Overview on pain management in MSF setting. Content:
Types of pain
Assess the pain and pain scales
Treating pain according to the pain scale
All of subjected will be discussed briefly and in perspective of our work
MATERIALS:
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948069-overview#a3
https://www.change-pain.com/grt-change-pain-portal/change_pain_home/chronic_pain/physician/physician_tools/picture_library/en_EN/312500026.jsp
MSF Clinical Guidelines and MSF protocols
Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensory and
the emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Accurate assessment of pain is necessary if pain management is to be effective. Patients with pain are often undertreated
definition of pain - classification - categories and different clinical types of pain - assessment of pain and how to manage using pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention
Pharmacology of Chronic Pain Treatment Addiction and Risks Michael Changaris
Currently, we are in the middle of an epidemic. More people die from addiction to pain medications then die from car accidents.
This lecture explores the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain. It includes pharmacotherapy, psychotherapeutic and other treatment modalities.
CME presentation made on 10th Nov 2012. Discusses a Radiation Oncologist's perspectives of cancer pain management, shortcomings of WHO pain ladder, ASTRO guidelines for metastatic bone pain.
Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensory and
the emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Accurate assessment of pain is necessary if pain management is to be effective. Patients with pain are often undertreated
definition of pain - classification - categories and different clinical types of pain - assessment of pain and how to manage using pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention
Pharmacology of Chronic Pain Treatment Addiction and Risks Michael Changaris
Currently, we are in the middle of an epidemic. More people die from addiction to pain medications then die from car accidents.
This lecture explores the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain. It includes pharmacotherapy, psychotherapeutic and other treatment modalities.
CME presentation made on 10th Nov 2012. Discusses a Radiation Oncologist's perspectives of cancer pain management, shortcomings of WHO pain ladder, ASTRO guidelines for metastatic bone pain.
a detailed description of pain and therpaeutic options available and clinical assessment of pain, approach to the patient with pain, assessment of intensity of pain, nsaids and opioids, tca. WHO pain ladder, chronic opioid therapy
Unit no.:3
Unit Name: Nursing care of patients with common sign and symptoms and management
Subject: Adult Health Nursing -I
Topic: PAIN
Prepared by: Misfa Khatun, Nursing Tutor
objectives of this lecture are Compare the characteristics of acute pain, chronic pain, and cancer pain.
Describe factors that can alter the perception of pain.
Describe the pathophysiology of pain.
Describe the use of pain measurement instruments.
Identify appropriate pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic pain management.
Pain results from a variety of pathological processes and is considered as a vital sign.
It is expressed differently by each patient depending on cultural background, age, etc,etc.
IT IS A HIGHLY SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE MEANING THAT ONLY THE INDIVIDUAL IS ABLE TO ASSESS HIS/HER LEVEL OF PAIN.....
L’abc della ventilazione meccanica non invasiva in urgenza.pdf.pdfSandro Zorzi
Condivido questo libro che la MCGraw Hill ha rilasciato gratuitamente per trattare i pazienti COVID19. Grazie agli autori, inoltre, per l'ottimo materiale didattico. Consiglio a tutti gli interessati la lettura.
La Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) è una modalità endovenosa di
somministrazione dei farmaci, che utilizza dei modelli farmacocinetici
elaborati su una popolazione campione e integrati in sistemi di infusione
dedicati.
TCI significa che la somministrazione del farmaco viene controllata da un
target o bersaglio, cioè un obiettivo di concentrazione impostato
dall’anestesista. Il sistema informatico si occuperà, tramite la pompa, di
raggiungere rapidamente il target e mantenerlo stabile, regolando la velocità
di infusione ed evitando sia il sovradosaggio che il sottodosaggio del
farmaco. All’anestesista non è richiesto di eseguire alcun tipo di calcolo.
A differenza dell’Anestesia Totalmente Endovenosa (TIVA - Total Intra Venous
Anesthesia), la TCI permette un fine controllo della somministrazione dei
farmaci ed una rapida variazione della concentrazione target, rendendo il
piano anestesiologico estremamente maneggevole. Un concetto implicito
nella modalità TCI infatti, è che la concentrazione target può venire modificata
ogni qual volta l’anestesista lo ritenga necessario, così da seguire in tempo
reale le varie fasi dell’intervento chirurgico, correggendo ipnosi ed analgesia
in modo puntuale.
L’accurata modulazione dell’analgo-sedazione rende la TCI uno strumento
ineguagliabile quando ci troviamo a dover sedare pazienti molto complessi al
di fuori della sala operatoria (NORA – Non Operating Room Anesthesia), con
la necessità di offrire un adeguato confort anestesiologico al paziente,
evitando accidentali sovradosaggi ed episodi di depressione respiratoria.
A. Farnia 2017
Nomenclatura per le terapie di supporto durante danno renale acutoSandro Zorzi
La gestione dei pazienti critici con danno renale acuto (AKI) che hanno bisogno di una te-
rapia di supporto renale continua (CRRT) richiede un approccio multidisciplinare. Diverse
figure professionali, quali nefrologi, rianimatori e infermieri concordano insieme quella che
è la gestione più appropriata per il paziente. L'apparente semplicità di questo processo na-
sconde un enorme grado di complessità, che richiede competenze approfondite delle di-
verse opzioni di trattamento [1]
[1].Sebbene risulti essenziale che tutti i professionisti coinvolti
utilizzino un linguaggio comune, la specifica terminologia utilizzata per descrivere le di-
verse modalità di CRRT è spesso confondente ed in continua evoluzione. Nella seguente se-
zione, verrà fornito un consensus aggiornato sulla nomenclatura da adottare riferendosi ai
diversi dispositivi delle macchine da CRRT, ai principi fondamentali alla base della tecno-
logia e dei processi di depurazione in corso di RRT, alle fasi ed ai diversi trattamenti effet-
tuabili.
C.Ronco
INVASIVE MECHANICAL VENTILATION FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME MANAG...Sandro Zorzi
WHO Critical Care Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Training
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to:•Describe the long-term complications associated with use of sedatives in critically ill patients (firstly do no harm).•Describe the long-term benefits associated with using a protocolized management approach to pain, agitation and delirium (PAD).•Formulate a PAD protocol adapted to your hospital setting.
WHO Critical Care Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Training
HEALTHprogrammeEMERGENCIESLearning objectives At the end of this lecture, you will be able to:•Recognize acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure.•Know when to initiate invasive mechanical ventilation.•Deliver lung protective ventilation (LPV) to patients with ARDS.•Describe how to manage ARDS patients with conservative fluid strategy.•Discuss three potential interventions for severe ARDS
SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCKDELIVER TARGETED RESUSCITATIONSandro Zorzi
WHO Critical Care Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Training
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to:•Describe how to deliver early, targeted resuscitation in patients (adults and children) with sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion and shock.•Understand the special considerations when resuscitating paediatricpatients in resource-limited settings.
SARI CRITICAL CARE TRAINING CLINICAL SYNDROMESSandro Zorzi
OPENWHO PORTAL PRESENTATION ON CORONAVIRUS
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to:•Describe the importance of early recognition of patients with SARI.•Recognize patients with severe pneumonia.•Recognize patients with ARDS.•Recognize patients with sepsis and septic shock.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEPSIS AND ARDS / SARI PATIENTSSandro Zorzi
Presentation from the openwho elearning course on coronavirus
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to:•Describe the importance of early recognition of patients with SARI.•Recognize patients with severe pneumonia.•Recognize patients with ARDS.•Recognize patients with sepsis and septic shock.|
WHO CME ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP ITALY
• Articulate the principles of antimicrobial use in surgical
prophylaxis
• Describe how key institution-specific protocols can improve
the use of antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis
• Appreciate the importance of pre-operative dosing and limiting
prophylactic antimicrobials to the duration of the surgical
procedure
WHO CME ANTIBIOTC STEWARDSHIP ITALY
• Describe appropriate blood culture specimen collection techniques to reduce opportunities for contamination, which can lead to inappropriate antimicrobial use
• Review framework for appropriate antimicrobial prescribing for
patients with suspected blood stream infections (BSI).
• Demonstrate opportunities for collaboration between clinicians and microbiologist to achieve the dual goals of antimicrobial and
diagnostic stewardship
• Effectively use initial assessment to differentiate between viral and
bacterial respiratory tract infections determine appropriate empiric
antimicrobial therapy highlighting the importance of establishing the
correct diagnosis
• Utilize patient specific clinical and microbiologic data to reassess the
appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy
• Emphasize the role of vaccination and hand hygiene in the
prevention of lower respiratory tract infections and the role of the
clinician in educating patients about these interventions
WHO Italian CME course an antibiotic stewardship
• Understand the frequent occurrence and implications of
contaminated urine cultures and of asymptomatic bacteriuria
• Illustrate the complexity of using urinalysis and urine culture to
support the diagnosis of urinary tract infections
• Demonstrate the use of local evidence-based guidelines based
upon local antimicrobial resistance data in managing urinary tract infections
• Recognize that the majority of reported penicillin allergies are
not confirmed upon testing and expose patients to undue
harm
• Understand when diagnostic testing, including skin testing, is
indicated to confirm an antimicrobial allergy
• Employ strategies to determine if cephalosporins can be used
in patients with reported penicillin allergies.
Antimicrobial resistance for cliniciansSandro Zorzi
Slide from WHO CME ITALIAN COURSE
Antimicrobial resistance for clinicians
Core competencies for antimicrobial prescribing:
Understands the patient and the patient’s clinical needs
Understands treatment options and how they support the
patient’s clinical needs
Works in partnership with the patient and other healthcare
professionals to develop and implement a treatment plan
Communicates the treatment plan and its rationale clearly to
the patient and other health professionals
Monitors and reviews the patient’s response to treatment
Pharmacology of antimicrobials for clinicians: select topicsSandro Zorzi
Slides from the WHO Italian CME Antimicrobial stewardship
Introduce basic concepts of
pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials
• Describe oral bioavailability of antimicrobials
• Illustrate the concept of time-dependent antimicrobials
and describe optimizing the use of beta-lactam
antibiotics using prolonged infusion.
General anesthesia & obstetrics part IISandro Zorzi
→ Discuss indications of general anesthesia for operative delivery
→ Explain aspiration risk for general anesthesia in pregnancy and prevention strategy
Outline anaesthesia plan of care for induction, maintenance and emergency
Describe effect of volatile anaesthetics on uterine blood flow and tone
Discuss intraoperative strategies to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting
Discuss other complications of general anaesthesia and clinical management
General anesthesia & obstetrics part IIISandro Zorzi
→ Discuss indications of general anesthesia for operative delivery
→ Explain aspiration risk for general anesthesia in pregnancy and prevention strategy
Outline anaesthesia plan of care for induction, maintenance and emergency
Describe effect of volatile anaesthetics on uterine blood flow and tone
Discuss intraoperative strategies to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting
Discuss other complications of general anaesthesia and clinical management
General anesthesia & obstetrics- c-section part ISandro Zorzi
→ Discuss indications of general anesthesia for operative delivery
→ Explain aspiration risk for general anesthesia in pregnancy and prevention strategy
Outline anaesthesia plan of care for induction, maintenance and emergency
Describe effect of volatile anaesthetics on uterine blood flow and tone
Discuss intraoperative strategies to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting
Discuss other complications of general anaesthesia and clinical management
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. CONTENT:
• Types of pain
• Assess the pain and pain scales
• Treating pain according to the pain scale
All of subjected will be discussed briefly and in perspective of our work
MATERIALS:
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948069-overview#a3
https://www.change-pain.com/grt-change-pain-
portal/change_pain_home/chronic_pain/physician/physician_tools/picture_library/en_EN/312500026.jsp
MSF Clinical Guidelines and MSF protocols
3. WHAT IS PAIN?
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual
or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.IASP
DEFINITION 1979
4. PAIN ASSESSMENT:
● ONSET: MECHANISM OF INJURY OR ETIOLOGY OF PAIN, IF
IDENTIFIABLE
● LOCATION/DISTRIBUTION
● DURATION (ACUTE PAIN < 3 MONTHS,CHRONIC > 3
MONTHS) COURSE/TEMPORAL PATTERN
● CHARACTER AND QUALITY OF THE PAIN
● AGGRAVATING/PROVOKING FACTORS
● ALLEVIATING FACTORS AND ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS
● SEVERITY: INTENSITY OR IMPACT ON FUNCTION, SLEEP,
MOOD
● BARRIERS TO PAIN ASSESSMENThttps://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948069-overview#a3
5. PAIN SCALES:
Pain measurement tools may be categorized as either single-dimensional or
multidimensional scales. The measures require patient self-report on an aspect or
aspects of the pain.
Single-dimensional scales: SVS,VRS, NRS, VAS etc etc
Multidimensional scales: Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire, Brief Pain Inventory….etc etc
7. TREATMENT OF NOCICEPTIVE PAIN
– Pain can only be treated correctly if it is correctly evaluated. The only person who can evaluate the
intensity of pain is the patient himself. The use of pain assessment scales is invaluable.
– The pain evaluation observations should be recorded in the patient chart in the same fashion as other vital
signs.
– Treatment of pain should be as prompt as possible.
– It is recommended to administer analgesics in advance when appropriate (e.g. before painful care
procedures).
– Analgesics should be prescribed and administered at fixed time intervals (not on demand).
– Oral forms should be used whenever possible.
– The combination of different analgesic drugs (multimodal analgesia) is advantageous.
– Start with an analgesic from the level presumed most effective: e.g., in the event of a fractured femur, start
with a Step 3 analgesic.
– The treatment and dose chosen are guided by the assessment of pain intensity, but also by the patient’s
8. By the ladder:
If pain occurs there should be prompt administration of
drugs
in the following order:
• non-opiods (e. g. acetaminophen)
• as necessary, mild opiods (e. g. codeine)
• then strong opiods (e. g. morphine or
hydromorphone) until the patient is free of pain
By the mouth:
The oral route is usually the preferred route for ease of
use in
a variety of care settings. However, it may not be
possible for
all patients (e.g. end-of-life, unconscious, swallowing
issues).
When the oral route is not feasible, the least invasive
route
should be considered (e.g. sub-lingual or sub-cutaneous
before intra-venous.).
By the clock:
To maintain freedom from pain, drugs should be given “by the
clock” or “around the clock” rather than only “on
demand” (i.e. PRN). This means they are given on a regularly
scheduled basis. The frequency will depend on whether it is a
long- or short-acting preparation
TREATMENT OF NOCICEPTIVE PAIN
Treatment depends on the type and intensity of the
pain. It may be both aetiological and symptomatic
if a treatable cause is identified. Treatment is
symptomatic only in other cases (no cause found,
non-curable disease).
9. Management of NeuropathicPain :
Neuropathic pain treatment should be multimodal, including pharmacological
treatment, rehabilitation and psychologic support
FIRST LINE TREATMENT
1. ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Amitriptyline
2. ANTICONSULSIVANTS
GABAPENTINE
10. ....IS IT TRUE OR
FALSE…??
❏ Self-report of pain is the single most reliable indicator of pain.
❏ The caregiver is the best judge of pain.
❏ Patients do no always verbalize their pain but express it is other ways
❏ Everyone experiences pain differently
❏ A person with pain will always have obvious signs such as moaning, abnormal vital
signs, or not eating.
❏ Addiction is common when opioid medications are prescribed.
❏ Pain medication should be given only after the patient develops pain.
❏ Pain is what a patient says it is.
❏ Pain is totally subjective.
❏ Patients do no always verbalize their pain but express it is other ways.
❏ Everyone experiences pain differently.
❏ One person’s report of severe pain may seem like almost nothing compared to
another.