This document discusses nursing management of pain. It defines pain, describes types of pain such as acute and chronic pain, and the physiology of pain including transduction, transmission, modulation and perception. It also discusses factors affecting pain, assessment of pain using subjective and objective methods, pharmacological management with non-opioid and opioid analgesics, and non-pharmacological approaches. The roles and interventions of nurses in comprehensive pain management are outlined.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
this topic is about sleep, stages of sleep, types of sleep, factors influencing sleep, sleep disorders and their management and various interventions to promote sleep
Nsg care with Fluid & Electrolyte imbalance.pptxAbhishek Joshi
Helpful for first year GNM and B.Sc. Nurses students.
Keep Reading and i will keep uploading...i want to enhance the nursing profession and provide an ideal nursing care to one and every students of India. Thanks
this topic explains the nature of pain, signs and symptoms of pain, different types of pain, factors influencing pain, assessment of pain and pharmacological and non pharmacological management of pain.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
this topic is about sleep, stages of sleep, types of sleep, factors influencing sleep, sleep disorders and their management and various interventions to promote sleep
Nsg care with Fluid & Electrolyte imbalance.pptxAbhishek Joshi
Helpful for first year GNM and B.Sc. Nurses students.
Keep Reading and i will keep uploading...i want to enhance the nursing profession and provide an ideal nursing care to one and every students of India. Thanks
this topic explains the nature of pain, signs and symptoms of pain, different types of pain, factors influencing pain, assessment of pain and pharmacological and non pharmacological management of pain.
In this presentation I have tried to explain in brief about pain management, different types of pain, its diagnostic criteria, its physiology, and its treatment approaches both pharmacological and non pharmacological
Different descriptions of Pain, Pain Pathways, Specific Types of pains and their management, Pharmacological treatment of pain and non-pharmacological maneuvers to relieve pain, WHO ladder of pain, Chronic Pain management Goals
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. DEFINITIONOFPAIN
“Pain is complex multifactorial phenomenon
which includes an emotional experience
associated with actual as potential”
-MERSKEY & BUGDULK, 1994
The International Association for the Study of
Pain (IASP) defines pain as a "sensory and
emotional experience associated with tissue
damage or described in terms of such
damage."
3. TYPES OF PAIN
ACUTE PAIN: Acute pain is a type of pain that typically lasts less than
3 to 6 months, or pain that is directly related to soft tissue damage
such as a sprained ankle or a paper cut. Acute pain is of short duration
but it gradually resolves as the injured tissues heal.
CHRONIC PAIN: Is pain that is ongoing and usually lasts longer than
six months. This type of pain can continue even after the injury or
illness that caused it has healed or gone away.
NOCICEPTIVE PAIN: Pain from physical damage or potential damage
to the body.
SOMATIC PAIN: Pain that includes skin pain, tissue pain,
or muscle pain.
VISCERAL PAIN: Pain that arises from internal organ.
Visceral pain often is diffuse or vaguely localized.
NEUROPATHIC PAIN:
Pain that originates in peripheral nerves or the central nervous system
4. PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN
THERE ARE FOUR MAJOR PROCESSES:
TRANSDUCTION, TRANSMISSION, MODULATION, AND PERCEPTION.
1. TRANSDUCTION REFERS TO THE PROCESSES BY WHICH TISSUE-
DAMAGING STIMULI ACTIVATE NERVE ENDINGS.
2. TRANSMISSION REFERS TO THE RELAY FUNCTIONS BY WHICH THE
MESSAGE IS CARRIED FROM THE SITE OF TISSUE INJURY TO THE
BRAIN REGIONS UNDERLYING PERCEPTION.
3. MODULATION IS A RECENTLY DISCOVERED NEURAL PROCESS
THAT ACTS SPECIFICALLY TO REDUCE ACTIVITY IN THE
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
4. PERCEPTION IS THE SUBJECTIVE AWARENESS PRODUCED BY
SENSORY SIGNALS; IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF MANY
SENSORY MESSAGES INTO A COHERENT AND MEANINGFUL
WHOLE. PERCEPTION IS A COMPLEX FUNCTION OF SEVERAL
PROCESSES, INCLUDING ATTENTION, EXPECTATION, AND
5.
6. FACTORS AFFECTING PAIN
• PHYSIOLOGICAL
• AGE
• FATIGUE
• GENETIC MAKEUP
• MEMORY
• STRESS RESPONSE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
• FEAR AND ANXIETY
• COPING
• CULTURAL
• RACE AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES
• CULTURE VALUES OR DISVALUES, THE DISPLAY OF EMOTIONS,
POSTURAL MOBILITY OR VERBAL EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO PAIN OR
INJURY.
• SOME CULTURAL GROUPS EXPECT AN EXTRAVAGANT DISPLAY OF
EMOTION IN THE PRESENCE OF PAIN, BUT OTHERS VALUE STOICISM,
RESTRAINT AND PLAYING DOWN THE PAIN.
7. ASSESSMENT OF PAIN
The pain assessment involves an overall
appraisal of the factors that may influence a
patients experience and expression of pain
Assessment includes
SUBJECTIVE DATA
OBJECTIVE DATA
8. A. SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
1. PAIN HISTORY
While taking pain history, nurse must provide an
opportunity for clients to express in their own
words, how they view it and their situation
This will help the nurse to understand means of
pain to client and how the client is coping with
it.
9. 2. ONSET AND DURATION OF OCCURRENCE:
- When did pain begin?
- How long has it lasted?
- Does it occur at same time each day?
- How often does it occurs?
10. 3. LOCATION
- In which area it is felt? Do the area differ
under different circumstances?
- If several parts of body are painful, do pain
occur simultaneously?
- Is pain unilateral / bilateral?
- Ask the individual to point site of discomfort
11. 4. INTENSITY
- Use of pain intensity scale is an easy and
reliable method of determining the clients
pain intensity
- Most scales are either 0 to 5 or 0 to 10
- Currently used scales are:
• Numerical scale
• Descriptive scale
• Visual analog scale
12. PAIN ASSESSMENT SCALE
1. NUMERICAL RATING SCALE
A numerical rating scale with the range of 0 to
10 is another type of pain scale that is used
The word “no pain” appear by “0” and “worst
pain possible” is found by “10”
Patient are asked to choose a number from 0
to 10 that best reflects his/her level of pain
13.
14. 2. VERBAL RATING SCALES
Verbal pain scales as name suggests, use words
to describe pain. Word such as no pain, mild
pain, moderate pain & severe pain are used to
describe pain levels.
15. 3. VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALES:
- VSA use a vertical or horizontal line with
words that convey “no pain” at one end and
“worst pain” at opposite end
- Patient is asked to place a mark along line that
indicates his/her level of pain.
16. WONG-BAKER FACES PAIN RATING
SCALEWith the wong-baker pain scale, six faces are
used that are numbered 0 to 5 underneath
Face 0 is a happy face
Face 2 is still smiling
Face 4 is not smiling or frowning
Face 6 is starting to frown
Face 8 is definitely frowning
Face 10 is crying
17.
18. B. OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
1. BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS:
Assess verbalization, vocal response, facial
and body movements & social interaction
Facial expression is often 1st indication of pain
& may be only one manifestation
Vocalization like moaning, groaning, crying,
grunting, screaming are associated with pain.
19. 2. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES:
It vary with the origin and duration of pain
Early in onset of acute pain, the symapthetic
nervous system is stimulated
Results in increased blood pressure, pulse
rate, respiration, pallor, diaphoresis and pupil
dilation
20. P-Q-R-S-T FORMAT
PROVOCATION: how the injury occurred &
what activities increase or decrease the pain
QUALITY: characteristics of pain
REFERRAL/ RADIATION
Referred: site distant to damaged tissue that
does not follow course of peripheral nerve
Radiating: follows peripheral nerve, diffuse
pain
21. QUESTION TO ASK ABOUT PAIN
PATTERN: onset & duration
AREA: location
INTENSITY: level
NATURE: description
23. PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
OF PAIN
• TYPES OF ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS
ANALGESIC DRUGS CAN BE
• DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS:
• NON-OPIOID
- ALSO REFERRED TO AS NON-
NARCOTIC, PERIPHERAL, MILD &
ANTIPYRETIC AGENTS
• OPIOIDS
- ALSO CALLED NARCOTIC, CENTRAL
OR STRONG AGENTS
25. SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS OF
PAIN
• CORDOTOMY: DIVISION OF CERTAIN TRACTS OF THE
SPINAL CORD . CORDOTOMY IS PERFORMED TO
INTERRUPT THE TRANSMISSION OF PAIN.
• RHIZOTOMY: SENSORY NERVE ROOTS ARE DESTROYED
WHERE THEY ENTER THE SPINAL CORD.
26. NURSES ROLE IN PAIN
MANAGEMENT
• PLANNING
• GOALS AND OUTCOMES
• EX: GOAL- “THE CLIENT WILL ACHIEVE A SATISFACTORY LEVEL OF
PAIN RELIEF WITHIN 24 HOURS”; POSSIBLE OUTCOMES-“ REPORTING THAT
THE PAIN IS A 3 OR LESS ON SCALE, USING PAIN RELIEF MEASURES SAFELY”
• SETTING PRIORITIES:
• EX: PAIN RELATED TO INCISIONAL PAIN CAN BE REDUCED BY
ANALGESICS BUT PAIN RELATED TO EARLYLABOR CONTRACTIONS WILL
ONLY REDUCED BY RELAXATION EXCERCISES.
• CONTINUITY OF CARE:
• A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN INCLUDES A VARIETY OFRESOURCES
FOR PAIN CONTROL WHICH INCLUDE NURSE SPECIALISTS, DOCTORS OF
PHARMACOLOLOGY, PHYSICAL THERAPIST, OCCUPATIONALTHERAPIST.
27. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
1. Ineffective airway clearance r/t chest pain
2. Anxiety r/t past experience of poor control of pain
3. Altered health maintenance r/t chronic pain
4. Impaired physical mobility r/t asthmatic pain perception
5. Knowledge deficit r/t pain
6. Self-care deficit r/t pain or disease condition
7. Ineffective coping
8. Disturbed sleep pattern
9. Impaired social interaction
10. Ineffective role performance
28. NURSING INTERVENTION
Use pain assessment scale to identify intensity
of pain
Assess and record pain & its characteristics,
condition, quality, frequency & duration
Administer analgesics as prescribed to
promote optimal pain
Document severity of patient pain on chart
29. Identify & encourage patient to use strategies
that have been successful with previous pain
Consider cultural influence on response
Eliminate the factors that increase the pain
experienced
Teach the use of non pharmacological therapy
techniques