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METHODOLOGY IN RESEARCH
1. A.THANGAMANI RAMALINGAM
P.T., M.Sc.psychology, Cspss(Advanced),PGDRM
Lecturer in physiotherapy,
Sarvajanik college of physiotherapy,
Mob: 94264 39169 ,8866384194
email: atramalingam@gmail.com
goldbell_76@yahoo.co.in
METHODOLOGY IN RESEARCH
24. Tests to address the question: Is there a
difference between groups – unpaired
(parallel and independent groups)
situation?
Tests to address the question: Is
there a difference between groups –
paired situation?
25. Tests to address the question: Is there an
association between variables?
Tests to address the question: Is there an
agreement between assessment
(screening / rating / diagnostic)
techniques?
29. COMMON SIGNS OF DUBIOUS DATA
Slippery decimal point(eg:4%-1990,7%-2000)
Botched translations(25% increase in risk)
Misleading graphs
Careless calculation
Big round numbers(bird window deaths)
Hyperbole(using superlatives)
Broad definitions
Odd units of analysis
Convenient time frame ,selective comparisions,
misleading samples &statistical adjustments
Short term benefits are converted to longterm benefits
31. News
Nature 418, 113 (11 July 2002)
| doi:10.1038/418113a
Dubious data remain in print two years after misconduct
inquiry
Alison Abbott & Johanna Schwarz
Many of the 94 scientific papers listed two years ago by a
German inquiry as likely to contain manipulated data
have yet to be retracted from the literature, Nature has
discovered. The suspect papers were identified during a
high-profile investigation into misconduct in German
cancer research, the results of which were published in
June 2000.
32. Resources
Effective Medical Writing. Peh WCG &, NG K H Singapore Medical
Journal 2008 49(7) 522 smj.sma.org.sg/4907/4907emw1.pdf
How to read a scientific article. Mary Purugganan & Jan Hewitt, Rice
University
www.owlnet.rice.edu/~cainproj/courses/HowToReadSciArticle.pdf
How to read a scientific paper. John W. Little & Roy Parker--University
of Arizona www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc568/papers.htm
How to read and review a scientific journal article. Duke University
Writing Studio
twp.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/scientificarticlereview.original.p
df
33. Resources
About EBM
Centre for Evidence-
Based Medicine
(http://www.cebm.net/
)
Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality
(http://www.ahrq.gov/c
linic/epcix.htm)
Evidence sources
DynaMed
(www.dynamicmedical.com/)
Essential Evidence Plus
(www.infopoems.com/)
Cochrane Library
(www.cochrane.org/)
Database of Abstracts of
Reviews of Effectiveness
(www.crd.york.ac.uk/crdweb/)
FPIN (www.fpin.org/)
Clinical Evidence
(www.clinicalevidence.com/)