objectives of this lecture are Compare the characteristics of acute pain, chronic pain, and cancer pain.
Describe factors that can alter the perception of pain.
Describe the pathophysiology of pain.
Describe the use of pain measurement instruments.
Identify appropriate pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic pain management.
NURSE
EDUCATION
MANAGEMENT
NURSING CARE
NURSING ASSESSMENT
PLANNING
At the end of the session he students will be able to
Explain the activities of health care agencies
List out the types of health care agencies.
Classify the types of service
INTERVENTION
OBJECTIVES
LEARNING
IMPLEMENTATION
EVALUATION
RATIONALE
At the end of this session the leaner should be able to,
define pain.
classify pain.
describe mechanism of pain.
perform pain assessment.
detail the nursing interventions.
Development of manpower resources
Provision for safe water and food supply
Increasing the literacy rate
Reducing the levels of poverty
NURSE
EDUCATION
MANAGEMENT
NURSING CARE
NURSING ASSESSMENT
PLANNING
At the end of the session he students will be able to
Explain the activities of health care agencies
List out the types of health care agencies.
Classify the types of service
INTERVENTION
OBJECTIVES
LEARNING
IMPLEMENTATION
EVALUATION
RATIONALE
At the end of this session the leaner should be able to,
define pain.
classify pain.
describe mechanism of pain.
perform pain assessment.
detail the nursing interventions.
Development of manpower resources
Provision for safe water and food supply
Increasing the literacy rate
Reducing the levels of poverty
this presentation is help for the first year G.M.N OR B.Sc. Nursing student regarding the information regarding the comfort devices that can help the patient for their recovery or the help to provide proper device that can be used in the hospital as well home care of the patient.
Pain results from a variety of pathological processes and is considered as a vital sign.
It is expressed differently by each patient depending on cultural background, age, etc,etc.
IT IS A HIGHLY SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE MEANING THAT ONLY THE INDIVIDUAL IS ABLE TO ASSESS HIS/HER LEVEL OF PAIN.....
this presentation is help for the first year G.M.N OR B.Sc. Nursing student regarding the information regarding the comfort devices that can help the patient for their recovery or the help to provide proper device that can be used in the hospital as well home care of the patient.
Pain results from a variety of pathological processes and is considered as a vital sign.
It is expressed differently by each patient depending on cultural background, age, etc,etc.
IT IS A HIGHLY SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE MEANING THAT ONLY THE INDIVIDUAL IS ABLE TO ASSESS HIS/HER LEVEL OF PAIN.....
a detailed description of pain and therpaeutic options available and clinical assessment of pain, approach to the patient with pain, assessment of intensity of pain, nsaids and opioids, tca. WHO pain ladder, chronic opioid therapy
Overview on pain management in MSF setting. Content:
Types of pain
Assess the pain and pain scales
Treating pain according to the pain scale
All of subjected will be discussed briefly and in perspective of our work
MATERIALS:
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948069-overview#a3
https://www.change-pain.com/grt-change-pain-portal/change_pain_home/chronic_pain/physician/physician_tools/picture_library/en_EN/312500026.jsp
MSF Clinical Guidelines and MSF protocols
THE PURPOSE of the following sections is to give a brief description of many of the major drug classes that are important to nursing pharmacology; for drug class, we ‘ll discuss one prototype drug and examine it for information about warnings, indications, administration, and more; nurses, however, should seek out detailed information about individual drugs, as the prototype cannot be assumed to provide comprehensive information on other drugs in the same class; underline=preferred administration route
Define
Define related concepts nursing care of patients with musculoskeletal disorders.
Recognize
Recognize different types of musculoskeletal disorders.
Identify
Identify the clinical manifestations of musculoskeletal disorders.
Recognize
Recognize the medical management of musculoskeletal disorders.
Recognize
Recognize the nursing management
patients with musculoskeletal disorders.
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERSTHYROID DISORDERS (Hyperthyro...Jamilah AlQahtani
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERSTHYROID DISORDERS (Hyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism)
Learning Objective
On completion of this lecture, the students will be able to:
Compare hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism: their causes, clinical manifestations, management, and nursing interventions.
Diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormoneJamilah AlQahtani
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERSDiabetes Insipidus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Learning Objective
On completion of this lecture, the students will be able to:
Compare diabetes insipidus and SIADH: their causes, clinical manifestations, management, and nursing interventions.
Dm,MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERSDiabetes MellitusJamilah AlQahtani
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOCRINE DISORDERSDiabetes Mellitus
Learning Objectives
On completion of this lecture, the students will be able to:
Differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Describe etiologic factors associated with diabetes
Identify the diagnostic and clinical significance of blood glucose test results
Describe the relationships among diet, exercise, and medication for people with diabetes.
Describe the acute and chronic complications of diabetes
Management of Patients withLower Respiratory Disorders Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to
Describe the patho-physiology of the disease.
Discuss the major risk factors and clinical manifestations of the disease.
Use the nursing process as a framework for patient care.
Discuss medical , surgical and nursing management of the disease.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
2. At the end of this lecture, the student will be
able to:
■ Compare the characteristics of acute pain, chronic pain, and cancer
pain.
■ Describe factors that can alter the perception of pain.
■ Describe the pathophysiology of pain.
■ Describe the use of pain measurement instruments.
■ Identify appropriate pharmacologic and non-pharmacologicpain
management.
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3. Definition
■ Is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
resulting from actual or potential tissue damage.
■ Is the most common reason for seeking health care.
■ May result from many disorders, diagnostic tests, and
treatments.
■ Pain is what a patient says it is.
■ Pain is totally subjective.
■ Everyone experiences pain differently.
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4. Definition
■ considered the 5th vital sign
■ Joint Commission (JCI) standards state that “pain
is assessed in all patients” and that “patients
have the right to appropriate assessment and
management of pain.”
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5. Classic Types
1. Acute Pain
■ Usually of recent onset and commonly associated with a
specific injury.
■ Can last from seconds to 6 months.
2. Chronic Pain
• Is constant or intermittent pain that persist beyond the
expected healing time .
• Is defined as pain lasting for 6 months or longer.
• Is often difficult to treat because the cause or origin may be
unclear
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6. Classic Types
3. Cancer Pain
•Can be directly related with cancer
due to nerve compression or as a
result of treatment (surgery)
•NOTE! Most cancer pain is a direct
result of tumor involvement.
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7. Pathophysiology
1. Nociception
■ Refers to neurologic transmission of pain.
■ Nociceptors are receptors involved in the transmission of pain perceptions to and
from the brain.
■ Nociceptors are free nerve endings in the skin that
respond ONLY to possibly damaging stimuli.
■ Such stimuli can be mechanical, thermal or
chemical in nature.
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9. Pathophysiology
2. Peripheral Nervous System
■ In response to an injury, pain-causing substances are released into the body tissue
and increase the transmission of pain.
– Examples: histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and
prostaglandin.
■ Chemicals that reduce or inhibit the transmission or perception of pain include
endorphins and enkephalins.
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10. Pain Assessment: Characteristics
■ INTENSITY
– ranges from none to mild discomfort to excruciating
– Is influenced by pain threshold (the point at which a stimulus is
perceived as painful) and pain tolerance (the maximum amount of
pain a person can tolerate).
■ TIMING
– refers to the onset of pain whether it began suddenly or gradually
and if what time the pain gets worst.
– Example: ischemic pain (gradual) & arthritis pain (at night)
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11. Pain Assessment: Characteristics
■ LOCATION
– Point to the area of the body where the pain originates.
– May use drawings of human figures and patient is asked to shade in the
area involved.
– Identifies radiating or referred pain.
■ QUALITY
– Description of pain in own words by asking how the pain feels like.
– Can be burning, aching, throbbing, or stabbing.
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12. Pain Assessment: Characteristics
■ PERSONAL MEANING
– How the pain affects the patient’s daily life.
– Patient experience pain differently.
■ AGGRAVATING ANDALLEVIATING FACTORS
– What makes the pain worse and what makes it better.
■ PAIN BEHAVIORS
– Example: facial grimace, crying, rubbing the affected area,
guarding movements, immobilizing the affected area
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13. ■ Visual Analogue Scale
– is a horizontal 10-cm line with anchors (ends) indicating the extremes of pain
with left anchor (no pain) and right anchor (severe/worst pain)
– To score the results, a ruler is placed along the line, and the distance the
patient marked from the left is measured in millimeters or centimeters.
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15. ■ Face Pain Scale
– Has 6 faces showing expressions appropriate for
helping children describe pain.
– Patient is asked to point to the face that most
closely be like the intensity of his or her pain.
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16. A. Opioid Analgesic Agents
• Oral route is preferred while other routes include intravenous, subcutaneous,
intranasal, rectal and transdermal.
• Are metabolized by the liver and excreted by
the kidneys.
• Drug tolerance develops in patients
– Tolerance: the need to increase dose to achieve
the same therapeutic level.
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17. • Adverse effects:
1. Respiratory depression and sedation – most serious if given intravenous, subcutaneous
and epidural.
2. Nausea and vomiting – can be managed by fluids, antiemetics, and moving patient
slowly.
3. Constipation – common side effect; give laxatives or stool softeners, fluids, and fibers.
4. Pruritus (itching) – give antihistamine.
• Examples:
– Morphine
– Codeine - also an antitussive (anti-cough)
– Meperidine
– Tramadol
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18. B. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
• More effective when given with opioids.
• Administer smaller doses to patients with impaired kidney function.
• Long-term use causes gastro-intestinal tract irritation and bleeding.
• Has some anticoagulant effects.
• Examples:
– Celecoxib
– Ibuprofen
– Aspirin - Oldest NSAID
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19. World Health Organization
(WHO)
"Pain ladder" describes its guidelines for the use
of drugs in pain management
■ Bottom step of ladder (mild pain):
Non opioid
■ Middle step of ladder (moderate pain): Weak
opioid +/- non opioid
■ Highest step of ladder (severe pain): Strong
opioid +/- non opioid
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20. C. Local Anesthetic Agents
• Blocks nerve transmission.
• Administered topical or by injection.
• Are rapidly absorbed in the bloodstream which
increases the risk for toxicity.
• Example: Lidocaine
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21. Approaches for Using Analgesic Agents
■ BALANCEDANALGESIA
– Use of more than one type of analgesic for more pain relief with fewer side effects.
– NOTE:Use of one agent alone require higher dose to be effective.
■ PRO RE NATA (PRN) or “As Needed”
– Means analgesic is administered only after the client complains of pain.
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22. • PREVENTIVE APPROACH
– Administering analgesic agents at a set of intervals.
– Aims to allow the medication to act before the pain gets worst.
– Example: every 4 hours, around-the-clock
• PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA (PCA)
– Allows patient to control the administration of their own medication within
a pre-set amount.
– Is controlled by a timing device to prevent getting additional doses.
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24. 1. Massage
– A cutaneous stimulation of the body.
– Promotes comfort through muscle relaxation.
2. RelaxationTechnique
– Relaxes stressed muscles that add to the pain.
– Consists of abdominal breathing at a slow, rhythmic rate.
– Close both eyes and breathe slowly and comfortably.
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25. 3. ThermalTherapies
• Stimulate nonpain receptors in the
injury site.
A. Ice therapy
– Apply immediately after injury
– Should no longer be more than 15-20 minutes to
avoid problems such as frostbite or nerve injury.
B. HeatTherapy
– Increases blood flow to the area.
– Reduces pain and speeds up healing.
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26. 4. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
– uses a battery-operated unit with electrodes applied to the skin to produce a vibrating
sensation in the pain site.
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27. 5. Distraction
– involves focusing the patient’s attention on something other than the pain.
– Decreases pain stimuli transmitted to the brain.
– Examples: watchingTV, listening to music, mental games
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28. 6. Guided Imagery
■ Combines slow breathing with a mental image of relaxation and
comfort.
7. MusicTherapy
• Inexpensive and effective pain relief therapy.
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29. 7. Hypnosis
• Must be conducted by skilled people like
psychologist or a nurse with special
training.
• Effectiveness depends on the hypnotic
susceptibility of the patient.
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