The document discusses treatment evaluation and placebo effects, noting that placebos can produce real physiological or psychological effects through mechanisms like expectations, conditioning, and personality factors, even when a person knows they are taking an inert substance. Placebos have been shown to be effective for a wide range of conditions from depression to pain to irritable bowel syndrome. While placebos may be pharmacologically inert, they are not necessarily psychologically or therapeutically inert.
1) The document describes a conference on luxopuncture, a non-needle acupuncture technique using infrared beams, to treat various functional disorders and anti-aging issues.
2) Luxopuncture was shown to effectively treat menopause discomfort such as hot flashes and sweating in 42-53% of subjects and reduce symptoms in 52-46% more through weekly 30-minute sessions for 7 weeks. It also reduced sleep disorders, irritability, asthenia, and depression in treated subjects.
3) The technique aims to regulate the hormonal, digestive, and lymph systems to achieve psychic and psychosomatic equilibrium and treat issues like overweight, smoking cessation, stress,
“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear of Public Speaking. Botella C. eHealth week 2010 (Barcelona: CCIB Convention Centre; 2010)
Automatic Processing of Emotionally Salient Imageshschwimmer
This study investigated whether the effect of emotional valence on the P300 event-related potential is automatic or attentional. Participants performed an oddball task discriminating between frequent neutral images and infrequent positive, negative, or neutral images. Results showed no difference in P300 amplitude between negative and positive images. However, there was an interaction where left electrodes produced a larger P300 for positive images and right electrodes for negative, suggesting automatic hemispheric lateralization for emotional processing. This provides evidence that emotional valence is processed automatically independent of attention.
1) A trial found that adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer extended disease-free survival compared to chemotherapy alone, delaying cancer relapse but not preventing it completely.
2) There was no overall survival benefit observed from adding bevacizumab, suggesting it delays but does not alter the underlying biology of the disease.
3) The interpretation is that relapses were delayed by bevacizumab treatment but then occurred at a steady rate later on, similar to the chemotherapy alone group.
The document discusses migraine, including:
1) Migraine affects 10% of the population and is more prevalent than diabetes or asthma. It places a large burden on individuals and healthcare systems.
2) Migraine involves complex neurological changes including cortical spreading depression, activation of the trigeminovascular system, and abnormal brainstem activity.
3) Treatment involves lifestyle modifications to avoid triggers, pharmacological interventions like triptans, and behavioral/psychological therapies. Managing migraine requires an integrated approach.
IPOS10 T276 - Large Scale Validation of the Emotion Thermometers as a Screen...Alex J Mitchell
1. The study validated the Emotion Thermometers as a screening tool for mood disorders and distress in a diverse cancer population.
2. Results showed the Depression Thermometer had the best validity for detecting depression overall, while the Distress Thermometer was also good.
3. For detecting depression in ethnically diverse patients, the Distress Thermometer may have the best validity, achieving a sensitivity of 100%.
The placebo effect refers to the improvements in health or symptoms that occur after a placebo treatment despite the treatment having no active therapeutic ingredients. Placebos have been shown to have physiological effects through biochemical responses to the expectation of treatment. While the placebo effect was once thought to be solely psychological, research has demonstrated that placebos can produce real, measurable somatic effects similar to actual medical treatments including surgery. The nocebo effect, where negative expectations lead to adverse health effects, has also been shown to have biological underpinnings. Together, the placebo and nocebo effects show that mind-body connections and expectations play an important role in health beyond just the biochemical properties of treatments.
1) The document describes a conference on luxopuncture, a non-needle acupuncture technique using infrared beams, to treat various functional disorders and anti-aging issues.
2) Luxopuncture was shown to effectively treat menopause discomfort such as hot flashes and sweating in 42-53% of subjects and reduce symptoms in 52-46% more through weekly 30-minute sessions for 7 weeks. It also reduced sleep disorders, irritability, asthenia, and depression in treated subjects.
3) The technique aims to regulate the hormonal, digestive, and lymph systems to achieve psychic and psychosomatic equilibrium and treat issues like overweight, smoking cessation, stress,
“Talk to me”: A Self-applied Telepsychology Programme for Treatment of Fear of Public Speaking. Botella C. eHealth week 2010 (Barcelona: CCIB Convention Centre; 2010)
Automatic Processing of Emotionally Salient Imageshschwimmer
This study investigated whether the effect of emotional valence on the P300 event-related potential is automatic or attentional. Participants performed an oddball task discriminating between frequent neutral images and infrequent positive, negative, or neutral images. Results showed no difference in P300 amplitude between negative and positive images. However, there was an interaction where left electrodes produced a larger P300 for positive images and right electrodes for negative, suggesting automatic hemispheric lateralization for emotional processing. This provides evidence that emotional valence is processed automatically independent of attention.
1) A trial found that adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer extended disease-free survival compared to chemotherapy alone, delaying cancer relapse but not preventing it completely.
2) There was no overall survival benefit observed from adding bevacizumab, suggesting it delays but does not alter the underlying biology of the disease.
3) The interpretation is that relapses were delayed by bevacizumab treatment but then occurred at a steady rate later on, similar to the chemotherapy alone group.
The document discusses migraine, including:
1) Migraine affects 10% of the population and is more prevalent than diabetes or asthma. It places a large burden on individuals and healthcare systems.
2) Migraine involves complex neurological changes including cortical spreading depression, activation of the trigeminovascular system, and abnormal brainstem activity.
3) Treatment involves lifestyle modifications to avoid triggers, pharmacological interventions like triptans, and behavioral/psychological therapies. Managing migraine requires an integrated approach.
IPOS10 T276 - Large Scale Validation of the Emotion Thermometers as a Screen...Alex J Mitchell
1. The study validated the Emotion Thermometers as a screening tool for mood disorders and distress in a diverse cancer population.
2. Results showed the Depression Thermometer had the best validity for detecting depression overall, while the Distress Thermometer was also good.
3. For detecting depression in ethnically diverse patients, the Distress Thermometer may have the best validity, achieving a sensitivity of 100%.
The placebo effect refers to the improvements in health or symptoms that occur after a placebo treatment despite the treatment having no active therapeutic ingredients. Placebos have been shown to have physiological effects through biochemical responses to the expectation of treatment. While the placebo effect was once thought to be solely psychological, research has demonstrated that placebos can produce real, measurable somatic effects similar to actual medical treatments including surgery. The nocebo effect, where negative expectations lead to adverse health effects, has also been shown to have biological underpinnings. Together, the placebo and nocebo effects show that mind-body connections and expectations play an important role in health beyond just the biochemical properties of treatments.
1) The study found that placebo analgesia activates the endogenous opioid system by examining the effects of naloxone on placebo responses.
2) Subjects received either naloxone or saline before a thermal pain test, where one area was treated with a placebo cream. Naloxone reduced both behavioral and neural placebo effects.
3) Brain regions involved in pain processing like the rACC, PAG, and RVM showed stronger responses to placebo that were blocked by naloxone, indicating the role of endogenous opioids. The main pathway of placebo analgesia involves PAG -> RVM -> spinal cord.
Cure, how placebo works, placebo, placebo effect, What is the placebo effect, Mechanism of the placebo effect, How does the placebo effect works, How are placebos used
In this http://interestingsouth.com co-presentation with Miles Campbell of tta.edu.au we propose that it's time consumers signed a consent form that gives their doctors permission to prescribe placebos when the doctor thinks it's the best course of treatment.
Placebo effect in clinical research is a fascinating and widely researched phenomenon in biomedical research and medicine in general. Presentation is an overview of origins and impact of placebo effect in development of new medicines.
This document discusses placebos, including their definition, history, mechanisms, clinical utility, individual variation, symptoms/conditions treated, and use in research. Key points include:
- A placebo is an inert substance or procedure used in clinical research trials and practice to compare against actual medical treatments.
- The placebo effect is a therapeutic improvement in a patient from an inert substance due to psychological factors like expectations and conditioning.
- Placebos can activate areas of the brain related to expectations and the release of endorphins, helping to relieve symptoms.
- While placebo effects can last for months in some cases, their clinical significance is considered small and hard to distinguish from reporting bias alone. Placebos are not recommended
Placebos are commonly used in clinical trials to test new medications, but they can potentially cause harm. A scenario is described where an 18-year-old diabetic man participating in a trial testing a new, cheaper insulin is given a placebo and his blood sugar levels become unsafe, putting his health at serious risk. While guidelines like the Nuremberg Code aim to protect subjects, researchers have exploited loopholes, such as changing wording to allow placebos when effective treatments are not "available" rather than don't "exist," negatively impacting vulnerable groups in places like Africa.
Hosts Mark Patey and Jeremiah Johnson try to be serious, and fail; yet somehow they manage to relate rusty tools to life and ADHD. A caller from Africa requests help with ADD and ADHD within a culture that doesn't accept it seriously. Then, Placebos and their place, or not, within the ADHD world. Finally, for the "Uneducated" segment, our heroes tackle "The Calm Before the Storm".
Psychology plays a major role in pain management through techniques like cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation therapy, and guided imagery. Cognitive behavioral therapy uses treatment rationales, coping skills like relaxation, activity pacing, and cognitive restructuring to help patients manage pain. Relaxation therapy creates measurable physiological changes that lead to feelings of calmness. Guided imagery involves imagining relaxing scenarios to lower pain and suffering. The overall goal of pain psychology is to help patients feel better, conquer pain, and lead a quality life.
The document reports on 3 experiments that examined the placebo effect of marketing actions, specifically price discounts. Experiment 1 found that participants who received an energy drink at a discounted price ($0.89 vs the regular $2.89 price) solved more puzzles than those who paid the regular price, but only when expectations were high. Experiment 2 ruled out alternative explanations for these results. Experiment 3 provided further support that response expectancies mediate the placebo effect of price by manipulating expectations. The research demonstrated that marketing actions like price promotions can influence the actual efficacy of products through nonconscious placebo effects.
My talk at AgileNCR 2014 on exploring agile from the core foundations of what makes a great team, and whether agile is the panacea for everything that plagues the software development, or it is really a placebo in the sense that once you have all these pre-conditions that makes a team successful, irrespective of whether you practice agile methods, you will perhaps be equally successful, if not more.
The document discusses pain, including its definition, types, and pathways in the body. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is classified into acute, chronic, and prechronic stages. The pain pathway involves transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain signals in the body. Psychosocial factors like anxiety, depression, learning, and attention can influence pain perception. The Gate Control Theory proposes that psychological factors interact with physiological processes at the spinal cord to regulate pain experience.
The document discusses pain psychology and pain management over several pages. It begins by defining pain and describing the physiology of pain, including pain receptors and the gate control theory of pain. It then discusses psychological factors that can influence pain like learning, personality, and cognition. The document covers various methods for managing pain, including medications, surgery, physical therapies, hypnosis, biofeedback, relaxation techniques, and cognitive behavioral approaches.
Price Perception & The Placebo Effect in MarketingJohn Dinsmore
The document discusses the placebo effect in marketing and price perception. It defines the placebo effect as how consumers' expectations, shaped by experiences, can influence their judgments of products. Expectations are mediated by conditioning and activate expectancies. Price premiums can signal quality or benefits, and people use price as an indicator of quality when information is limited. However, the relationship between price and perceived quality depends on the product, individual factors, and other cues like branding. An experiment found that consumers reported better workout experiences from an energy drink priced higher versus one discounted.
Placebos can have real physiological effects through expectation and conditioning, but distinguishing the "true" placebo effect requires removing confounding factors. Studies show placebos reduce pain as measured by brain imaging similarly to opioids, but the effect is removed when combined with an opioid antagonist. A trial of asthma treatments found no difference between a placebo inhaler and no treatment when using an objective outcome measure and a cross-over design without patient expectations.
The document discusses the placebo effect and explores what placebo is, how belief can cure people and influence the physical body, and why the placebo effect works for some but not others. It examines evidence that placebo activates the endogenous opioid and immune systems in the brain. While the placebo effect seems to have evolved to conserve energy, harnessing its power ethically as a medicine requires more research on individual differences and how social contexts like a supportive doctor can enhance the effect.
The Psychology of Pain: Understanding and Management in Nursing CareShahid Hussain
At the end of this session, students will be able to:
Define pain.
Explain the types of pain.
Explain physiological perspective of pain (brief).
Discuss psychological perspective of pain (gate-control theory, bio-psychosocial model of pain, etc.).
Factors affecting pain perception including psychological, social and biological.
Discuss treatment approaches for pain management (recent researches).
Discuss the role of nurses in pain management.
El documento describe el efecto placebo y su uso en investigaciones clínicas. Explica que el efecto placebo se refiere a la mejoría de síntomas de un paciente tratado con una sustancia sin efectos farmacológicos directos, debido a factores psicológicos. También analiza los dilemas éticos del uso de placebos en ensayos clínicos y establece que se justifica siempre que se obtenga consentimiento informado y no existan tratamientos efectivos disponibles.
"Laughter is the best medicine"
We hear this quote a lot, yet, there are very few well-marketed methods that take advantage of this. My name is Mitchell Fukumoto and I plan to revolutionize calming by combining technology and humor to bring existing humorous media to you.
Lecture 21: Psychological issues at the end of life Dr.Reem AlSabahAHS_student
This document discusses psychological issues at the end of life from a holistic perspective. It addresses the physical, emotional, social, psychological, and spiritual needs and concerns of dying individuals. Regarding physical needs, it discusses pain management, body image, and finding meaning in illness. Emotionally, it explores common fears, loss/grief, and positive emotions. Socially, it addresses concerns for loved ones and communication patterns. Psychologically, it focuses on maintaining control and contributing to others. Spiritually, it examines religion/spirituality, meaning of life/death, and hope. The document also introduces palliative care and its role in improving quality of life compared to hospice care. Finally, it provides an overview
This document discusses death and dying from medical, religious, and psychological perspectives. It begins by comparing leading causes of death in Kuwait and the US in 2006. It then defines death according to medical, Islamic, and psychological standards. Key points include brain death being recognized as a legal standard of death, the five stages of grief, and how children's understanding of death develops with age. Complicated or unresolved grief is also examined.
1) The study found that placebo analgesia activates the endogenous opioid system by examining the effects of naloxone on placebo responses.
2) Subjects received either naloxone or saline before a thermal pain test, where one area was treated with a placebo cream. Naloxone reduced both behavioral and neural placebo effects.
3) Brain regions involved in pain processing like the rACC, PAG, and RVM showed stronger responses to placebo that were blocked by naloxone, indicating the role of endogenous opioids. The main pathway of placebo analgesia involves PAG -> RVM -> spinal cord.
Cure, how placebo works, placebo, placebo effect, What is the placebo effect, Mechanism of the placebo effect, How does the placebo effect works, How are placebos used
In this http://interestingsouth.com co-presentation with Miles Campbell of tta.edu.au we propose that it's time consumers signed a consent form that gives their doctors permission to prescribe placebos when the doctor thinks it's the best course of treatment.
Placebo effect in clinical research is a fascinating and widely researched phenomenon in biomedical research and medicine in general. Presentation is an overview of origins and impact of placebo effect in development of new medicines.
This document discusses placebos, including their definition, history, mechanisms, clinical utility, individual variation, symptoms/conditions treated, and use in research. Key points include:
- A placebo is an inert substance or procedure used in clinical research trials and practice to compare against actual medical treatments.
- The placebo effect is a therapeutic improvement in a patient from an inert substance due to psychological factors like expectations and conditioning.
- Placebos can activate areas of the brain related to expectations and the release of endorphins, helping to relieve symptoms.
- While placebo effects can last for months in some cases, their clinical significance is considered small and hard to distinguish from reporting bias alone. Placebos are not recommended
Placebos are commonly used in clinical trials to test new medications, but they can potentially cause harm. A scenario is described where an 18-year-old diabetic man participating in a trial testing a new, cheaper insulin is given a placebo and his blood sugar levels become unsafe, putting his health at serious risk. While guidelines like the Nuremberg Code aim to protect subjects, researchers have exploited loopholes, such as changing wording to allow placebos when effective treatments are not "available" rather than don't "exist," negatively impacting vulnerable groups in places like Africa.
Hosts Mark Patey and Jeremiah Johnson try to be serious, and fail; yet somehow they manage to relate rusty tools to life and ADHD. A caller from Africa requests help with ADD and ADHD within a culture that doesn't accept it seriously. Then, Placebos and their place, or not, within the ADHD world. Finally, for the "Uneducated" segment, our heroes tackle "The Calm Before the Storm".
Psychology plays a major role in pain management through techniques like cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation therapy, and guided imagery. Cognitive behavioral therapy uses treatment rationales, coping skills like relaxation, activity pacing, and cognitive restructuring to help patients manage pain. Relaxation therapy creates measurable physiological changes that lead to feelings of calmness. Guided imagery involves imagining relaxing scenarios to lower pain and suffering. The overall goal of pain psychology is to help patients feel better, conquer pain, and lead a quality life.
The document reports on 3 experiments that examined the placebo effect of marketing actions, specifically price discounts. Experiment 1 found that participants who received an energy drink at a discounted price ($0.89 vs the regular $2.89 price) solved more puzzles than those who paid the regular price, but only when expectations were high. Experiment 2 ruled out alternative explanations for these results. Experiment 3 provided further support that response expectancies mediate the placebo effect of price by manipulating expectations. The research demonstrated that marketing actions like price promotions can influence the actual efficacy of products through nonconscious placebo effects.
My talk at AgileNCR 2014 on exploring agile from the core foundations of what makes a great team, and whether agile is the panacea for everything that plagues the software development, or it is really a placebo in the sense that once you have all these pre-conditions that makes a team successful, irrespective of whether you practice agile methods, you will perhaps be equally successful, if not more.
The document discusses pain, including its definition, types, and pathways in the body. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is classified into acute, chronic, and prechronic stages. The pain pathway involves transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain signals in the body. Psychosocial factors like anxiety, depression, learning, and attention can influence pain perception. The Gate Control Theory proposes that psychological factors interact with physiological processes at the spinal cord to regulate pain experience.
The document discusses pain psychology and pain management over several pages. It begins by defining pain and describing the physiology of pain, including pain receptors and the gate control theory of pain. It then discusses psychological factors that can influence pain like learning, personality, and cognition. The document covers various methods for managing pain, including medications, surgery, physical therapies, hypnosis, biofeedback, relaxation techniques, and cognitive behavioral approaches.
Price Perception & The Placebo Effect in MarketingJohn Dinsmore
The document discusses the placebo effect in marketing and price perception. It defines the placebo effect as how consumers' expectations, shaped by experiences, can influence their judgments of products. Expectations are mediated by conditioning and activate expectancies. Price premiums can signal quality or benefits, and people use price as an indicator of quality when information is limited. However, the relationship between price and perceived quality depends on the product, individual factors, and other cues like branding. An experiment found that consumers reported better workout experiences from an energy drink priced higher versus one discounted.
Placebos can have real physiological effects through expectation and conditioning, but distinguishing the "true" placebo effect requires removing confounding factors. Studies show placebos reduce pain as measured by brain imaging similarly to opioids, but the effect is removed when combined with an opioid antagonist. A trial of asthma treatments found no difference between a placebo inhaler and no treatment when using an objective outcome measure and a cross-over design without patient expectations.
The document discusses the placebo effect and explores what placebo is, how belief can cure people and influence the physical body, and why the placebo effect works for some but not others. It examines evidence that placebo activates the endogenous opioid and immune systems in the brain. While the placebo effect seems to have evolved to conserve energy, harnessing its power ethically as a medicine requires more research on individual differences and how social contexts like a supportive doctor can enhance the effect.
The Psychology of Pain: Understanding and Management in Nursing CareShahid Hussain
At the end of this session, students will be able to:
Define pain.
Explain the types of pain.
Explain physiological perspective of pain (brief).
Discuss psychological perspective of pain (gate-control theory, bio-psychosocial model of pain, etc.).
Factors affecting pain perception including psychological, social and biological.
Discuss treatment approaches for pain management (recent researches).
Discuss the role of nurses in pain management.
El documento describe el efecto placebo y su uso en investigaciones clínicas. Explica que el efecto placebo se refiere a la mejoría de síntomas de un paciente tratado con una sustancia sin efectos farmacológicos directos, debido a factores psicológicos. También analiza los dilemas éticos del uso de placebos en ensayos clínicos y establece que se justifica siempre que se obtenga consentimiento informado y no existan tratamientos efectivos disponibles.
"Laughter is the best medicine"
We hear this quote a lot, yet, there are very few well-marketed methods that take advantage of this. My name is Mitchell Fukumoto and I plan to revolutionize calming by combining technology and humor to bring existing humorous media to you.
Lecture 21: Psychological issues at the end of life Dr.Reem AlSabahAHS_student
This document discusses psychological issues at the end of life from a holistic perspective. It addresses the physical, emotional, social, psychological, and spiritual needs and concerns of dying individuals. Regarding physical needs, it discusses pain management, body image, and finding meaning in illness. Emotionally, it explores common fears, loss/grief, and positive emotions. Socially, it addresses concerns for loved ones and communication patterns. Psychologically, it focuses on maintaining control and contributing to others. Spiritually, it examines religion/spirituality, meaning of life/death, and hope. The document also introduces palliative care and its role in improving quality of life compared to hospice care. Finally, it provides an overview
This document discusses death and dying from medical, religious, and psychological perspectives. It begins by comparing leading causes of death in Kuwait and the US in 2006. It then defines death according to medical, Islamic, and psychological standards. Key points include brain death being recognized as a legal standard of death, the five stages of grief, and how children's understanding of death develops with age. Complicated or unresolved grief is also examined.
Lecture 18:Abnormality Dr. Reem AlSabahAHS_student
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology. It defines abnormality and discusses how abnormal behavior has been viewed throughout history from ancient to modern times. Key topics covered include the classification of mental disorders in the DSM and ICD manuals, specific disorders like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia, and perspectives on the causes of mental illness like biological, psychological, and social factors. Defenses mechanisms, treatment approaches in ancient times, and what defines normal behavior are also addressed.
The document discusses sleep and wakefulness from a neurological perspective. It describes how sleep is a brain process characterized by different stages, including non-REM sleep (NREM) and REM sleep. NREM and REM sleep can be measured using electroencephalography (EEG) brain wave patterns. Factors such as age, circadian rhythms, homeostasis, and the autonomic nervous system regulate sleep-wake cycles.
The document discusses factors that affect patient compliance with medical treatment. It examines compliance vs adherence and discusses factors like individual characteristics, disease factors, environmental factors, and the practitioner-patient relationship. Educational interventions have been found to have limited effectiveness on compliance, while behavioral strategies that focus on changing behaviors have been more effective. Reasons patients give for non-compliance include issues like side effects, cost, forgetting, and lack of belief in treatment effectiveness.
The document discusses impairment, disability, and handicap. It defines impairment as any loss or abnormality of body structure or function, disability as a restriction in performing activities considered normal, and handicap as limitations preventing fulfillment of roles regarded as normal based on social and cultural factors. It also discusses attitudes toward disability, differences in how disabled people perceive their situation, mechanisms for coping with handicaps such as shock, denial, anger, depression, and guilt, and the roles of social factors and staff attitudes.
- The brain shrinks in size and there is a reduction in gray and white matter. This leads to a loss of neurons and connections between brain regions.
- Blood flow to the brain decreases with age. Less blood flow can impair the delivery of oxygen and nutrients needed for optimal brain health.
- Levels of neurotransmitters important for cognitive processes like acetylcholine and serotonin decline. This impacts functions like memory and learning.
- The speed of nerve cell communication slows, affecting how quickly information is processed.
These neurological changes can manifest as mild cognitive impairment, with slower thinking, reduced ability
Lecture 13:Language development in children- Dr.Reem AlSabahAHS_student
Language development in children occurs through innate abilities and learning processes. Children progress through universal stages of language acquisition, starting with babbling and first words around 1 year of age. The years from 2-6 are a sensitive period for learning language skills like vocabulary and grammar. Reading aloud to young children supports language development and emergent literacy skills like phonological awareness that are important for learning to read.
Lecture 12:Personality and social development of children-Dr.Reem AlSabahAHS_student
The document discusses emotional, social, and personality development in children from infancy through adolescence, outlining major developmental milestones and influential theories. Key topics include attachment theory, the importance of the parent-child relationship in developing trust and emotional regulation, and factors like temperament that influence social and emotional growth. Erikson's psychosocial theory of development across the lifespan is also summarized.
Lecture 11:Cognitive development of children- Dr.Reem AlSabahAHS_student
The document summarizes Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. It describes his four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. For each stage, it provides examples of cognitive abilities and limitations. It also discusses criticisms of Piaget's theory and assessment tasks used to measure formal operational thought.
Lecture 10:Psychological development of children Dr.Reem AlSabahAHS_student
The document discusses several key aspects of human development from a scientific perspective. It addresses the study of continuity and change over time, the multidimensional nature of development, contexts like environment and culture that influence growth. Critical periods, nature vs nurture debate, stages of development and capacities of newborns like vision, hearing, memory are examined. The complex interplay of biological and environmental factors that shape human growth is emphasized.
This document discusses the topic of treatment evaluation and the placebo effect. It provides 7 subtopics for study, including definitions of treatment evaluation and the placebo effect, factors that influence the placebo effect such as expectancy and conditioning, how the placebo effect works, and how to best control for the placebo effect in treatment evaluations using randomized controlled trials. It also summarizes a journal article about how the concept of the placebo effect changed after World War II with the rise of randomized controlled trials.
Lecture 8: Stress and illness - Dr. Reem AlSabahAHS_student
The document discusses how stress affects physical and mental health through various biological mechanisms. Chronic stress can lead to "allostatic load" which is the wear and tear on the body from overactivity of the stress response. It discusses how stress impacts the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Stress can indirectly impact health by influencing unhealthy behaviors like smoking or overeating. Factors like perceived control over stressors, social support, optimism/pessimism, and personality traits like hardiness influence how much stress impacts health. Chronic stress is linked to increased risk of diseases like heart disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal issues.
Lecture 8: Stress and coping - Dr.Reem AlSabahAHS_student
The document discusses stress, including definitions, theories of stress, physiological and psychological responses to stress, and strategies for coping with stress. It defines stress as involving environmental stimuli or demands that disrupt homeostasis and require compensation to reduce harm. Several theories are described, including the fight-or-flight response and general adaptation syndrome. Stress can lead to anxiety, anger, depression, or cognitive impairment. Coping strategies include problem-focused or emotion-focused approaches. Behavioral techniques like relaxation training, meditation, and exercise can help manage stress.
This document discusses emotions and aggression. It defines emotions and their components, including motives versus emotions, cognitive appraisal, subjective experience, expression, and regulation. It addresses how emotions differ between genders and cultures. It also examines theories of aggression, including aggression as a drive or learned response. It discusses expressions of aggression and whether catharsis occurs.
The document discusses motivation and how it arises from internal drive factors like hunger that maintain homeostasis, and external incentive factors like food. It describes primary and secondary reinforcers, and how drives are directed towards maintaining homeostasis through a negative feedback loop. Specific examples of homeostasis for body temperature and thirst are provided. The document then discusses incentive motivation and reward, and how hunger, eating, and eating disorders like obesity, anorexia, and bulimia relate to both homeostasis and incentives. Biological, psychological, social, and familial factors are described as influences on the development of eating disorders.
The document discusses memory in three parts: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes three memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It also discusses working memory and its components. Finally, it examines constructive memory and how memory can be distorted during encoding and retrieval.
The document discusses learning and conditioning. It defines learning and describes two types: non-associative learning involving a single stimulus and associative learning involving relationships between events. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a new response. Instrumental conditioning involves learning that a response produces an outcome through reinforcement or punishment. Both types of learning involve cognitive factors like temporal contiguity and contingency.
The document discusses perception and its development. It covers topics like the functions of perception including acquiring sensory information and maintaining models of the environment. It also discusses attention, localization of objects, recognition, abstraction, perceptual constancies, and the neural basis of perception. Regarding development, it notes that both nature and nurture influence perception and that infants can discriminate forms, depth, and constancies from a very young age, but these capacities continue developing into childhood. Controlled stimulation studies found both absence and limited stimulation can impair innate perceptual abilities.
2. Treatment Evaluation
Measuring the Impact of Interventions
on Outcomes of Interest
BUSINESS LAW
Intervention: Participation in a Intervention: Adding hard labour to
Leadership Training Program sentences for minor crimes (stealing)
Impact: Productivity of a Company Impact: Crime rate for minor crimes
3. Treatment Evaluation
Measuring the Impact of Interventions
on Outcomes of Interest
MEDICINE BEHAVIORAL TRAINING
Intervention: New Drug for Coughs Intervention: Social training in Autism
Impact: Cough Symptoms Impact: Social Skills
4. Treatment Evaluation:
EXPERIMENT
A means to identify cause-and-effect
relationships between events and/or
behaviors
Follow a set of rules and guidelines that
reduce the possibility of errors, biases &
chance occurrences
Advantages:
(1) Less error/bias prone than case
studies, surveys or observational methods
(2) Most reliable method for identifying
cause-and effect relationships
Disadvantages:
(1) Problems in Generalization: Results
from one situation may not apply to
another situation
5. Treatment Evaluation:
EXPERIMENT
Are there Differences in the Emotional
Reactions of Men and Women when
watching Thrillers versus Romantic Films?
18 18 18
15 15 15
12 12 12
9 9 9
6 6 6
3 3 3
0 0 0
6. Treatment Evaluation:
EXPERIMENT
What Else Could Explain The Results?
ACTIVATION OF GENDER STEREOTYPES?
Stereotype Susceptibility Study on
female Asian-American college students
GENDER NEUTRAL ETHNICITY
Do you prefer co-ed or single- How satisfied are you with the How many generations of your
sex floors for flat-sharing? university telephone service? family have lived in America?
MATH TEST
Source: M. Shih, T. Pittinsky, & N. Ambady (1999), Psychological Science, 10 (1), 80-83.
7. Treatment Evaluation:
EXPERIMENT
What Else Could Explain The Results?
ACTIVATION OF GENDER STEREOTYPES?
Stereotype Susceptibility Study on
female Asian-American college students
Accuracy on Math Test
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
FEMALE NEUTRAL ASIAN
Source: M. Shih, T. Pittinsky, & N. Ambady (1999), Psychological Science, 10 (1), 80-83.
8. Treatment Evaluation:
EXPERIMENT
What Else Could Explain The Results?
! EFFECT OF EXPECTATIONS !
Closely related to the concept of
PLACEBO EFFECT
which is also expectancy-based
9. Treatment Evaluation:
EXPERIMENT
100
Intensity of Cough
80
Symptoms
60
Is this new cough medicine 40
effective in treating coughs? 20
0
COUGH SYRUP VITAMIN SYRUP
100
Intensity of Cough
80
Symptoms
60
40
20
0
COUGH SYRUP VITAMIN SYRUP
COUGH VITAMIN 100
SYRUP SYRUP
Intensity of Cough
80
Symptoms
60
40
20
0
COUGH SYRUP VITAMIN SYRUP
10. Treatment Evaluation:
EXPERIMENT
What Else Could Explain The Results?
! EFFECT OF EXPECTATIONS !
Closely related to the concept of
PLACEBO EFFECT
which is also expectancy-based
11. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
DEFINITION
Any therapy (or that component of any therapy) that is deliberately used
for its non-specific psychological or psychophysiological effect,
OR
that is used for its presumed effect on a patient, symptom, or illness,
BUT
which, unknown to patient and therapist,
is without specific activity for the condition being treated.”
(Shapiro, 1971, p. 440)
12. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
DEFINITION
Any therapy (or that component of any therapy) that is deliberately used
for its non-specific psychological or psychophysiological effect,
OR
that is used for its presumed effect on a patient, symptom, or illness,
BUT
which, unknown to patient and therapist,
is without specific activity for the condition being treated.”
(Shapiro, 1971, p. 440)
13. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
TREATMENT EFFECT IS
NON-SPECIFIC FOR COLDS!
SUGAR PILLS ANTIBIOTICS
(pure placebo) (impure placebo)
14. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
DEFINITION
Any therapy (or that component of any therapy) that is deliberately used
for its non-specific psychological or psychophysiological effect,
OR
that is used for its presumed effect on a patient, symptom, or illness,
BUT
which, unknown to patient and therapist,
is without specific activity for the condition being treated.”
(Shapiro, 1971, p. 440)
15. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
DEFINITION
Any therapy (or that component of any therapy) that is deliberately used
for its non-specific psychological or psychophysiological effect,
OR
that is used for its presumed effect on a patient, symptom, or illness,
BUT
which, unknown to patient and therapist,
is without specific activity for the condition being treated.”
(Shapiro, 1971, p. 440)
16. Treatment Evaluation
100
Intensity of Cough
80
Symptoms
60
Is this new cough medicine 40
effective in treating coughs? 20
0
COUGH SYRUP VITAMIN SYRUP
100
Intensity of Cough
80
Symptoms
60
40
20
0
COUGH SYRUP VITAMIN SYRUP
COUGH VITAMIN 100
SYRUP SYRUP
Intensity of Cough
80
Symptoms
60
40
20
0
COUGH SYRUP VITAMIN SYRUP
17. Treatment Evaluation
Does arthoscopic knee surgery actually
relieve knee pain from osteoarthritis?
All Patients: Anesthesia & Incisions
DEBRIDEMENT: LAVAGE:
Shaved off thin Flushed out knee
layers of damaged joint & disposed off
cartilage unhealthy tissue
PLACEBO:
No knee surgery
was performed
18. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
DEFINITION
Any therapy (or that component of any therapy) that is deliberately used
for its non-specific psychological or psychophysiological effect,
OR
that is used for its presumed effect on a patient, symptom, or illness,
BUT
which, unknown to patient and therapist,
is without specific activity for the condition being treated.”
(Shapiro, 1971, p. 440)
19. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
DEFINITION
Any therapy (or that component of any therapy) that is deliberately used
for its non-specific psychological or psychophysiological effect,
OR
that is used for its presumed effect on a patient, symptom, or illness,
BUT
which, unknown to patient and therapist,
is without specific activity for the condition being treated.”
(Shapiro, 1971, p. 440)
20. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
Very long history since the dawn of medicine
(Herbs, Preparations, Procedures, Interventions)
St John’s Wort Bleeding Royal Touch Animal parts
21. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
Very long history since the dawn of medicine
(Herbs, Preparations, Procedures, Interventions)
Used to treat a wide variety of disorders
(Physical Health & Mental Health)
22. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
PLACEBO EFFECT DEMONSTRATED IN
Depression
Anxiety
Phobias
Asthma
Sedation
Postoperative Pain
Ischemic Pain
Chronic Headaches
Physiological Arousal
Tobacco Addiction
Motor Performance
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
23. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
PLACEBO EFFECT DEMONSTRATED IN
Depression
Anxiety Disorders
ADHD
Asthma, Cough
Hypertension
Pain
Nausea, Swelling
Parkinson’s Disease
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Tobacco Addiction
Language & Behavioral Problems
…
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
24. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
Very long history since the dawn of medicine
(Herbs, Preparations, Procedures, Interventions)
Used to treat a wide variety of disorders
(Physical Health & Mental Health)
Are not always pharmacologically inert
(for example, sugar pills versus antibiotics)
26. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
27. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
28. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
31. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO: Expectancy vs. Conditioning
Source: Shiv, Carmon & Ariely (2005), Journal of Marketing Research, XLII, 383-393.
32. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
33. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
34. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO: Personality
When a placebo is administered during a
painful experience, altruistic, resilient, and
straightforward people show greater activity in
brain regions associated with reward
and are more likely to enjoy pain relief
Thrill-seekers or novelty seeking personality
types enjoy a stronger placebo response than
people with quiet or reserved personalities
Sources: M. Pecina et al. (2012) Neuropsychopharmacology; Schweinhardt et al. (2009) Journal of Neuroscience
35. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
36. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
37. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
Very long history since the dawn of medicine
(Herbs, Preparations, Procedures, Interventions)
Used to treat a wide variety of disorders
(Physical Health & Mental Health)
Are not always pharmacologically inert
(for example, sugar pills versus antibiotics)
The placebo is non-specific in that it with without
specific activity for the condition being treated
38. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
DEPRESSION
75% of the effectiveness of
anti-depressant medication
is due to the placebo &
other non-specific effects
Difference between drug
and placebo not clinically
significant except in cases
of very extreme depression
Source: Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT (2008) PLoS Medicine, 5(2):e45
39. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
Very long history since the dawn of medicine
(Herbs, Preparations, Procedures, Interventions)
Used to treat a wide variety of disorders
(Physical Health & Mental Health)
Are not always pharmacologically inert
(for example, sugar pills versus antibiotics)
The placebo is non-specific in that it with without
specific activity for the condition being treated
Can occur even when a person is aware that they
are taking a placebo
40. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Enrollment Flowchart Outcomes at the 21-Day Endpoint by Treatment Group
Source: Kaptchuk TJ, Friedlander E, Kelley JM, Sanchez MN, et al. (2010) PLoS ONE 5(12): e15591.
41. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Feedback
Source: Kaptchuk TJ, Friedlander E, Kelley JM, Sanchez MN, et al. (2010) PLoS ONE 5(12): e15591.
42. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO – GENERAL FEATURES
Very long history since the dawn of medicine
(Herbs, Preparations, Procedures, Interventions)
Used to treat a wide variety of disorders
(Physical Health & Mental Health)
Are not always pharmacologically inert
(for example, sugar pills versus antibiotics)
The placebo is non-specific in that it with without
specific activity for the condition being treated
Can occur even when a person is aware that they
are taking a placebo
43. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
“The problem with the placebo effect is
that it is regarded by most people as a
nuisance or fake.
But it isn't.
It is a practical and positive effect that
acts by catalyzing the self-healing
mechanisms within a patient.”
Richard Tonkin, M.D.
(Research Council for
Complementary Medicine)
44. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
PAIN
Inject pain-inducing saline Provide pain ratings every
solution into jaw 15 seconds (0-100)
every four minutes
In those who reported less
discomfort after the
Pain relieving serum placebo, body produced
(placebo) endogenous painkilling
endorphins
People who expected to get relief
actually produced it!
Source: Zubieta JK, Bueller JA, Jackson LR, Scott DJ, Xu Y, Koeppe RA, Nichols TE, Stohler CS (2005). J Neuroscience 25(34):7754-62
45. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
"Any therapeutic meeting between a conscious
patient and a doctor has the potential of
initiating a placebo effect.“
(Asbjorn Hrobartsson)
The word “placebo” comes from the Latin,
meaning "I will please"
By the 19th century, it was a medicine given
"more to please than to benefit the patient"
(A.K. Shapiro)
46. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
“He cures most successfully in whom the
people have the most confidence“
(Galen, AD 129 – AD c. 216)
Physicians should provide patients with hope
and comfort and “counteract the depressing
influence of maladies”
(Thomas Percival, 1803)
47. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
48. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
49. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
“The life of a sick person can be shortened not only by the acts, but also the
words or the manner of a physician. It is therefore, a sacred duty to guard
himself carefully in this respect, and to avoid all things which have a tendency
to discourage the patient and depress his spirits.”
(AMA – American Medical Association’s first Code of Ethics in 1847)
“ … deal honestly with patients”
(AMA – American Medical Association’s Code of Ethics in 1980)
50. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO
INFORMED CONSENT DOCTRINE
Focus on patient autonomy.
Every person has a right to determine what is done to his own body.
Before providing medical treatment, a physician must explain to the patient the nature
and purpose of a proposed treatment, the probable risks and benefits, the probability of
success, the availability of reasonable alternative courses of action, and, in many cases,
the risk of refusing treatment.
51. Treatment Evaluation
PLACEBO: INFLUENCES
A PLACEBO MAY BE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INERT
BUT
NOT PSYCHOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY INERT
Expectancies
Conditioning
Personality
Motivation
Persuasion
Goal Activation
Physician-Patient Interactions
Circumstances of Treatment
Source: M. Choliz & A. Capafons (2012), Theory Psychology, 22, 513.
53. Treatment Evaluation
NOCEBO
Negative consequences
(harmful, unpleasant, or undesirable)
resulting from the administration of a placebo.
Illustrates the role of patient expectations in
perceived side effects
Unwanted side effects (antipsychotic medication,
heart disease, even death)
55. EXPERIMENT
A means to identify cause-and-effect
relationships between events and/or
behaviors
Follow a set of rules and guidelines that
reduce the possibility of errors, biases &
chance occurrences
Advantages:
(1) Less error/bias prone than case
studies, surveys or observational methods
(2) Most reliable method for identifying
cause-and effect relationships
Disadvantages:
(1) Problems in Generalization: Results
from one situation may not apply to
another situation
56. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 1: Ask Rule 3: Choose Rule 6: Measure
State the question & Select participants to Measure how different
formulate a hypothesis test the hypothesis treatments (IV) affect
(RANDOM SELECTION) behavior (DV) => DATA
Rule 2: Identify
how best to test this Rule 4: Assign
hypothesis Participants to
Independent variable different groups Rule 7: Analyze
(IV): What a researcher (EXPERIMENTAL group) Statistical analyses are
manipulates or controls (CONTROL group) carried out to determine
(TREATMENT) whether the observed
Dependant variable Rule 5: Manipulate differences in the
(DV): Participants’ Administer the behaviors (DV) are due to
measured behavior different treatments to the treatment effect (IV)
(TREATMENT EFFECT) the different groups or due to chance/error
57. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 1: Ask
State the question &
formulate a hypothesis
(expectation)
QUESTION:
Does Coffee Intake Improve your Ability
to Concentrate on a Difficult Math
Problem?
HYPOTHESIS:
Coffee Intake Improves the Ability to
Concentrate on a Difficult Problem!
(because Caffeine is a stimulant)
58. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 2: Identify
how best to test this
hypothesis
Independent variable
(IV): What a researcher
manipulates or controls
(TREATMENT)
TREATMENT or INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV):
1. Coffee (with caffeine) EXPERIMENTAL
2. Coffee (caffeine-Free) PLACEBO-CONTROL
3. Water NONPLACEBO-CONTROL
59. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 2: Identify
how best to test this
hypothesis
Independent variable
(IV): What a researcher
manipulates or controls
(TREATMENT)
Dependant variable
(DV): Participants’
measured behavior
(TREATMENT EFFECT)
TREATMENT EFFECT or DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV):
1. Time Taken to complete the Task
WHY? Because if you can concentrate better, you should be
able to focus on the task better and work faster
60. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 3: Choose
Select participants to
test the hypothesis
(RANDOM SELECTION)
Sample characteristics:
1. Total number of participants = 1800
2. Equal number of male & female participants
3. Age = Young adults (18-25 years)
61. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 4: Assign
Participants to
different groups
(EXPERIMENTAL group)
(CONTROL group)
Coffee Coffee Water
(with caffeine) (without caffeine) (without caffeine)
EXPERIMENTAL PLACEBO-CONTROL NON- PLACEBO-CONTROL
62. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 4: Assign
Participants to
different groups
(EXPERIMENTAL group)
(CONTROL group)
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
Coffee Coffee Water
(with caffeine) (without caffeine) (without caffeine)
EXPERIMENTAL PLACEBO-CONTROL NON- PLACEBO-CONTROL
300 300 300 300 300 300
63. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 5: Manipulate
Administer the
different treatments to
the different groups
Double - Blind
procedure
Coffee Coffee Water
(with caffeine) (without caffeine) (without caffeine)
EXPERIMENTAL PLACEBO-CONTROL NON- PLACEBO-CONTROL
300 300 300 300 300 300
64. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 6: Measure
Measure how different
treatments (IV) affect
behavior (DV) => DATA
Coffee Coffee Water
(with caffeine) (without caffeine) (without caffeine)
EXPERIMENTAL PLACEBO-CONTROL NON- PLACEBO-CONTROL
300 300 300 300 300 300
65. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
RESULT: Rule 7: Analyze HYPOTHESIS:
Statistical analyses are Coffee Intake Improves the
Experimental group take carried out to determine Ability to Concentrate on a
LESS time to solve Math whether the observed Difficult Problem!
problem than differences in the (As Caffeine is a stimulant)
Placebo control group & behaviors (DV) are due to
Non-Placebo control group the treatment effect (IV)
or due to chance/error
Coffee Coffee Water
(with caffeine) (without caffeine) (without caffeine)
EXPERIMENTAL PLACEBO-CONTROL NON- PLACEBO-CONTROL
10 10 10
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
0 0 0
66. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
RESULT: Rule 7: Analyze HYPOTHESIS:
Statistical analyses are Coffee Intake Improves the
Experimental group take carried out to determine Ability to Concentrate on a
SAME time to solve Math whether the observed Difficult Problem!
problem as differences in the (As Caffeine is a stimulant)
Placebo-control group behaviors (DV) are due to
the treatment effect (IV)
or due to chance/error
Coffee Coffee Water
(with caffeine) (without caffeine) (without caffeine)
EXPERIMENTAL PLACEBO-CONTROL NON- PLACEBO-CONTROL
10 10 10
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
0 0 0
67. EXPERIMENT:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rule 1: Ask Rule 3: Choose Rule 6: Measure
State the question & Select participants to Measure how different
formulate a hypothesis test the hypothesis treatments (IV) affect
(RANDOM SELECTION) behavior (DV) => DATA
Rule 2: Identify
how best to test this Rule 4: Assign
hypothesis Participants to
Independent variable different groups Rule 7: Analyze
(IV): What a researcher (EXPERIMENTAL group) Statistical analyses are
manipulates or controls (CONTROL group) carried out to determine
(TREATMENT) whether the observed
Dependant variable Rule 5: Manipulate differences in the
(DV): Participants’ Administer the behaviors (DV) are due to
measured behavior different treatments to the treatment effect (IV)
(TREATMENT EFFECT) the different groups or due to chance/error
68. Treatment Evaluation: RCT
(Randomized Controlled Trial)
The key distinguishing feature of the typical RCT is
that study subjects, after assessment of eligibility
and recruitment, but before the intervention to be
studied begins, are randomly allocated to receive
one or other of the alternative treatments under
study. Random allocation in real trials is complex,
but conceptually, the process is like tossing a coin.
After randomization, the two (or more) groups of
subjects are followed in exactly the same way, and
the only differences between the care they receive,
for example, in terms of procedures, tests,
outpatient visits, follow-up calls etc. should be those
intrinsic to the treatments being compared. The
most important advantage of proper randomization
is that it minimizes allocation bias, balancing both
known and unknown prognostic factors, in the
assignment of treatments.
Source: Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG (2010). "CONSORT 2010
explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials". Br Med J 340: c869.