The document discusses pain psychology and pain management over several pages. It begins by defining pain and describing the physiology of pain, including pain receptors and the gate control theory of pain. It then discusses psychological factors that can influence pain like learning, personality, and cognition. The document covers various methods for managing pain, including medications, surgery, physical therapies, hypnosis, biofeedback, relaxation techniques, and cognitive behavioral approaches.
The Psychology of Pain: Understanding and Management in Nursing CareShahid Hussain
At the end of this session, students will be able to:
Define pain.
Explain the types of pain.
Explain physiological perspective of pain (brief).
Discuss psychological perspective of pain (gate-control theory, bio-psychosocial model of pain, etc.).
Factors affecting pain perception including psychological, social and biological.
Discuss treatment approaches for pain management (recent researches).
Discuss the role of nurses in pain management.
The Psychology of Pain: Understanding and Management in Nursing CareShahid Hussain
At the end of this session, students will be able to:
Define pain.
Explain the types of pain.
Explain physiological perspective of pain (brief).
Discuss psychological perspective of pain (gate-control theory, bio-psychosocial model of pain, etc.).
Factors affecting pain perception including psychological, social and biological.
Discuss treatment approaches for pain management (recent researches).
Discuss the role of nurses in pain management.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation focused on improving cognitive functions which further results in improving symptoms, functional ability which enhance overall quality of life.
Project Memory XL http://memoryxl.blogspot.it/
Presentation for the workshop on autobiographical method in Rome.
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Lazarus and Folkman Transactional model Andrew Scott
This file accompanies a Youtube clip - covering the Transational model of stress and coping. See the facebook page 'ePsychVCE.com' or the website www.ePsychVCE.com for link.
New directions in the psychology of chronic pain managementepicyclops
Lecture followed audience discussion on contextual cognitive behaviour therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the management of chronic pain from the West of Scotland Pain Group on Wednesday 5th December 2007. The speaker is Lance M. McCracken PhD, of the Pain Management Unit at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases & University of Bath, Bath UK.
www.wspg.org.uk
Further reading:
DAHL, J., & LUNDGREN, T. (2006). Living beyond your pain using acceptance and commitment therapy to ease chronic pain. Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63472470
HAYES, S. C., STROSAHL, K., & WILSON, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy an experiential approach to behavior change. New York, Guilford Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41712470
MCCRACKEN, L. M. (2005). Contextual cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Progress in pain research and management, v. 33. Seattle, IASP Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57564664
Neuropsychological rehabilitation focused on improving cognitive functions which further results in improving symptoms, functional ability which enhance overall quality of life.
Project Memory XL http://memoryxl.blogspot.it/
Presentation for the workshop on autobiographical method in Rome.
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Lazarus and Folkman Transactional model Andrew Scott
This file accompanies a Youtube clip - covering the Transational model of stress and coping. See the facebook page 'ePsychVCE.com' or the website www.ePsychVCE.com for link.
New directions in the psychology of chronic pain managementepicyclops
Lecture followed audience discussion on contextual cognitive behaviour therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the management of chronic pain from the West of Scotland Pain Group on Wednesday 5th December 2007. The speaker is Lance M. McCracken PhD, of the Pain Management Unit at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases & University of Bath, Bath UK.
www.wspg.org.uk
Further reading:
DAHL, J., & LUNDGREN, T. (2006). Living beyond your pain using acceptance and commitment therapy to ease chronic pain. Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63472470
HAYES, S. C., STROSAHL, K., & WILSON, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy an experiential approach to behavior change. New York, Guilford Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41712470
MCCRACKEN, L. M. (2005). Contextual cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Progress in pain research and management, v. 33. Seattle, IASP Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57564664
Assessment Of Fear Avoidance In Chronic Pain - Dr Johan W S Vlaeyenepicyclops
Lecture given to the North British Pain Association on 16th May 2008 by Dr Johan Vlaeyen. In this talk, Dr Vlaeyen discusses the mechanisms, assessment and treatment of fear avoidance in patients with chronic pain. Edinburgh, UK. www.nbpa.org.uk
Pharmacology of pain medications /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
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In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about pain management, different types of pain, its diagnostic criteria, its physiology, and its treatment approaches both pharmacological and non pharmacological
my presentation provide how can we approach patient with chronic pain, when we suspect psychiatric cause for chronic pain any how we explain chronic psychogenic pain and how we manage.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. syllabus
Pain psychology (briefly) [2 Hours]
a) Define pain, physiology of pain
b) psycho – social factors of pain
c) pain management (Psychological methods)
3. Pain
“An unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage, or described in
terms of such damage” ISAP (1979)
One of the most common health problems
that causes people to seek medical attention
Pain is actually beneficial to long-term health
and survival
4. DEFINITION
Pain is a noxious unwanted perception in which
the patient seeks medical intervention.
“Pain is subjective, individual and modified by
degrees of attention, emotional state and the
conditioning of past experiences.” (Livingstone
1943). The intensity of the pain is not directly
proportional to the degree of suffering.
Because it is basically a psychological
experience and depends on how it is
interpreted or experienced
5. TYPES
Acute pain – shorter duration up to six months
Acute monophonic pain
Recurrent acute non-malignant pain
Chronic pain – longer duration > six months
Chronic malignant pain - progressive
Intractable-benign
Chronic pain associated with non-malignancy disease – identifiable
pathology
Chronic non-malignant pain syndrome
Recurrent acute – migraine
Chronic and acute pain may have different causes – behavioral
factors may be involved in acute pain
8. Gate Control Theory
Gate control theory –Melzack & Wall (1965)
severity of pain sensation determined by balance between excitatory and
inhibitory inputs to T cells in spinal cord
C & A-delta nociceptor afferents give excitatory input to dorsal root
ganglion of spinal cord– A-delta (myelinated) about 40 mph and C fibers
(unmyelinated) about 3 mph, other sensory information travels at about
180 -240 mph
Substantia gelatinosa, large diameter A-beta non-nociceptor afferents
give inhibitory input
Increased firing of non-nociceptor afferents causes presynaptic inhibition
of T cells and the spinal gate from excitatory cells to the brain is closed. –
Physical agent modalities and physical activities believed to close the gate
by activating the non-nociceptor afferents
10. Theories of pain
Pain gate theory (Melzack& Wall)
Pattern theory (Sinclair)
Chemical theory (Neurotransmitters) (Encephalin /β-
endorphins)
Descending control theory (PAG /Raphe nucleus
Inhibition)
Substance ‘P’ levels
Serotonin levels
Central Control Mechanisms (by brain)
Specific theory (Unique theory)
11. The same part of the
brain – the anterior
cingulate cortex –
responds to physical
and emotional pain.
Pain in the brain
12. Chemical processes involved in pain
Substance P
Chemical mediator thought to be
involved with transmission of pain.
Associated with inflammatory pain
It excites pain transmitting neurons
when released
Its mechanism is not fully
understood
Glutamate – release affects
amount of pain experienced
Prostaglandins, bradykinin –
released when tissue damaged
13. Chemical processes involved in pain Endorphins
Pain perception modulated by these opiate like
neurotransmitters
The endorphins bind to certain sites on the nervous system
including peripheral nerves
They suppress pain transmission at the spinal cord level by
inhibiting the release of the neurotransmitter gamma
aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the periaqueductal gray matter
(PAGM) and raphe nucleus of the brain
High concentration of opiate receptors in limbic area of brain
explains the stress relief and euphoria associated with opiates
Limbic system involved with emotional component of pain
14. Pain assessment
Physiological measures
EMG – muscle tension
Heart rate
Skin temperature
EEG and brain imaging
Behavioral pain measures
Physical symptoms
Clusters: guarding, bracing, rubbing, grimacing, and sighing
Symptoms can be misrepresented: report and unobtrusive
observation differences – Kremer et al. (1981)
Self-report measures
18. Chronic)
Injury / Insult
Treatment
Failure of Treatment
Loss of Control
Dependence
Reliance on Medication
Pain
Psychological
& Social
Consequences
Adapted from Gill (1997)
Pain Cycle
19. FACTORS AFFECTING PAIN Physical Factors:
• Pain tolerance
• Body constitution / Genetics
• Age
• Sex
• Temperature
• Climate (Humidity, Cold, Winter)
• Light, darkness
• Noise level
• Avoidance of physical activity
Social Factors:
• Relationship with family • Social Norms
• Politico-Judicial Factors • Cultural effects (occupation,
• Social interactions • Hobbies
Psychological Factors:
• Personality (Introvert / Extrovert)
• Social Context or role (e.g. –
Soldier vs Civilian)
• Attention
• Ecstasy
• Attitudes, past experiences •
Anxiety / Depression
• Learning / Memory (Education)
• Dependency / Conditioning
• Avoidance behavior
• Judgment, Ego, Expectation
29. Psychological methods for controlling pain
Hypnosis
Biofeedback
Relaxation and
distraction
Cognitive - Behavior
therapy
Behavioral Medicine
30. Behavioral/Cognitive Approaches
• Distraction
Music and pain reduction –
Anderson et al. (1991)
• Relaxation
• Progressive technique
• Autogenic technique – use of self
instructions of warmth and
heaviness
31. Behavioral/Cognitive Approaches
• Guided Imagery
• Systematic
desensitization
• Reframing
• Meditation
• Stress management
techniques – not as
effective as other
techniques
• Thinking about the pain
and expectations
This slide depicts the possible cycle of pain for those with ineffectively resolved or managed pain.
Source: Gill , T. 1997, Patients with Pain and Drug Use Problems, GP Drug and Alcohol Supplement No. 4, Central Coast Area Health Service, p. 3.