 till mid 1999 was particularly tough as imports
increased, input costs rose, and the price
realization declined.
The import duty on paper and paperboard was
reduced from 140 per cent in 1990-91 to 20 per cent
in 1995-96 leading to sharp increase in imports. The
newsprint was put under Open General License in
1994 and since then a large number of independent
retailers have been importing newsprint and supplying
it to end-users. Currently, the customs duty on
Newsprint is 5.5%, and paper manufacturers
complain large-scale imports of Light Weight Coated
and Kraft paper under the guise of Newsprint. The
average capacity utilization of the paper and
paperboard industry during 1995-1999 declined to
around 67%. But, since mid 1999 some signs of
recovery in both the domestic and international
markets of paper industry are apparent. The
international prices of pulp have increased from
around US$443 per tonne in May 1999 to US$550 per
13
14. tonne in November 1999. The up trend is expected to
continue for another two years and the cycle is
currently expected to peak by the end of 2001/ early
2002. The printing and writing paper (PWP) and
paperboard prices have been lagging pulp prices but
they are expected to move up backed by
improvement in fundamentals of Asian region. Asian
region accounts for 30 per cent of the global pulp,
paper and paperboard consumption. The domestic
prices of PWP have shown improvement since June
1999 and they are expected to remain firm with
demand growth of 6-7% in next two years without
commensurate increase in supply. The demand of
industrial paper has also picked but the prices of kraft
paper and paperboards have been unable to move up
significantly due to increase in supply.
Proposals in Union Budget, 1999-2000, affecting
the Indian Paper Industry
Basic import duty on Paper and Paperboard
increased from 30% to 35%.
Basic Customs Duty on newsprint rationalized at
uniform level of 5%. Basic Customs Duty with
ash content exceeding 8% increased from NIL to
5%.
No change in concessional Basic Customs Duty
of 5% on Light weight coated paper upto 70 gsm
imported for printing of magazines by actual
users.
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15. Excise duty on Paper and Paperboards reduced
from 18% to 16%.
Excise duty on cartons and boxes (but not of
Corrugated Paper and Paperboards) raised from
13% to 16%.
Additional specific duty of Rs. 1/litre on HSD.
Restoration of 100 per cent MODVAT credit.
Expectations from Union Budget, 2000-01
Increase in total budgetary allocation to
education sector.
Clarity in definition of newsprint, glazed newsprint
and Light weight coated paper to check the
clandestine imports of paper.
Maintenance of the status quo of customs and
excise duty on paper and paperboard and
increase in customs duty on newsprint.
PAPER INDUSTRY_2000-01:
Improved prices augur well for paper units - HBL
MUMBAI, JUNE 2. 2001.
The paper industry recovered last year[2000-01] after
a poor run of about four years and is now back on
track. The recovery came more than 18 months ago
with improved demand from the government as also
for industrial paper from other consumers.
15
16. Paper companies had earlier been hit by poor
capacity utilisation and poor prices. Prices had
reacted significantly while administered input prices
had increased leading to pressure on margins.
However, with improved realisations and cost cutting
measures in place the overall health of the industry
improved. There has been some softening of prices
by around 20 per cent in the last few months, but still
the industry is in good financial shape.
As the demand for paper is related to gross domestic
product (GDP) growth the industry's growth was
hampered by recessionary conditions over the last
few years. Consequently, additional capacity created
over the last couple of years could not be utilised
effectively. Now, it is expected that the increase in
demand will lead to a healthy growth in revenues and
the rising prices will have a salutary effect on margins.
Last year, the mills had done well with prices moving
up by 15-16 per cent. At present, prices range from
Rs. 35,000 to Rs. 60,000 a tonne with writing paper
and map litho occupying the lower end of the
spectrum and coated art paper the top end.
Packaging paper prices - duplex board and kraft -
have not gone up and are hovering around Rs.
15,000-20,000 a tonne.
Last year was also good for newsprint and
internationally, the U.S. saw a jump in demand. Even
in newsprint, there are varieties, ordinary and glazed,
the latter being imported. ``In India too, newsprint
16
17. prices shot up from around Rs. 16,000 to Rs. 30,000
a tonne before receding to rule around Rs. 27,000 a
tonne,'' said Mr. Chandak, executive director, West
Coast Paper.
Mr. Chandak felt that prices would stay high for the
next two years, first because of the cyclical nature of
the industry and second, ``there is no import threat
and there is no consolidation either.'' As such,
consolidation in the industry is unlikely to take place
unlike in the global industry where mergers and
acquisitions have been common. This is largely due
to the fragmented nature of capacity with only a
handful of manufacturers having capacity exceeding
six lakh tonnes a year.
The problems afflicting the industry are mostly price
related. Raw material sourcing is one problem and
non-pulp inputs are covered by administered pricing.
There are entry barriers in the industry - large
investments are required and as such no new
greenfield projects are planned. Whatever investment
is coming in is for upgradation or expansion of
existing paper mills. Though there is still some
overcapacity it has come down due to rising
production and stagnant capacity.
The industry size is five million tonnes annually. Of
this, 50 per cent constitutes mills using conventional
raw materials such as wood and bamboo and the
other half use non-conventional raw materials such as
17
18. waste paper and agricultural residues. These
constitute around 300 mills and they manufacture
paper and board.
While adequate pulp is not produced in India,
international rates had shot up last year from $500 to
$850 a tonne. However, they have dropped to around
$550 now. The import duty on newsprint and pulp is 5
per cent against the WTO bound rate of 25 per cent.
Imports rose steadily from 80,000 tonnes in 1995-96
to 2.70 lakh tonnes in 1998-99 and have remained
steady in recent years. Import tariff for various grades
of paper is at present 35 per cent against the WTO-
bound rate of 40 per cent.
Some leading players in the industry: 1. Ballarpur
Industries' acquisition of Sinar Mas India for Rs. 530
crores is the latest and a major development in the
industry. Sinar Mas is an Indonesian company and
entered India about five years ago. The Indian unit
has a capacity of 1.15 lakh tonnes and market share
in the paper and paper-board segment. After the
buyout, the combined capacity will go up to five lakh
tonnes and Sinar Mas India has been renamed BILT
Graphic Papers.
However, the question of sourcing pulp could come
up for the company. Earlier, Sinar Mas India could
source from its parent in Indonesia.
2. ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards had expanded
capacity from 62,500 tpa to 1.82 lakh tpa. Following
18
19. the infusion of around Rs. 150 crores from ITC, the
company has carved a niche for itself in the export
market for coated paperboards and specialty paper.
3. Tamil Nadu Newsprint (TNPL) boasts of being
among the most efficient players in the newsprint
industry. In 2000-01, the company reported sales of
Rs. 596.40 crores and a net profit of Rs. 76.40 crores.
Promoted jointly by the Tamil Nadu Government and
IDBI, TNPL manufactures newsprint and
printing/writing paper with a capacity of 1.8 lakh
tonnes annually. TNPL uses bagasse as the main
input. It is now going in for de-bottlenecking to enable
capacity increase by around 25 per cent.
4. West Coast Paper Mills (WCPM) has recorded a
88 per cent rise in its net profit at Rs. 28.52 crores in
2000-01 (Rs. 15.20 crores). Sales and income from
operations rose 7 per cent to Rs. 351.33 crores (Rs.
328.68 crores). Profits jumped on better realisations
coupled with an increase in demand for paper and
paper board.
``The industry has emerged from difficult times,''
according to Mr. Chandak ``and there are no
foreseeable problems. For the established players,
the next two years promise to be good.''
2010: In the present scenario, apart from capacity
augmentation, there is an immense need to improve
the Energy Efficiency of the individual units. Many of
the Indian Paper mills are also working actively in the
19
20. areas of water and environmental management not
only to better the statutory norms but also in a
proactively move closer to cleaner production. With
the liberalization of the Indian economy leading to
global competition as well as the growing emphasis
on the environment, it is imperative for the Indian Pulp
and Paper industry to become World class in
operations, energy consumption and environmental
impact.
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