At the end of this session, students will be able to:
Define pain.
Explain the types of pain.
Explain physiological perspective of pain (brief).
Discuss psychological perspective of pain (gate-control theory, bio-psychosocial model of pain, etc.).
Factors affecting pain perception including psychological, social and biological.
Discuss treatment approaches for pain management (recent researches).
Discuss the role of nurses in pain management.
plain for treatment of patient with chronic pain, psychiatry and psychology are two approaches very important to have a proper treatment for pain disorders
my presentation provide how can we approach patient with chronic pain, when we suspect psychiatric cause for chronic pain any how we explain chronic psychogenic pain and how we manage.
plain for treatment of patient with chronic pain, psychiatry and psychology are two approaches very important to have a proper treatment for pain disorders
my presentation provide how can we approach patient with chronic pain, when we suspect psychiatric cause for chronic pain any how we explain chronic psychogenic pain and how we manage.
This presentation explores some of the basic principals of CBT-CP. It is based on a treatment outline put out by the VA system. The slide show explores key treatment targets, session overview and some functional data on outcomes.
Pain is a common yet complex biopsychosocial phenomenon that affects every aspect of a patient’s life
Optimal management often requires good assessment, formulation of the problem in the patient, and combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological (psychological and social) interventions
New directions in the psychology of chronic pain managementepicyclops
Lecture followed audience discussion on contextual cognitive behaviour therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the management of chronic pain from the West of Scotland Pain Group on Wednesday 5th December 2007. The speaker is Lance M. McCracken PhD, of the Pain Management Unit at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases & University of Bath, Bath UK.
www.wspg.org.uk
Further reading:
DAHL, J., & LUNDGREN, T. (2006). Living beyond your pain using acceptance and commitment therapy to ease chronic pain. Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63472470
HAYES, S. C., STROSAHL, K., & WILSON, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy an experiential approach to behavior change. New York, Guilford Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41712470
MCCRACKEN, L. M. (2005). Contextual cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Progress in pain research and management, v. 33. Seattle, IASP Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57564664
Lazarus and Folkman Transactional model Andrew Scott
This file accompanies a Youtube clip - covering the Transational model of stress and coping. See the facebook page 'ePsychVCE.com' or the website www.ePsychVCE.com for link.
This presentation explores some of the basic principals of CBT-CP. It is based on a treatment outline put out by the VA system. The slide show explores key treatment targets, session overview and some functional data on outcomes.
Pain is a common yet complex biopsychosocial phenomenon that affects every aspect of a patient’s life
Optimal management often requires good assessment, formulation of the problem in the patient, and combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological (psychological and social) interventions
New directions in the psychology of chronic pain managementepicyclops
Lecture followed audience discussion on contextual cognitive behaviour therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the management of chronic pain from the West of Scotland Pain Group on Wednesday 5th December 2007. The speaker is Lance M. McCracken PhD, of the Pain Management Unit at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases & University of Bath, Bath UK.
www.wspg.org.uk
Further reading:
DAHL, J., & LUNDGREN, T. (2006). Living beyond your pain using acceptance and commitment therapy to ease chronic pain. Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63472470
HAYES, S. C., STROSAHL, K., & WILSON, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy an experiential approach to behavior change. New York, Guilford Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41712470
MCCRACKEN, L. M. (2005). Contextual cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Progress in pain research and management, v. 33. Seattle, IASP Press.
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57564664
Lazarus and Folkman Transactional model Andrew Scott
This file accompanies a Youtube clip - covering the Transational model of stress and coping. See the facebook page 'ePsychVCE.com' or the website www.ePsychVCE.com for link.
Pain Theories and Treatment PresentationPSYCH628N.docxalfred4lewis58146
Pain Theories and Treatment Presentation
PSYCH/628
November 10, 2014
Week 4 Team B presentation
1
Introduction
Gate Control Theory
Behavioral Pain Theory
Use of Psychogenic Pain in Theories
Evidence-Based Interventions in Theories
“Pain is major health problem that affects more than 50 million American, costing more than $100 billion annually” (Straub, 2012 p. 418). This cost is a direct effect of health care cost and lost of wages and is most sort for treatment by patients. Often pain is formed through biological, psychological, and sociobehavioral forces. Pain signals that something is wrong and to take precautions but, not feeling on the other hand can be harmful. Because pain is such a strong motivator for action, it is considered one of the body's most important protective mechanisms. Pain is divided into three categories known as acute, recurrent, and chronic pain. There are several theories of pain that have been formulated such as the gate control theory and behavioral pain theory that will be discussed and defined within this presentation. The presentation will discussed psychogenic pain as the chosen pain disorder selected by Team B. As part of this specific disorder (psychogenic pain) the way in which this pain disorder can be understood through the use of the gate control theory and behavioral pain theory will be defined. Also, potential evidence-based interventions in regards to the two theories (gate control & behavioral pain) and there use in treatment planning will be discussed.
2
Gate Control Theory
“In 1965, Ronald Melzack and Peter wall outlined a gate control theory (GCT) that moved past some of the shortcomings of earlier theories” (Straub, 2012 p. 428). This theory involves a mechanism in the brain acts as a gate to increase or decrease the flow of nerve impulses from the peripheral fibers to the central nervous system. As depicted in diagram above "open" gate allows the flow of nerve impulses, and the brain can perceive pain. A "closed" gate does not allow flow of nerve impulses, decreasing the perception of pain (Srivastava, 2010). The gate control theory looks at the complex structure of the of the central nervous system that involves the central and peripheral nervous systems. “In the gate control theory, the experience of pain depends on a complex interplay of these two systems as they each process pain signals in their own way (Deardorff, 2003).
3
Behavioral Pain Theory
Physiological Theory
Cognitive Theory
There are two types of pain; fundamental “sensory” pain, the intensity of which is a direct function of the intensity of various pain stimuli, and “psychological” pain, the intensity of which is highly modifiable by such factors as hypnotism, placebos, and the sociocultural setting in which the stimulus occurs(Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. , 2014).
Physiological, cognitive, and behavioral theories .
Pain and Opioids: damage and danger, mechanism and meaningMark Sullivan
In this presentation, I argue that pain exists more to protect than to inform, so survival implications affect pain processing. The salience and valence of pain are continually adjusted to promote survival. For humans, physical survival depends on social survival, so our brains have evolved to make both physical and social injury painful, with our endogenous opioid system modulating both forms of pain to promote both forms of survival.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
3. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this session, students will be able to:
1.Define pain.
2.Explain the types of pain.
3.Explain physiological perspective of pain (brief).
4.Discuss psychological perspective of pain (gate-control theory,
bio-psychosocial model of pain, etc.).
5.Factors affecting pain perception including psychological,
social and biological.
6.Discuss treatment approaches for pain management (recent
researches).
7.Discuss the role of nurses in pain management.
4. DEFINITION OF PAIN
• Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with the actual and
potential tissue damage .
(Fishman, Ballantyne and Rathmell. 2011)
5. TYPES OF THE PAIN
There are several types of the pain. Main types
of the pain are listed below.
1.Acute pain
2.Chronic pain
3.Referred pain
4.Phantom pain
6. ACUTE PAIN:
Acute pain is characterized by injury of body
tissues and activation of nociceptive transducer
at the site of local tissue damage. Acute pain is
severe as compare to the chronic pain .
(Picone, 2012)
7. CHRONIC PAIN:
Chronic pain is characterized by injury or
disease that is caused by remote factors. The
chronic pain extend for long period of time. It’s
represented level of pain is low as compared to
acute pain.
(Stannard, Kalso, Ballantyne (Eds.) 2010)
8. REFERRED PAIN:
Referred pain is defined as the perceived pain at a
site nearby or even at a distance from the pain’s
origin.
(Fishman, Ballantyne and Rathmell. 2011)
9. PHANTOM PAIN:
Phantom pain sensation refers to the perception of a variety
of physical feelings in a part of the body that has been
removed. Although this is generally associated with limb
amputation.
(Flor, Nikolajsen, Jensen, MacIver, Lloyd, Kelly, and Nurmikko, (2010).
10. PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN
(Yoneda, Hata, Nakanishi, Nagae, Nagayama, Wakabayashi, and Hiraga,
2011).
11. SPECIFICITY THEORY
• Earliest theory of pain proposed by Rene Descartes in 17th century.
• There is a direct relationship between nerve endings and pain spots on our
body.
• Pain travels to the brain in only one pathway, which is the same path used
by other sensations.
• The Specificity Theory stated that pain is "a specific sensation, with its own
sensory apparatus independent of touch and other senses".
• Severity of injury is directly proportional to the level of experienced pain.
CRITICISM:
• All nerve fibers in our body are not pain receptors, but there are some
specialized pain receptors in our body.
– Example: severely wounded soldiers in battle complain of less pain
contrary to extreme pain in minor injuries.
• A single stimulus type (e.g., a blow, electric current) can produce different
sensations depending on the type of nerve stimulated.
(Dean, Gwilym, Carr. 2013)
12. Nerve Fibers For Pain
(http://ucalgary.ca/pip369/mod7/tempain/theories
)
13. Proposed by
Ronald
Melzack &
Patrick David
Wall in 1965.
Proposed by
Ronald
Melzack &
Patrick David
Wall in 1965.
Pain
Pain
stimulus on
stimulus on
skin
skin
Nerve
impulses
transmit
pain to the
spinal cord
Nerve
impulses
transmit
pain to the
spinal cord
Gates in
spinal
cord
Gates in
spinal
cord
Pain is
sensed if
gates are
open
Pain is
sensed if
gates are
open
Pain is
not
sensed if
gates are
closed
Pain is
not
sensed if
gates are
closed
• Opening and closing of gates also
depends upon numerous factors:
– person’s attention to the pain source,
emotion, anxiety, coping ability and
physical damage to the body.
• The brain provides information
about the psychological state of an
individual, including behavioral
and emotional states and previous
experience of similar stimulus.
(Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel. 2000).
16. Biopsychosocial Model
BIOLOGICAL
BIOLOGICAL
Nociception
Tissue Damage
Disease Process
Nociception
Tissue Damage
Disease Process
PSYCHOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Pain beliefs
Locus of control
Lack of self-efficacy
Limited coping
Pain beliefs
Locus of control
Lack of self-efficacy
Limited coping
Emotions
Emotions
SOCIAL
Cultural influences
Learning mechanisms
SOCIAL
Cultural influences
Learning mechanisms
social learning
reward/punishment
classical conditioning
social learning
reward/punishment
classical conditioning
17. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
1. LOCUS OF CONTROL:
• Rotter (1996) stated that there were “internal” and “external” Locus
of control.
• The “internals” (believe that their own actions significantly influence
their health)
• The “externals”(believe that they don't have much control over their
health)
• People with a strong internal LOC believed to have good control over
their pain and are able to adapt by effective coping strategies and
manage pain better than those with an external LOC.
• Persons who believe that the prognosis for their pain is influenced
mainly by luck or fate (external) are engage in maladaptive coping
strategies such as wishful thinking or catastrophizing.
(Worsham, 2006)
18. 2. CATASTROPHIZING COGNITIONS:
• Pain catastrophizing is characterized by the tendency to magnify
the threat value of pain stimulus and to feel helpless in the
context of pain, and by a relative inability to inhibit pain-related
thoughts in anticipation of, during or following a painful
encounter.
• A “Neurophysiological Model” of catastrophizing proposes
that:
• Catastrophizing cognitions are associated with higher levels of
brain activity in the areas of anticipation and attention to pain,
emotional aspects of pain and motor control and are linked to
higher levels of pain intensity, greater disability, poorer
psychosocial adjustment.
19. Cont…
• In a research study pain catastrophizing was assessed
pre-surgery.
• The results showed significant variance in
postsurgical pain ratings, narcotic usage, depression,
pain-related activity interference and disability levels.
• Another study by Edwards, suggested that pain
catastrophizing was related to increased suicidal
ideation in a large sample of chronic pain patients.
20. 3. SELF-EFFICACY AND
EFFECTIVE COPING:
• In a Research study low levels of self-efficacy was found to be
associated with a lower levels of pain tolerance and higher levels
of pain intensity in samples of people with chronic pain.
• People who believe that they can alleviate pain are likely to
mobilize whatever skills they have learned to preserve
themselves.
• The higher the perceived self-efficacy the longer pain can be
tolerated and less medications are required.
21. Cont…
• Individuals who experience pain may develops two types of
coping.
• Adaptive coping: active coping strategies are considered to be
adaptive in which patient is an active participant and assumes
self management responsibilities.
• Maladaptive coping: these are passive coping strategies in
which patient withdraw from activities and shows dependency
on others for pain relief. (Placebo)
• Studies have found that active coping strategies decreases the
pain intensity and increases pain tolerance.
• However, passive coping is associated with greater pain and
related depression.
22. 4. PAIN AND EMOTIONS:
• The typical emotional reaction to pain includes anxiety, fear, anger,
guilt, frustration, and depression.
• According to FAM (Fear-avoidance model) “Fear of pain” is the
most important emotional factor in perception of pain.
• A fear response to pain leaves an individual with two options:
Confrontation (Menstrual pain)
Avoidance (Fracture pain and hygiene care)
• The “Confronter” is more likely to view pain as temporary , is
motivated to return to normal work, social and leisure activities,
and is prepare to confront their personal pain barriers.
23. Cont…
• The pain “Avoider” is motivated by fear and avoid both pain
experience (cognitive component) and painful activities (behavioral
component).
• Thus, this avoidance leads to more pain and is harmful to the
recovery process.
• Certain other negative emotions such as anger, hostility and
depressed mood can also influence pain perception.
• Negative emotional states registers in the brain in a manner that
strikes brain pathways which are responsible for enhancing pain.
• The expression of anger and hostility are often used as
defensiveness and can seriously compromise the therapeutic
relationship between nurse-patient, which further deteriorates
patient’s condition.
24. NEUROTICISM EXTRAVERSION
(Eysenk’s personality theory): High neuroticism is the
result of cortical arousal which increases sensitivity
and contributes to emotional instability. Such
individuals are more likely to worry about physical
symptoms like (pain).
(Eysenk’s personality theory): Extraversions have low
cortical arousal, requiring more frequent and stronger
stimulation to acquire satisfactory levels of arousal.
As a result, extravert exhibit diminished pain
sensitivity and higher pain threshold.
These individuals generally do not cope well with
stress and perceive painful stimulus as threatening
and distressful.
Extraversion is also associated with use of active and
strong coping strategies that lead to better adaption to
painful stimulus. (For example, being optimistic)
certain dimension of neuroticism negatively correlates
with pain (experiment):
1.Negative mood decreases pain tolerance time.
2.Emotional vulnerability increases pain intensity and
unpleasantness.
Extroversion is positively associated with general
health perception. Individual both healthy and with
self-reported medical problems feel good about
themselves and try to mobilize all their resources to
maintain this state of health.
Neuroticism is significantly high in patients with lower
back pain, joint pain and cancer pain etc.
Extraversions are more likely to complain about their
pain and express their sufferings than individuals high
in neuroticism.
http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=vwjIskXBbu8C&pg=PA28&dq=pain+and+extraversion+personality&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zRujUcr7JsezhAeayYAY&
26. PAIN CONTROL TECHNIQUES
1. PHARMACOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
PAIN:
It is the traditional and most common method of
controlling pain
Narcotics are well known in controlling pain. Amongst
narcotics, morphine (the Greek GOD of sleep) has been
the most popular pain killer for decades.
However, pharmacological control of pain is the
potential for addiction.
27. 2. SURGICAL CONTROL OF PAIN:
Some techniques attempts to disrupt the conduct of
pain from the periphery to the spinal cord, whereas
others are designed to interrupt the flow of pain
sensations from the spinal cord upward to the brain.
Moreover, there is some indication that surgery can
ultimately worsen the problem because it damages
the nervous system, and this damage can itself be a
chief cause of chronic pain.
28. 3. SENSORY CONTROL OF PAIN:
One of the oldest known techniques of pain control is
COUNTERIRRITATION, a sensory method.
Counterirritation involves inhibiting pain in one part of
the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area.
Overall, sensory control techniques have had some
success in reducing the experience of pain. However, their
effects are often only short-lived, and they may therefore be
appropriate primarily for temporary relief from acute pain.
29. RELAXATION TECHNIQUES
Rationale for teaching pain patients relaxation
techniques, is that it enables them to cope more
successfully with stress and anxiety, which may
also ameliorate pain.
Relaxation may also affect pain directly, for e.g.
the reduction of muscle tension or the diversion of
blood flow induce by relaxation may reduce pains
that are tied to these physiological processes.
In relaxation, an individual shifts his or her body
into a state of low arousal by progressively relaxing
different parts of the body.
30. Cont…
The common relaxation technique nurses use in
their practice is encouraging patients in deep
breathing exercises mainly to divert their minds
from painful procedures for instance IV
cannunlation and early labor.
Generally, relaxation is modestly successful
with some acute pains and may be value in
treating chronic pain when used in conjunction
with other methods of pain control.
31.
32. HYPNOSIS
In 1829, prior to the discovery of anesthetic drugs, a French surgeon,
Dr. Cloquent, performed a remarkable operation on a 64 year old women who
suffered from breast cancer and the tumor was being removed without
anesthesia through hypnosis and the lady felt no pain.
First, a state of relaxation is encouraged.
Next, patients are explicitly told that the hypnosis will reduce
pain.
In the hypnotic trance, the patient is usually instructed to think
about the pain differently
It has been used successfully to control acute pain due to surgery,
child birth, dental procedures, burns and headache as well.
33. In acupuncture treatment, long thin needles are inserted into
specially designated areas of the body that theoretically
influence the areas in which a person is experiencing pain.
(Practiced in china for more than 2,000 years).
How acupuncture controls pain is not fully known. But it is
possible that acupuncture triggers the release of endorphins,
thus reducing the experience of pain.
When Naloxone (an opiate antagonist) is administered to
acupuncture patients, the success of acupuncture in reducing
pain is reduced.
34. DISTRACTION
• Individual who are involved in intense
activities like sports or military maneuvers can
be oblivious to pain full injuries due to
Distraction
35. Cont…
There are two quite different mental
strategies for controlling discomfort.
To distract oneself by
focusing on some other
activity.
To distract oneself by
focusing on some other
activity.
Focus directly on the
events but to reinterpret
the experience.
Focus directly on the
events but to reinterpret
the experience.
36. Cont…
Distraction appears to be most effective for
coping with low-level pain. Its practical
significance for chronic pain is limited by the
fact that such patients cannot distract
themselves indefinitely.
37. GUIDED IMAGERY
Guided imagery has been used to control some
acute pain and discomfort.
In guided imagery a patient is instructed to
conjure up a picture that he or she holds in mind.
This process brings on a relaxed state,
concentrates attention, and distracts the patient
from the pain or discomfort.
Apart from calm and pleasant guided imagery,
some patients take more personally aggressive
stance towards pain, these patients use it to rouse
themselves into a confrontive stance by imagining
a combat and action filled scene.
38. Cont…
These two virtually opposite forms of
imagery may actually achieve some
beneficial effects in controlling pain
through the same means i.e. inducing
positive mood state and both focus
attention and provide a distraction from
the pain.
39. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL
THERAPY FOR PAIN
ACCEPTANCE AND
ACCEPTANCE AND
COMMITMENT THERAPY
COMMITMENT THERAPY
AWARNESS AND
PERSPECTIVE
AWARNESS AND
PERSPECTIVE
MMIINNDDFFUULLNNEESSSS
WWIILLLLIINNGGNNEESSSS
CCOOGGNNIITTIIVVEE D DEE--FFUUSSIIOONN
COGNITIVE
BEHAVIORAL
THERAPY
COGNITIVE
BEHAVIORAL
THERAPY
McCracken, (2005).
40. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL
THERAPY FOR PAIN
1. ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY:
• Aim for ACT is to reduce the feelings of failure (drug dependency)
of strategies to control pain.
• The therapist creates a collaborative environment in which Patients
with pain can review their actual problem and find out their
previous way of struggling to solve this problem. This gives a clear
understanding of the time duration of persisting problem and range
of strategies tried by patient to improve situation.
• It helps identifying the actual problem which is not the pain itself,
rather the behavior of disregarding oneself for the repeated failures
to achieve an effective pain control.
43. 4. COGNITIVE DE-FUSION:
• Marry had a………….
• London bridge is……..
• Humpty dumpty sat on a………
• Ring-a-ring o' roses, A pocket full of posies, A-tishoo! A-tishoo!
We all………
• But, what if, I can’t…..
45. REFERENCES
• Ballanytyne, J. C., & Rathmell , J. P. (2010). Pain and its
taxonomy. In S. M. Fishman (Ed.), Bonica's management of
Pain (14th ed., pp.13-20). Bostan, Massachuesetts:
Lippincott William And Wilkin.
• Dean, B. F. F., Gwilyn, S. E., & Carr, A. J. (2013).Why does
my shoulder hurt? A review of the neuroanatomical and
biochemical basis of shoulder pain. British Journal of
Sports Medicine,1-12. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091492.
• Field, H.L. (2007). Pain perception — The Dana
guide. Retrieved from
http://www.dana.org/news/brainhealth/detail.aspx ?id=10072
46. • Ge, H. Y., Nie, H., Madeleine, P., Danneskiold- Samsøe, B.,
Graven-Nielsen, T., & Arendt-Nielsen, L. (2009).
Contribution of the local and referred pain from active
myofascial trigger points in fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain,
147(1), 233-240.
• Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2000).
Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-
Hill.
• Macintyre, P. E., Scott, D. A., Schug, S. A., Visser, E. J., &
Walker, S. M. (2010). Acute pain management: scientific
evidence. NHMRC.
• McCracken, L. M. (2005). Contextual cognitive-behavioral
therapy for chronic pain, Progress in Pain Research and
Management, 33. pp. 74-89.
47. • Stannard, C. F., Kalso, E., & Ballantyne, J. (Eds.). (2010).
Evidence-based chronic pain management. Wiley-
Blackwell/BMJ.
• Theories of pain perception. (2013). Retrieved from
http://ucalgary.ca/pip369/mod7/tempain/theories
• Yoneda, T., Hata, K., Nakanishi, M., Nagae, M., Nagayama, T.,
Wakabayashi, H., & Hiraga, T. (2011). Molecular events of acid-induced
bone pain. IBMS BoneKEy, 8(4), 195-204.
Editor's Notes
Sonia
Shahid
shahid
Pain can be classify on the anatomy, duration, etiology, severity and system based .
shahid
shahid
shahid
Shahid
“From a clinical viewpoint, referred muscle pain is linked to trigger points (TrPs). Trigger points (TrPs) are defined as painful spots in a taut band of a skeletal muscle that are painful on stimulation and give rise to a referred pain”
Flor, H., Nikolajsen, L., Jensen, T. S., MacIver, K., Lloyd, D., Kelly, S., ... & Nurmikko, T. (2010). Phantom limb pain. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 3, 1229
Shahid
Mehak
Elephant example….
Mehak
Example (Pin)….
Mehak
The inhibitory interneuron decreases the chances of pain that the projection neuron will fire. Firing of C fibers inhibits the inhibitory interneuron (indirectly), increasing the chances that the projection neuron will fire.
Mehak
Firing of the Aβ fibers activates the inhibitory interneuron, reducing the chances that the projection neuron will fire, even in the presence of a firing nociceptive fiber
Anum
Anum
Although much of the chronic pain literature indicates only a weak or moderate
relationship between an internal LOC and decreased pain and psychological distress,
expecting reinforcement to come from their own behaviors.
expecting reinforcement to come from external forces which are outside their control
A critical level of belief in personal control over pain may be necessary to stimulate patients' adoption of improved coping strategies
Anum
Anum
Anum
Anum
High efficaciouness and effective diversion from pain stimulus attenuate pain perception with out implicating endorphins.
Women who had been taught relaxation and deep-breathing to reduce pain during their first childbirth differ in how much control they believed they could exercise over pain while giving birth. Their perceived self-efficacy helped them to manage well during labor and delivery.
Anum
Relaxation and distraction (adaptive coping)
Anum
How these emotions are regulated by the patient has implications for their impact on pain.
The fear avoidance model suggests that in the absence of fear-avoidance beliefs about pain, individuals are more likely to confront pain problems head-on and become more engaged in active coping to improve daily function. This model is supported by the evidence that high levels of pain related fear are associated with distraction from normal cognitive functions, hypervigilance of pain-related sensations, and unwillingness to engage in physical activities
Anum
Confrontation (menstrual pain and back pain, joint pain)
Avoider (fracture patients avoiding hygiene care)
Anum
Sahid
Shahid
Sonia
Sonia
Sonia
Sonia
Sonia
Sonia
Sonia
These two boxes will be shared with examples in presentation.
- Albert bandura reported two stories
Sonia
Sonia
For eg. Cancer was this large dragon and the chemotherapy was a cannon and when I was taking the chemotherapy I would imagine it blasting the dragon, piece by piece
Sonia
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY:
Aim for ACT is to reduce the feelings of failure (drug dependency) of strategies to control pain.
The therapist creates a collaborative environment in which Patients with pain can review their actual problem and find out their previous way of struggling to solve this problem. This gives a clear understanding of the time duration of persisting problem and range of strategies tried by patient to improve situation.
It helps identifying the actual problem which is not the pain itself, rather the behavior of disregarding oneself for the repeated failures to achieve an effective pain control.
Mehak
AWARNESS AND PERSPECTIVE:
In this exercise, patients simply identify a recent occasion of pain in which an emotional reaction occurred that they evaluated as un pleasant.
Patients are asked to choose words to describe their mood, rate mood intensity, describe the situation, list thoughts occurring, report on any physical reactions to the situation, describe any action urges, list the consequences of their actions.
Next, patients considers an alternative behavior that would have been more consistent with their life goals.
The reflection based approach allows patients to become well-aware of their behaviors demonstrated in pain. While, looking for some alternate behaviors, broaden their perspectives of pain.
MINDFULNESS:
Its is the use of breathing-based or walking-based mindfulness.
The essence is to stay with the present moment, and consider the previous thoughts, feelings and sensation of pain as transient events that should not interfere with the present moment.
With mindfulness, judgments and other thoughts exert fewer psychological influences: they happen in reality but they are not the whole of reality.