A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.

2. Introduction
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.
In addition to being unusually thin, paper batteries are flexible, environmental friendly and
allowing integration into a wide range of products. Their functioning is similar to
conventional chemical batteries with the important difference that they are non-corrosive
and don’t require extensive housing.
A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor. This combination
allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.

3. What is Carbon Nanotubes?
CNT’s where discovered by Japanese scientist name Iijima
in 1991. They are now considered as top-class subject in
academic researches and industrial areas CNT‟s are
allotropes is carbon made of graphite and have be
constructed in cylindrical tubes with Nano meter scale in
diameter and several millimetres in length.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) consist exclusively of carbon
atoms arranged in a series of condensed benzene rings
rolled up into a tubular structure. This novel artificial
nanomaterial belongs to the family of fullerenes, the third
allotropic form of carbon along with graphite and diamond
which are both natural sp2 (planar) and sp3 (cubic) forms,
respectively.

4. Properties of Carbon Nanotube’s
 The Carbon Nanotubes are flexible and are very light weight.
 Carbon Nanotubes offers high tensile strength.
 Carbon Nanotubes are good conductors of electricity.
 Carbon Nanotubes have high packing density and low mass
density.
 Carbon Nanotubes provide low resistance.

5. Properties of Cellulose
Cellulose is biodegradable and bio-
compatible material.
Cellulose provides low shear strength.
Cellulose offers high tensile strength.
Cellulose has magnificent absorption
capacity & porosity.
Cellulose is nontoxic.
Can be easily recyclable & reusable.

6. Construction of a Paper battery :-
A paper battery construction involves the following components:
• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
• Anode: Lithium Metal (Li+)
• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (including bio Electrolytes like sweat, blood etc.)
• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)
Construction of a paper battery mainly includes these steps:
Step 1: Black carbon ink is applied on a cellulose-based paper.
Step 2: Black Carbon ink is being spread on a paper spread on the paper.
Step 3: A thin lithium film is laminated over the exposed cellulose surface.
Step 4: The cellulose paper is heated at 80ºC for 5 minutes.
Step 5: Next, the film is peeled off from the substrate.
Step 6: The film acts as electrodes of the paper battery. One film is connected
to the electrolyte LTO (Li4Ti5012) and another film is pasted to the electrolyte
LCO (LiCo02).
Step 7: Next, connect a LED on both the ends of the battery and check its functionality.

8. Working Principal of paper battery
The internal performance of paper batteries is identical to that of a traditional battery by generating a
voltage about 1.5V. We can recall the working principles of a traditional batteries where ions( + ve charged
particles) and electrons (-ve charged particles) moves between the electrodes, anode (+ve electrode) and
cathode (-ve electrode). Due to the flow of electrons from cathode to anode, current start flowing from
anode to cathode along the conductor.
• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube
• Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)
• Electrolyte: bio electrolytes like urine, blood and sweat.(All electrolytes can be used)
• Separator: Cellulose or Paper
Similarly in Paper Batteries, the metal (Lithium) is used as the anode and carbon nanotube as cathode and
also the paper of cellulose is used as the separator. Due to the chemical reaction between the electrolyte and
carbon, electrons are generated. Similarly due to the chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal, ions
are generated.These generated electrons starts flow through the external circuit from cathode to the anode.

9. Basic Internal Structure

10. Possible Application
• RFID tags and other tracking
• Smart Newspapers
• Credit/Debit cards
• Greeting card with audio, light
• Hybrid cards
• Laptops, smartphones
• Aircraft and spacecraft
• Blood and sugar monitoring portable devices
•Toys and novelties
• Calculator and wrist watches
•Wireless mouse, keyboards other computer accessories
• Bluetooth headphones, microphones etc.
• Digital camera
• Printed circuit board (PCB)

11. APPLICATIONS

12. ADVANTAGES
 Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut, made into any shape.
 The nano composite paper is compatible with a number of electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.
 If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut
power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage issue.
 Non toxic and hence ca be used to power pacemakers and RF tags.
 It is very useful where burst of energy is required for operation like mostly electric vehicles.
 The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate, potentially
allowing operation in extreme temperatures.
 Environment friendly.
 The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an "electrolyte-permeated gel state,“ which helps ions
make a smooth move, allowing the batteries to charge at lightning speeds.
(It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventional Li-ion batteries.)

13. LIMITATIONS
 Low shear strength can be torn easily
 CNT production technique is expensive
 Nano-toxic for CNT manufacturing workers
 Can cause fibrosis in lungs
 Aquatic life damaged by CNT
 Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and they have to be scaled up to
sheets of newspaper size to make it commercially viable.
 The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable paper battery will take at
least 40-60 years to become a reality.

14. CONCLUSION
After analysis of paper battery, we can conclude that the major component of paper
battery is CNT. The CNT manufacturing techniques are inefficient which obviously
increases the cost, making the paper battery expensive. If the cost is kept economical
the batteries will revolutionize the electronics industry. The shear strength of paper
battery can be increased by adding glass fibre, resins, plastics etc.
Further research is needed in Nano toxicology to make CNT’s non-hazardous for our
health. The use of lithium as an electrode in paper battery can solve most of the safety
issues of Li-ion batteries. With paper batteries we can predict a whole a new world of
possibilities and endless applications which will one day change our daily lives.

15. FUTURE WORK
There are many technologies which are coming in future which may use it. One important technology
is about Transformers. Transformer is a Turkish company named Letrons vision make it possible they
have converted a BMW Z4 model into a working prototype of transformers. They might be interested
in using the paper battery because they need a convenient, light-weight source of energy which provide
sufficient energy and even consume less space they might use the paper battery. Most of you have
heard or seen about mobile phone explosion ,this happens because li-ion battery is used.Lithium-ion
batteries contain a ton of Li-ion cells. Each of these cells has a critical temperature—think of it as a
boiling point. When the critical temperature of a cell is reached (due to external heat, overcharging,
damage, or poor manufacturing), it enters an exothermic breakdown. Basically, the cell itself starts to
release a ton of heat. But it won’t happen if we use paper battery.
“Paper Battery Would Be THE Answer To Electrical Energy Storage Problems.”

16. THANK
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