Single crystals of Cobalt doped Barium tartrate crystals were grown by single diffusion technique at room temperature. Effect of Cobalt doping in the Barium tartarate crystals has been studied and reported. The XRD pattern shows that Cobalt barium tartarate crystals are polycrystalline in nature and having orthorhombic structure. SEM pictures infer that crystals were grown by layer deposition. The elemental analysis has been carried out by EDAX. The chemical analysis has been performed by FTIR to denote the functional group of grown crystal. The thermal stability has been studied by the TGA, DTG and DSC.
Study of Titanium Surface Modification & Collagen Grafting for dental implantsIkhwan Hidayat
The document discusses research on modifying titanium surfaces for dental implants. The goals are to immobilize collagen onto titanium through a coupling agent to improve osseointegration. The methodology includes blasting titanium with hydroxyapatite or aluminum oxide, acid etching, grafting with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and collagen coating. Preliminary results found hydroxyapatite blasting produced lower surface roughness than aluminum oxide blasting and acid etching reduced roughness. Future plans include heat treatment, XPS analysis, and cell tests to evaluate collagen coatings.
Synthesis and characterization of some doped and undoped cadmium iodate cryst...ieijjournal
Cadmium iodate [Cd (IO3)2] crystals were grown by single diffusion gel technique. Growth conditions were
optimized. Optimum growth conditions are reported. The crystals were doped by impurities such as Cu+2
and Fe+3. Structure of crystals was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction method. Effect of doping on
structure is studied. Slight change in lattice parameter values is reported. Thermal studies of doped and
undoped crystals are reported. Thermal analysis exhibits two steps explicitly on heating the samples. The
first step involves decomposition reaction in the temperature range 500 - 5800C, giving products Cd5
(IO6)2, I2, and O2. In the second step, decomposition reaction in the temperature range 580 - 6200C, yields
solid product, Cd5 (IO4)2 after reaction. Powder second harmonic generation experiments prove nonlinear
nature of the substance. Nonlinear coefficient values,‘d’ of doped and undoped samples are reported. Cu+2
doped samples stop the generation of second harmonic signal. Fe+3 doped samples generate second
harmonic signal, but the value of nonlinear coefficient is smaller than undoped sample.
Effect of Annealing and Time of Crystallization on Structural and Optical Pro...IOSR Journals
In this report pure poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films were prepared by casting method using acetone solvent. The crystallization of both α and β phase from acetone solvent by varying the time of crystallization has been described. This paper also describes the enhancement of β phase at different annealing condition. β phase dominant thin films were obtained when as cast thin films were annealed at 90 ºC for 5 hours. The PVDF films with dominant α-phase were obtained, when time of crystallization is extend. From (X-ray diffraction) XRD and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) it is confirmed that the PVDF thin films, cast from acetone solution and annealed at 90 ºC for 5 hours, have maximum percentage of β-phase. Presence of the crystalline α and β phases in each sample was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We found that of PVDF when crystallized from its acetone solutions led to the formation of β phase. UV-visible optical absorption analysis revealed a change in the optical gap and shift in absorption edge with annealing temperature.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of fluoridation and densification of hydroxyapatite (HA) composite material with the addition of titanium fluoride (TiF4). Five HA composite samples were prepared with varying weight percentages of TiF4 using a sol-gel technique and sintered at 1250°C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of fluoridated apatite and other calcium compounds in the sintered samples. Scanning electron microscopy revealed reduced porosity with increasing TiF4 content. The highest relative density of 96.42% was achieved for the sample with 19% TiF4. Mechanical testing demonstrated that Vickers hardness and bending strength increased with TiF4
Comparative Study on Ti Surface Modified by Grit Blasting and Acid Etching fo...Ikhwan Hidayat
The document summarizes a study that compares the effects of grit blasting and acid etching on titanium surfaces for dental implants. Specifically, it examines modifying titanium surfaces with hydroxyapatite (HA) or aluminum oxide (Al2O3) grit blasting followed by treatment with phosphoric acid or nitric acid. Key results include that acid etching successfully removed calcium/phosphorus from HA-blasted surfaces but left aluminum/oxygen on Al2O3 surfaces. Al2O3 blasting produced rougher surfaces than HA blasting. Cell proliferation tests showed etched samples supported better growth, with HA samples performing best and residual Al2O3 grits not negatively impacting integration. The study concludes both methods could be suitable
The document describes the preparation of SnO2/C biomorphic materials through a biotemplating process using ramie fibers. Specifically:
- Ramie fibers were impregnated with Sn(OH)4 sol using ultrasonic treatment and then sintered under vacuum at temperatures from 480-630°C for 20-60 minutes to produce SnO2/C composites.
- Characterization showed the sintering temperature and holding time affected the crystal structure, morphology, and composition of the final materials. SnO2 formed from the decomposition of Sn(OH)4 at around 345°C.
- When sintered at 630°C, SnO was also observed forming through
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of ferrate (VI) alkali metal (Na2FeO4) using a wet method. Na2FeO4 was synthesized between 50-55°C by oxidizing ferric sulfate with sodium hypochlorite in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. The synthesized Na2FeO4 was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy and XRD confirmed the formation of Na2FeO4. TGA showed decomposition peaks around 100°C and 295°C. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the degradation of Fe(VI) to Fe(III)
Growth and Analysis of Urea Thiourea Sodium Sulphate CrystalIOSR Journals
Urea Thiourea Sodium sulphate (UTNS) crystal have been grown from aqueous solution by slow
evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure was confirmed by powder XRD technique and
it reveals that UTNS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system. Microstructure and compositions of the grown
single crystal UTNS was carried out by SEM with EDS. The molecular structures present in the crystal were
identified by recording the FTIR spectrum. Optical property was established by UV-Visible spectrum and the
mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by the Vicker’s microhardness test.
Study of Titanium Surface Modification & Collagen Grafting for dental implantsIkhwan Hidayat
The document discusses research on modifying titanium surfaces for dental implants. The goals are to immobilize collagen onto titanium through a coupling agent to improve osseointegration. The methodology includes blasting titanium with hydroxyapatite or aluminum oxide, acid etching, grafting with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and collagen coating. Preliminary results found hydroxyapatite blasting produced lower surface roughness than aluminum oxide blasting and acid etching reduced roughness. Future plans include heat treatment, XPS analysis, and cell tests to evaluate collagen coatings.
Synthesis and characterization of some doped and undoped cadmium iodate cryst...ieijjournal
Cadmium iodate [Cd (IO3)2] crystals were grown by single diffusion gel technique. Growth conditions were
optimized. Optimum growth conditions are reported. The crystals were doped by impurities such as Cu+2
and Fe+3. Structure of crystals was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction method. Effect of doping on
structure is studied. Slight change in lattice parameter values is reported. Thermal studies of doped and
undoped crystals are reported. Thermal analysis exhibits two steps explicitly on heating the samples. The
first step involves decomposition reaction in the temperature range 500 - 5800C, giving products Cd5
(IO6)2, I2, and O2. In the second step, decomposition reaction in the temperature range 580 - 6200C, yields
solid product, Cd5 (IO4)2 after reaction. Powder second harmonic generation experiments prove nonlinear
nature of the substance. Nonlinear coefficient values,‘d’ of doped and undoped samples are reported. Cu+2
doped samples stop the generation of second harmonic signal. Fe+3 doped samples generate second
harmonic signal, but the value of nonlinear coefficient is smaller than undoped sample.
Effect of Annealing and Time of Crystallization on Structural and Optical Pro...IOSR Journals
In this report pure poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films were prepared by casting method using acetone solvent. The crystallization of both α and β phase from acetone solvent by varying the time of crystallization has been described. This paper also describes the enhancement of β phase at different annealing condition. β phase dominant thin films were obtained when as cast thin films were annealed at 90 ºC for 5 hours. The PVDF films with dominant α-phase were obtained, when time of crystallization is extend. From (X-ray diffraction) XRD and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) it is confirmed that the PVDF thin films, cast from acetone solution and annealed at 90 ºC for 5 hours, have maximum percentage of β-phase. Presence of the crystalline α and β phases in each sample was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We found that of PVDF when crystallized from its acetone solutions led to the formation of β phase. UV-visible optical absorption analysis revealed a change in the optical gap and shift in absorption edge with annealing temperature.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of fluoridation and densification of hydroxyapatite (HA) composite material with the addition of titanium fluoride (TiF4). Five HA composite samples were prepared with varying weight percentages of TiF4 using a sol-gel technique and sintered at 1250°C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of fluoridated apatite and other calcium compounds in the sintered samples. Scanning electron microscopy revealed reduced porosity with increasing TiF4 content. The highest relative density of 96.42% was achieved for the sample with 19% TiF4. Mechanical testing demonstrated that Vickers hardness and bending strength increased with TiF4
Comparative Study on Ti Surface Modified by Grit Blasting and Acid Etching fo...Ikhwan Hidayat
The document summarizes a study that compares the effects of grit blasting and acid etching on titanium surfaces for dental implants. Specifically, it examines modifying titanium surfaces with hydroxyapatite (HA) or aluminum oxide (Al2O3) grit blasting followed by treatment with phosphoric acid or nitric acid. Key results include that acid etching successfully removed calcium/phosphorus from HA-blasted surfaces but left aluminum/oxygen on Al2O3 surfaces. Al2O3 blasting produced rougher surfaces than HA blasting. Cell proliferation tests showed etched samples supported better growth, with HA samples performing best and residual Al2O3 grits not negatively impacting integration. The study concludes both methods could be suitable
The document describes the preparation of SnO2/C biomorphic materials through a biotemplating process using ramie fibers. Specifically:
- Ramie fibers were impregnated with Sn(OH)4 sol using ultrasonic treatment and then sintered under vacuum at temperatures from 480-630°C for 20-60 minutes to produce SnO2/C composites.
- Characterization showed the sintering temperature and holding time affected the crystal structure, morphology, and composition of the final materials. SnO2 formed from the decomposition of Sn(OH)4 at around 345°C.
- When sintered at 630°C, SnO was also observed forming through
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of ferrate (VI) alkali metal (Na2FeO4) using a wet method. Na2FeO4 was synthesized between 50-55°C by oxidizing ferric sulfate with sodium hypochlorite in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. The synthesized Na2FeO4 was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy and XRD confirmed the formation of Na2FeO4. TGA showed decomposition peaks around 100°C and 295°C. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the degradation of Fe(VI) to Fe(III)
Growth and Analysis of Urea Thiourea Sodium Sulphate CrystalIOSR Journals
Urea Thiourea Sodium sulphate (UTNS) crystal have been grown from aqueous solution by slow
evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure was confirmed by powder XRD technique and
it reveals that UTNS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system. Microstructure and compositions of the grown
single crystal UTNS was carried out by SEM with EDS. The molecular structures present in the crystal were
identified by recording the FTIR spectrum. Optical property was established by UV-Visible spectrum and the
mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by the Vicker’s microhardness test.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document summarizes a study on the sintering mechanism of silica gel nanoparticles during initial heating stages. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss up to 600°C attributed to removal of absorbed water and hydroxyl groups. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed bonding changes - bridged hydroxyl groups were replaced by free hydroxyl and water molecules with heating. Heating also increased asymmetric stretching splitting, indicating greater long-range Coulombic forces from increased siloxane bonding between particles. The study concludes initial sintering is driven by dehydration and surface hydroxyl condensation forming siloxane bonds between particles.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by TPPMB in HCl solution (Khayat)[1]Ibrahim Abdel-Rahman
This document summarizes a study on using P,P0-Bis (triphenylphosphonio) methyl benzophenone dibromide (TPPMB) as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1M hydrochloric acid solution. Weight loss experiments were conducted on steel samples in 1M HCl with and without various concentrations of TPPMB at temperatures ranging from 303K to 343K. TPPMB was found to be a highly effective inhibitor, providing up to 98% inhibition at 303K with a 2×10-5M concentration. Higher temperatures decreased the inhibition effectiveness as adsorption of the inhibitor on the steel surface decreased with increasing temperature. The study demonstrates the potential of TPPMB as a corrosion inhibitor for
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study on increasing the salt fog corrosion resistance of plasma nitrided AISI 4340 steel through a pulsed plasma post-oxidation process. Key findings:
1) Post-oxidation treatment produces an oxidized layer on the nitrided surface that fills and seals pores, improving corrosion resistance.
2) Samples post-oxidized for 15 minutes showed the best corrosion performance when exposed to salt fog, with only 1/16 as much red rust as nitrided samples alone.
3) X-ray diffraction analysis found the oxidized layer consisted mainly of magnetite iron oxide, which provides high corrosion resistance.
Catalyst Synthesis by Solvothermal Process (Ghanekar,Deshmukh)_Prof PN Dange-...Gandhar Ghanekar
Iron molybdate catalyst was synthesized using a solvothermal process for photocatalytic applications. Monoclinic and orthorhombic iron(II) molybdate micro-sized particles were selectively prepared based on pH, temperature, and reaction time. The catalyst has unique 3D architectures and can be used to decompose dyes and other organic contaminants photocatalytically. Parameters like pH, concentration, temperature, and time were optimized to produce the catalyst and for its application in degrading methylene blue dye. The catalyst showed potential for scale-up and other industrial applications.
Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.
CHEMICAL DURABILITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHOSPHATE GLASSES CONTAINING ...ijac123
This document summarizes research on the chemical durability and characterization of phosphate glasses containing iron, sodium, and chromium. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and chemical durability tests via water immersion were performed. The glasses were found to be amorphous and showed improved chemical durability compared to borosilicate glass, with dissolution rates over 50 times lower. The addition of chromium was found to decrease the melting temperature while improving chemical resistance, likely due to the formation of P-O-Cr bonds which are more resistant to water corrosion than P-O-P bonds.
Ni ion release of ti o2 and tio2 hydroxylapatite composite coatings formedIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of TiO2 and TiO2/HA composite coatings on nickel ion release from porous NiTi shape memory alloy implants. Porous NiTi samples were produced by powder metallurgy and coated using H2O2 oxidation to form TiO2 and a combined H2O2/KOH treatment followed by immersion in simulated body fluid to form a TiO2/HA composite coating. Nickel ion release testing in saline solution found that TiO2 coating alone was insufficient to reduce nickel ion levels below safety thresholds, but the TiO2/HA composite coating was able to maintain lower nickel ion levels over time. The coatings were characterized using XRD to analyze phase composition.
This document discusses the preparation of wollastonite from raw materials like eggshells and soda lime silica glass. Wollastonite is composed of calcium and silica. The methodology involves collecting and processing eggshells and glass to extract calcium oxide and silica. These are then mixed, melted, and heat treated to form wollastonite. The synthesized material will be analyzed using techniques like XRD and FTIR to determine its structure and composition. The analysis is expected to show that wollastonite is formed in its crystalline phase with dominant elements of calcium and silica.
1 ijcmp oct-2017-3-synthesis and characterizationAI Publications
Melt quench experimental method was used to prepare a new B2O3 based bioactive glasses with low lithium bromide and low lithium fluoride content. The aim of this work is to investigate the bioactivity nature of prepared glass samples with composition Na2O-LiBr-SrO-CdO-B2O3-P2O5 and Na2O-LiF-SrO-CdO-B2O3-P2O5.The melt derived glass ceramics were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). For In vitro studies, the bone bonding ability is evaluated by examining the formation of hydroxyl apatite layer (HCA) on its surface when treated in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) for few days. SEM and EDS analysis were used for surface morphology of the glass ceramics as well as to detect the presence of crystalline phase hydroxyl carbonate apatite (HCA) formation onto the surface of glass ceramics. SEM and EDS confirms the in vitro bioactivity of glass ceramics.
This presentation summarizes a student project on synthesizing and characterizing hydroxyapatite powder. The students will use calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and phosphoric pentoxide as raw materials to synthesize hydroxyapatite via a sol-gel method. They will characterize the synthesized powder. Their literature review found that prior studies synthesized hydroxyapatite through various methods but did not compare crystal growth at different sintering temperatures, which will be the focus of this study. The goals are to synthesize hydroxyapatite powder through sol-gel and characterize it while modulating the properties by changing sintering temperature.
A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Ac...ijtsrd
The Schiff base 2 3,4 dihydroxy 5 nitrophenyl methylidene hydrazine 1 carbothioamide DHNPMHC synthesized by condensation of 3,4 dihydroxcy 5 nitro benzaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide. The structure of Schiff base was characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR and UV – Vis methods. The inhibition efficiency of DHNPMHC towards the corrosion of iron in 0.5M HCl was investigated using weight loss measurement technique. Results showed that DHNPMHC is an effective inhibitor for iron corrosion in 0.5M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency also increased with concentration of inhibitor increased. The maximum corrosion inhibition e ciency of inhibitor reported at 5 5X10 5M inhibitor concentration is 89.52 . Adsorption of the inhibitor on the iron surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Sanjay Kumar | Dr. Yogesh Chahar | Dr. V. K. Swami "A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Acidic Medium" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/45226/a-study-of-newly-schiff-base-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-metal-corrosion-in-acidic-medium/sanjay-kumar
Growth and Characterization of Manganese (II) Sulphate and L-Lysine doped Man...Editor IJCATR
Single crystals of Manganese (II)sulphate doped with basic amino acid L-Lysine were grown successfully by slow
evaporation method at ambient temperature. The concentration of dopants in the mother solution was varied from 1gm to 2gm. The
solubility data for all dopant concentration were determined. The semiorganic material LMnSO4 was synthesized and its structure was
confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study confirms the incorporation of L-Lysine
into MnSO4 crystal. The doped crystals are optically better and more transparent than the pure ones having wide transmission spectra
lying between 190 and 1100 nm. The dopant increases the hardness value of the material and it also depends on the concentration of
the dopant.The dielectric loss of the material was calculated using dieletric measurement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of excessive homemade dental bleaching on human enamel morphology using external bleaching agents. 20 human third molars were divided into 4 groups and subjected to bleaching sessions using 16% or 22% carbamide peroxide. Scanning electron microscopy showed depression areas, irregularities, erosion, and enamel prisms exposure in the bleached enamel, which was more evident in the group bleached 3 times with 22% carbamide peroxide. The study concluded that excessive bleaching can produce many alterations to the enamel surface, especially when using higher concentrations of carbamide peroxide.
Effect of the pillar ligand on preventing agglomeration of ZnO nanoparticles ...Iranian Chemical Society
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) represent a new class of highly porous materials. On this regard, two nano porous metal-organic frameworks of [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(H2O)2∙(DMF)2]n (1) and [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(dabco)]·4DMF·1⁄2H2O (2), (1,4-bdc = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) were synthesized and characterized. They were used for preparation of ZnO nanomaterials. With calcination of 1, agglomerated ZnO nanoparticles could be fabricated, but by the same process on 2, the tendency of ZnO nanoparticles to agglomeration was decreased. In addition, the ZnO nanoparticles prepared from compound 2 had smaller diameter than those obtained from compound 1. In fact, the role of organic dabco ligands in 2 is similar to the role of polymeric stabilizers in formation of nanoparticles. Finally, considering the various applications of ZnO nanomaterials such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, photodiodes, gas sensors and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), it seems that preparation of ZnO nanomaterials from their MOFs could be one of the simple and effective methods which may be applied for preparation of them.
Design of Digital Predistortion Technique for RF Power Amplifier using Memory...IJERA Editor
Linearization of power amplifier has been an area of intense research from the last many years. The various types of linearization techniques are available for linearising PA but Digital Predistortion technique has been observed as one of the most common and effective method. But due to the issues like memory effects and exact characterization of non-linear behaviour of power amplifier, the implementation of existing predistortion technique suffers. So in this paper, a digital predistorter based on memory polynomial has been proposed that takes care of above mentioned issues. The presented technique is easy to implement and simple.
This document discusses a proposed method for improving power quality using a distributed power flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is similar in structure to a unified power flow controller but eliminates the common DC link between converters. It uses a single shunt converter and multiple independent series converters connected along the transmission line. The DPFC is able to control transmission line parameters like impedance, angle, and voltage. It can mitigate issues like voltage sags and current swells. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the DPFC effectively improves power quality by reducing sags, swells, and harmonics when a three-phase fault is applied to the system.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document summarizes a study on the sintering mechanism of silica gel nanoparticles during initial heating stages. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss up to 600°C attributed to removal of absorbed water and hydroxyl groups. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed bonding changes - bridged hydroxyl groups were replaced by free hydroxyl and water molecules with heating. Heating also increased asymmetric stretching splitting, indicating greater long-range Coulombic forces from increased siloxane bonding between particles. The study concludes initial sintering is driven by dehydration and surface hydroxyl condensation forming siloxane bonds between particles.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by TPPMB in HCl solution (Khayat)[1]Ibrahim Abdel-Rahman
This document summarizes a study on using P,P0-Bis (triphenylphosphonio) methyl benzophenone dibromide (TPPMB) as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1M hydrochloric acid solution. Weight loss experiments were conducted on steel samples in 1M HCl with and without various concentrations of TPPMB at temperatures ranging from 303K to 343K. TPPMB was found to be a highly effective inhibitor, providing up to 98% inhibition at 303K with a 2×10-5M concentration. Higher temperatures decreased the inhibition effectiveness as adsorption of the inhibitor on the steel surface decreased with increasing temperature. The study demonstrates the potential of TPPMB as a corrosion inhibitor for
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study on increasing the salt fog corrosion resistance of plasma nitrided AISI 4340 steel through a pulsed plasma post-oxidation process. Key findings:
1) Post-oxidation treatment produces an oxidized layer on the nitrided surface that fills and seals pores, improving corrosion resistance.
2) Samples post-oxidized for 15 minutes showed the best corrosion performance when exposed to salt fog, with only 1/16 as much red rust as nitrided samples alone.
3) X-ray diffraction analysis found the oxidized layer consisted mainly of magnetite iron oxide, which provides high corrosion resistance.
Catalyst Synthesis by Solvothermal Process (Ghanekar,Deshmukh)_Prof PN Dange-...Gandhar Ghanekar
Iron molybdate catalyst was synthesized using a solvothermal process for photocatalytic applications. Monoclinic and orthorhombic iron(II) molybdate micro-sized particles were selectively prepared based on pH, temperature, and reaction time. The catalyst has unique 3D architectures and can be used to decompose dyes and other organic contaminants photocatalytically. Parameters like pH, concentration, temperature, and time were optimized to produce the catalyst and for its application in degrading methylene blue dye. The catalyst showed potential for scale-up and other industrial applications.
Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.
CHEMICAL DURABILITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHOSPHATE GLASSES CONTAINING ...ijac123
This document summarizes research on the chemical durability and characterization of phosphate glasses containing iron, sodium, and chromium. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and chemical durability tests via water immersion were performed. The glasses were found to be amorphous and showed improved chemical durability compared to borosilicate glass, with dissolution rates over 50 times lower. The addition of chromium was found to decrease the melting temperature while improving chemical resistance, likely due to the formation of P-O-Cr bonds which are more resistant to water corrosion than P-O-P bonds.
Ni ion release of ti o2 and tio2 hydroxylapatite composite coatings formedIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of TiO2 and TiO2/HA composite coatings on nickel ion release from porous NiTi shape memory alloy implants. Porous NiTi samples were produced by powder metallurgy and coated using H2O2 oxidation to form TiO2 and a combined H2O2/KOH treatment followed by immersion in simulated body fluid to form a TiO2/HA composite coating. Nickel ion release testing in saline solution found that TiO2 coating alone was insufficient to reduce nickel ion levels below safety thresholds, but the TiO2/HA composite coating was able to maintain lower nickel ion levels over time. The coatings were characterized using XRD to analyze phase composition.
This document discusses the preparation of wollastonite from raw materials like eggshells and soda lime silica glass. Wollastonite is composed of calcium and silica. The methodology involves collecting and processing eggshells and glass to extract calcium oxide and silica. These are then mixed, melted, and heat treated to form wollastonite. The synthesized material will be analyzed using techniques like XRD and FTIR to determine its structure and composition. The analysis is expected to show that wollastonite is formed in its crystalline phase with dominant elements of calcium and silica.
1 ijcmp oct-2017-3-synthesis and characterizationAI Publications
Melt quench experimental method was used to prepare a new B2O3 based bioactive glasses with low lithium bromide and low lithium fluoride content. The aim of this work is to investigate the bioactivity nature of prepared glass samples with composition Na2O-LiBr-SrO-CdO-B2O3-P2O5 and Na2O-LiF-SrO-CdO-B2O3-P2O5.The melt derived glass ceramics were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). For In vitro studies, the bone bonding ability is evaluated by examining the formation of hydroxyl apatite layer (HCA) on its surface when treated in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) for few days. SEM and EDS analysis were used for surface morphology of the glass ceramics as well as to detect the presence of crystalline phase hydroxyl carbonate apatite (HCA) formation onto the surface of glass ceramics. SEM and EDS confirms the in vitro bioactivity of glass ceramics.
This presentation summarizes a student project on synthesizing and characterizing hydroxyapatite powder. The students will use calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and phosphoric pentoxide as raw materials to synthesize hydroxyapatite via a sol-gel method. They will characterize the synthesized powder. Their literature review found that prior studies synthesized hydroxyapatite through various methods but did not compare crystal growth at different sintering temperatures, which will be the focus of this study. The goals are to synthesize hydroxyapatite powder through sol-gel and characterize it while modulating the properties by changing sintering temperature.
A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Ac...ijtsrd
The Schiff base 2 3,4 dihydroxy 5 nitrophenyl methylidene hydrazine 1 carbothioamide DHNPMHC synthesized by condensation of 3,4 dihydroxcy 5 nitro benzaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide. The structure of Schiff base was characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR and UV – Vis methods. The inhibition efficiency of DHNPMHC towards the corrosion of iron in 0.5M HCl was investigated using weight loss measurement technique. Results showed that DHNPMHC is an effective inhibitor for iron corrosion in 0.5M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency also increased with concentration of inhibitor increased. The maximum corrosion inhibition e ciency of inhibitor reported at 5 5X10 5M inhibitor concentration is 89.52 . Adsorption of the inhibitor on the iron surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Sanjay Kumar | Dr. Yogesh Chahar | Dr. V. K. Swami "A Study of Newly Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Metal Corrosion in Acidic Medium" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45226.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/45226/a-study-of-newly-schiff-base-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-metal-corrosion-in-acidic-medium/sanjay-kumar
Growth and Characterization of Manganese (II) Sulphate and L-Lysine doped Man...Editor IJCATR
Single crystals of Manganese (II)sulphate doped with basic amino acid L-Lysine were grown successfully by slow
evaporation method at ambient temperature. The concentration of dopants in the mother solution was varied from 1gm to 2gm. The
solubility data for all dopant concentration were determined. The semiorganic material LMnSO4 was synthesized and its structure was
confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study confirms the incorporation of L-Lysine
into MnSO4 crystal. The doped crystals are optically better and more transparent than the pure ones having wide transmission spectra
lying between 190 and 1100 nm. The dopant increases the hardness value of the material and it also depends on the concentration of
the dopant.The dielectric loss of the material was calculated using dieletric measurement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of excessive homemade dental bleaching on human enamel morphology using external bleaching agents. 20 human third molars were divided into 4 groups and subjected to bleaching sessions using 16% or 22% carbamide peroxide. Scanning electron microscopy showed depression areas, irregularities, erosion, and enamel prisms exposure in the bleached enamel, which was more evident in the group bleached 3 times with 22% carbamide peroxide. The study concluded that excessive bleaching can produce many alterations to the enamel surface, especially when using higher concentrations of carbamide peroxide.
Effect of the pillar ligand on preventing agglomeration of ZnO nanoparticles ...Iranian Chemical Society
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) represent a new class of highly porous materials. On this regard, two nano porous metal-organic frameworks of [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(H2O)2∙(DMF)2]n (1) and [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(dabco)]·4DMF·1⁄2H2O (2), (1,4-bdc = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) were synthesized and characterized. They were used for preparation of ZnO nanomaterials. With calcination of 1, agglomerated ZnO nanoparticles could be fabricated, but by the same process on 2, the tendency of ZnO nanoparticles to agglomeration was decreased. In addition, the ZnO nanoparticles prepared from compound 2 had smaller diameter than those obtained from compound 1. In fact, the role of organic dabco ligands in 2 is similar to the role of polymeric stabilizers in formation of nanoparticles. Finally, considering the various applications of ZnO nanomaterials such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, photodiodes, gas sensors and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), it seems that preparation of ZnO nanomaterials from their MOFs could be one of the simple and effective methods which may be applied for preparation of them.
Design of Digital Predistortion Technique for RF Power Amplifier using Memory...IJERA Editor
Linearization of power amplifier has been an area of intense research from the last many years. The various types of linearization techniques are available for linearising PA but Digital Predistortion technique has been observed as one of the most common and effective method. But due to the issues like memory effects and exact characterization of non-linear behaviour of power amplifier, the implementation of existing predistortion technique suffers. So in this paper, a digital predistorter based on memory polynomial has been proposed that takes care of above mentioned issues. The presented technique is easy to implement and simple.
This document discusses a proposed method for improving power quality using a distributed power flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is similar in structure to a unified power flow controller but eliminates the common DC link between converters. It uses a single shunt converter and multiple independent series converters connected along the transmission line. The DPFC is able to control transmission line parameters like impedance, angle, and voltage. It can mitigate issues like voltage sags and current swells. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the DPFC effectively improves power quality by reducing sags, swells, and harmonics when a three-phase fault is applied to the system.
Improved Low Voltage High Speed FVF Based Current Comparator with Logical Eff...IJERA Editor
In this paper an improved current comparator is using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply
voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area. All circuits have been simulated
employing Tanner EDA Tool 14.1v for 90nm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its
non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Grid-Connected Pv-Fc Hybrid System Power Control Using Mppt And Boost ConverterIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a method for operating a grid connected hybrid system. This system composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered. As the variations occur in temperature and irradiation during power delivery to load, Photo voltaic (PV) system becomes uncontrollable. In coordination with PEMFC, the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Two operation modes are the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode, can be applied to the hybrid system. All MPPT methods follow the same goal that is maximizing the PV system output power by tracking the maximum power on every operating condition. Maximum power point tracking technique (Incremental conductance) for photovoltaic systems was introduced to maximize the produced energy. The coordination of two control modes, coordination of the PV array and the PEMFC in the hybrid system, and determination of reference parameters are presented. The proposed operating strategy systems with a flexible operation mode change always operate the PV array at maximum output power and the PEMFC in its high efficiency performance band. Also thus improving the performance of system operation, enhancing system stability, and reducing the number of operating mode changes.
Wireless Reporting System for Accident Detection at Higher SpeedsIJERA Editor
Speed is one of the basic reasons for vehicle accident. Many lives could have been saved if emergency service
could get accident information and reach in time. Nowadays, GPS has become an integral part of a vehicle
system. This paper proposes to utilize the capability of a GPS receiver to monitor speed of a vehicle and detect
accident basing on monitored speed and send accident location to an Alert Service Center. The GPS will
monitor speed of a vehicle and compare with the previous speed in every second through a Microcontroller
Unit. Whenever the speed will be below the specified speed, it will assume that an accident has occurred. The
system will then send the accident location acquired from the GPS along with the time and the speed by utilizing
the GSM network. This will help to reach the rescue service in time and save the valuable human life.
Design and Analysis of Sequential Elements for Low Power Clocking System with...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes techniques for designing sequential elements for low power clocking systems. It describes conditional capture flip-flops, conditional discharge flip-flops, conditional data mapping flip-flops, and a proposed clock pair shared flip-flop design. Simulation results show the clock pair shared flip-flop uses the fewest clocked transistors and achieves a 12.84% power savings over other designs. The document also proposes applying dual sleep and sleepy stack techniques to existing flip-flop designs to reduce static power consumption from leakage currents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents a paper that proposes an image registration algorithm using log-polar transform and FFT-based correlation. The algorithm first estimates the angle, scale, and translation between two images by converting them to the log-polar domain, where rotation and scaling appear as translation. It then recovers the residual translation using gradient correlation in the spatial domain. The algorithm is tested on various images related by similarity transformations and is shown to accurately recover scales up to 5.85 times while being robust to noise. It provides a computationally efficient way to register images using properties of the Fourier transform and log-polar mappings.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.t
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Growth and Characterizations of Pure and Calcium Doped Cadmium Tartrate Cryst...IJERA Editor
In the present course of investigation, pure and calcium doped cadmium tartrate crystals were grown in silica gel at room temperature. The optimum conditions were obtained by varying various parameters such as pH of gel, concentration of gel, gel setting time, concentration of reactants etc. Crystals having different morphologies were obtained such as whitish semitransparent, star shaped, needle shaped. Especially, effect of doping of calcium into cadmium tartrate has been studied with respect of size and transparency. It is found that doping enhances the size and transparency of the crystals. As-grown crystals were characterized using scanning electronic microscope (SEM), UV, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX).
Effect of Co doping on the structural and physical properties of SrC4H4O6.3H2...IJMER
Single crystals of strontium tartrate and cobalt doped strontium tartrate crystals were
grown by the single diffusion gel growth technique. The growth conditions were optimized by varying
the parameters such as pH, concentration of the gel, gel setting time and concentration of the reactants.
Silica gel was used as the growth medium with test tubes as crystallization vessels. Crystals having
different morphologies were obtained (transparent and few opaque). The grown crystals were
characterized by carrying out PXRD, SXRD, FTIR spectral, UV-Vis-NIR spectral, SHG, PL spectral,
AAS, microhardness and TG/DTA measurements. The tri hydrate crystals belong to the monoclinic
crystal system and the tetra hydrate crystals belong to orthorhombic crystal system and are optically
transparent, NLO active, mechanically soft and thermally stable up to 100 °C. AAS measurement
revealed the presence of Co atoms in the doped crystals. Results indicate that Co-doping significantly
increases SHG efficiency. Details are presented
Growth and Characterization of Morpholium Cadmium Acetoperchlorate Single Cry...IJERA Editor
In the search for novel crystal with promising nonlinear optical properties an attempt is made to grow
morpholium cadmium aceto-perchlorate single crystals. The title compound is synthesized by slow evaporation
technique at room temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern has been recorded and the various planes
of reflections are identified. The transmittance spectrum of the crystal in the UV–Vis region has been obtained.
Using the FTIR spectrum, the vibrational modes of the crystal is analysed and the presence of cadmium in the
crystal is confirmed. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis studies have been done to
assess the thermal stability of the grown crystal. The dielectric measurement for the crystal is carried out in the
range of 50 Hz to 5 MHz for three different temperatures 40ºC, 80ºC and 120ºC to study the electrical nature of
the grown crystal. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal is confirmed
Surfactant-assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ceria-Zirconia Nanostructured M...IOSR Journals
CeO2–ZrO2 oxides were prepared by the surfactant-templated method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template and modified with chromium nitrate. These were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, BET and TPD-CO2. The XRD data showed that as prepared CeO2-ZrO2 powder particles have single phase cubic fluorite structure. HRTEM shows mesoscopic ordering. Average particle size is 12-13 nm as calculated from particle histogram. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm were classified to be type IV isotherm, typical of mesoporous material. The presence of uni-modal mesopores are confirmed by the pore size distribution which shows pore distribution at around 60 A°. Catalytic activity was studied towards liquid-phase oxidation of benzene.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Heterostructured nanocomposite tin phthalocyanine@mesoporous ceria (SnPc@CeO2...Pawan Kumar
Heterostructured tin phthalocyanine supported to mesoporous ceria was synthesized and used a
photocatalyst for CO2 reduction under visible light. The photoreduction CO2 activities of the
heterostructures were investigated in the presence of triethylamine as sacrificial agent. The developed
photocatalyst exhibited high catalytic activity for photoreduction of CO2 and after 24 hours of visible
light irradiation 2342 mmol g1 cat of methanol (fMeOH ¼ 0.0223 or 2.23%) and 840 mmol g1 cat of CO
(fCO ¼ 0.0026 or 0.26%) were obtained as the major reaction products. The methanol formation rate
(RMeOH) and CO formation rate (RCO) was found to be 97.5 mmol h1 g1 cat and 35.0 mmol h1 g1 cat
respectively. While under the identical experimental conditions mesoporous ceria (meso-CeO2) gave
only 316 mmol g1 cat of methanol (fMeOH ¼ 0.003 or 0.30%) and 126 mmol g1 cat CO (fCO ¼ 0.0004
or 0.04%) with product formation rate RMeOH ¼ 13.2 mmol h1 g1 cat and RCO ¼ 5.3 mmol h1 g1 cat.
Furthermore, the recovered catalyst showed consistent catalytic activity for at least five runs without any
significant loss in product yields
Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic activity of silver nanorods ...tshankar20134
This document describes the synthesis of silver nanorods using a polyol process. Silver nitrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are reduced by propylene glycol at high temperature, allowing control over the diameter and length of the nanorods. Characterization with SEM, TEM, XRD and UV-vis spectroscopy confirms the formation of crystalline silver nanorods. Electrochemical testing shows that a glassy carbon electrode coated with silver nanorods exhibits high catalytic activity for the reduction of benzyl chloride, with a more positive reduction potential than bulk silver or plain glassy carbon electrodes. The extraordinary catalytic effect of the silver nanorods is likely due to their morphology and high affinity for chloride ions.
Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal ...ijtsrd
The document describes research on using Fe3O4 spheres doped with zinc (Zn) as a sonocatalyst for removing hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions. Fe3O4 spheres doped with Zn were synthesized using a simple solvothermal method. Characterization showed the Zn was successfully doped into the crystal structure of Fe3O4 spheres. Testing found the doped spheres had high sonocatalytic activity for degrading Cr(VI) under visible light, with 95.8% removal efficiency. The enhanced activity is attributed to the uniform sphere structure and metal doping effect.
Growth, Structure and Physical Properties of Tetraaqua Bismaleatocobalt (II) ...IOSR Journals
Tetraaqua bismaleatocobalt(II) crystals are grown by the controlled ionic diffusion in hydrosilica gel. The functional groups present in the crystal are identified using FTIR spectrum. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P-1. The thermogravimetric studies revealed a three stage decomposition scheme. The polarization mechanism of the compound is explored using the dielectric measurements. The optical band gap of the material is found to be 2.4 eV from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The narrow magnetic hysteresis loop and structural considerations indicate the weak ferromagnetic behaviour of the material.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Titanium Cerium Ferrite ( Tcf ) Was Prepared By A Simple...Dana Boo
The document discusses the characterization of three mesoporous materials: SBA-15, thiol-functionalized SBA-15, and bismuth-functionalized SBA-15. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms show that all three samples have type IV isotherms, indicating mesoporous structures with pore sizes larger than 5.6 nm. The pore diameter decreases with each functionalization step due to molecules attaching within the pores. BET surface area and pore volume also decrease with each functionalization as groups occupy the internal pore space. The design of a uniform mesoporous structure is favorable for functionalization and applications.
The document summarizes a study on the variation in melting point of encapsulated silver nanoparticles with size. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with inert oxide shells like ZrO2 and SiO2 using chemical methods. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS were used to analyze the structure and composition. Differential thermal and scanning calorimetry were employed to determine the melting transition at different sizes. Samples with silver core sizes of around 12nm and 30nm were prepared using a ZrO2 shell, while SiO2 shell samples were synthesized by varying reaction parameters to obtain silver cores between 2nm to 30nm.
Formation and Characterization of Mixed Crystals Based on Bis (Thiourea)Cadmi...IJERA Editor
Bis(thiourea)cadmium chloride(BTCC) and bis(thiourea)cadmium iodide (BTCI) are metal complexes of thiourea having better nonlinear optical properties than KH2PO4. An attempt has been made in the present study to form mixed crystals based on BTCC and BTCI (even though their crystal lattices mismatch) from aqueous solutions, the precursors mixed in proper proportions. A total of seven (including the end members) crystals were formed by the free evaporation method and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and electrically. The X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that (BTCC)X(BTCI)1-X crystals with x=1.0,0.8 and 0.6 are orthorhombic in structure with space group Pmn21 and that with x=0.5, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.0 are monoclinic in structure with space group P21/c. All the grown crystals are found to be thermally stable up to 215 °C and possessing wide optical transmission window (300-900 nm) which is suitable for NLO applications. The electrical measurements indicate that the grown crystals exhibit a normal dielectric behavior. The results obtained in the present study indicate that mixed crystals can be formed from the isomorphous precursors directly even though the end member’s crystals have lattice mismatching.
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
This document describes the growth and characterization of pure and ferrous sulfate doped bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals. Single crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The characterizations confirmed the crystalline structure, presence of ferrous sulfate dopant, optical transparency, thermal stability, and elemental composition of the crystals. The ferrous sulfate doping was found to decrease the thermal stability of the bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals.
The document discusses nanocrystalline cristobalite powders doped with 10% copper. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that pure silicon dioxide consisted of quartz at 800°C, while the doped powder was nearly amorphous. At 900°C, the doped powder showed traces of cristobalite and tridymite phases. Increased temperature caused these phases to grow, with the most rapid cristobalite growth between 1100-1200°C. Photocatalytic tests showed the doped powder had higher degradation of methyl orange under visible light compared to pure silicon dioxide.
Study of Optical Property of Gel Grown Mercuric Iodate CrystalsIOSR Journals
Mercuric Iodate Crystals were grown by a simple gel technique using diffusion method. The optimum growth conditions were established for the growth of these crystals by changing various parameters such as pH of the gel solution, gel concentration, gel setting time, concentrations of reactants etc. The grown Mercuric Iodate crystals were spherical in shape. These crystals were opaque. The crystals were characterized using UV-VIS Specrophotometrry.
Some studies on ceria–zirconia reinforced solvothermally synthesized cordieri...Abhinav Srivastava
Nanostructured cordierite and 12 mol% ceria stabilized zirconia were chemically prepared separately. Pure cordierite was synthesized solvothermally, whereas [(Zr)0.88(Ce)0.12O2] termed as CeSZ was processed with gelation and co-precipitation method. The evolution of crystalline phases and the microstructures have been studied using X-ray diffractometer, and FE-SEM with EDX. Varying contents (0–20 weight%) of CeSZ were then mixed with cordierite to form sample blocks of desired shapes. These nano-composite blocks were fired at 1100–1400 C for a soaking time of 3 h to observe their thermomechanical, micro-structural and physical properties. Results indicate that ceria not only acts as a stabilizer in zirconia ceramics but it also acts as a sintering aid in cordierite formation. CeO2 also improves
compressibility and structural properties of nano-composites. Sintering temperature also plays an important role in the behavior of nano-composite blocks. All properties show a major improvement than previous reported data’s.
Determination of nonlinear absorption (β) and refraction (n2)by the Z-scan me...IOSR Journals
Potassium Pentaborate nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the solution growth method. The grown crystals were subjected to structural, optical and mechanical property studies. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 9mm×8mm×5mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal Single crystal XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA&DSC, and UV–vis-NIR studies. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic with a space group of mm2 having unit-cell dimensions a = 11.068Åb= 11.175Å c = 9.058Åand α = 90°; β = 90°; and γ =90°; Z=4, at 298(2) K. The second-order nonlinear optical property of the polycrystalline sample has been confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder SHG analysis. Third order nonlinear optical properties were also studied by Z-scan techniques. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also calculated.
Investigation on the Growth and Physio-Chemical Properties of L-Alanine Mixed...IJERA Editor
Pure and L-alanine an aminoacid mixed bisthiourea cadmium bromide chloride single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. A drastic change in morphology was inferred with the concentration of L-alanine. Mixed crystals have better optical transparency as well as NLO efficiency than the pure BTCBC which were imperative for nonlinear applications. Also L-alanine mixing increases the hardness. The AC conductivity of the grown crystals increases with increasing concentration of L-alanine.
Similar to Crystal Growth and Characterization of Cobalt Doped Barium Tartrate Crystals by Silica Gel Method (20)
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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Crystal Growth and Characterization of Cobalt Doped Barium Tartrate Crystals by Silica Gel Method
1. S. K. Bachhav et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 7), August 2014, pp.108-112
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Crystal Growth and Characterization of Cobalt Doped Barium Tartrate Crystals by Silica Gel Method S. K. Bachhav*, N. S. Patil**, M. S. Kale***, D. S. Bhavsar**** * (Department of physics, Arts, Commerce & Science College, Varangaon, Maharashtra, India) ** (Department of physics, Arts, Science and P.O. Nahata Commerce College, Bhusawal, Maharashtra, India) *** (Department of Electronics, Pratap College, Amalner, Maharashtra, India) **** (Department of Electronics, Pratap College, Amalner, Maharashtra, India) ABSTRACT Single crystals of Cobalt doped Barium tartrate crystals were grown by single diffusion technique at room temperature. Effect of Cobalt doping in the Barium tartarate crystals has been studied and reported. The XRD pattern shows that Cobalt barium tartarate crystals are polycrystalline in nature and having orthorhombic structure. SEM pictures infer that crystals were grown by layer deposition. The elemental analysis has been carried out by EDAX. The chemical analysis has been performed by FTIR to denote the functional group of grown crystal. The thermal stability has been studied by the TGA, DTG and DSC.
Keywords - Single diffusion, XRD, SEM, FTIR, Thermal analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Now a day’s crystal growth is the rapid growing field in research because of huge demand of crystals for several applications. Crystals which are insoluble or sparingly soluble were synthesized by gel technique. There are various types of crystals which can be grown by this simple and inexpensive technique. We have turned our attention towards the tartarate crystals as these crystals are having good application and can be synthesized by gel technique. Commercially, the tartrate compound can be used in various applications like antimony in veterinary drugs [1], ferroelectric applications of sodium- potassium tartrate [2], potassium- chromium tartrate in medicine [3] and so on. Many people studied various tartrate compounds like calcium-strontium mixed levo tartrate [4], zinc tartrate [5] and cadmium tartrate [6] with respect to their properties such as dielectric, magnetic, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, optical and other pertinent characteristics [7-12]. Many researchers have grown the series of pure and mixed crystals to find out the new material for various purposes [13-17]. There are various techniques for growing crystals like melt growth, vapour phase, solution growth and etc. The gel technique has attracted more attention towards it because of its simplicity and cost effectiveness. The crystals can be grown at room temperature or at constant temperature. Barium tartarate (BaTr) is a quite interesting compound as they are having good applications. Hence in the present course of investigation it has been decided to synthesize and characterize Co- doped Barium tartarate crystals by silica gel method.
As grown crystals are characterized by different techniques and reported.
II. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The cobalt doped barium tartarate crystals were grown by single diffusion method by silica gel at room temperature. The Sodium Meta Silicate solution prepared by dissolving 22 gm Sodium Meta Silicate in to the 250ml distilled water with constant stirring and kept in dark and cool place. 15 ml acetic acid dissolved in 250 ml distilled water and stored as the stock solution. Then, 6 ml solution taken in to the beaker, over this solution, solution of Sodium Meta Silicate added drop by drop with constant stirring till 4.2 pH of the solution obtained. After that 15 ml solution of BaCl2 with 0.1M and 10 ml solution of CoCl2 with 0.05M added in to the gel solution slowly. This mixture was then transferred in to the test tube of 15 × 2.5 cm dimension. The open end of the tube was closed with cotton, to prevent evaporation and contamination of the exposed surface. These tubes were kept into the test tube stand, at room temperature. After setting the gel in 7-10 days, the 10 ml tartaric acid with 1M allow to fall steadily along the wall of the tube above the set gel, to prevent the gelled surface from cracking. Crystals were visible within about a week and well shaped crystals grow approximately within one month. Figure 1 shows the cobalt doped barium tartarate crystals. The reaction between Barium Chloride, Cobalt Chloride and Tartaric acid in gel medium resulted in the growth of Co-doped Barium Chloride crystals. CH3COOH +Na2SiO3→2CH3COONa↓+ SiO + H2O
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. S. K. Bachhav et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 7), August 2014, pp.108-112
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2CH3COONa+BaCl2+CoCl2 → (CH3COO) 4 BaCo ↓+4NaCl (CH3COO)4BaCo+C4H6O6→C4H4BaCoO6↓+4CH3COOH Figure1. 0.05M Co doped of Barium tartarate crystals As grown crystals were characterize for structural, morphological, elemental and thermal properties. The structural characterization of sample was carried out by X – Ray diffractometer (Bruker - CuKα radiation) within the 2θ range of 20° - 80°. Surface morphological study was carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscope (Zeiss EVO 50), operating with an accelerating voltage 10 KV. The elemental analysis of the sample was carried out by Energy dispersive X-ray Analyzer (EDAX) attached with SEM. The FT-IR spectrum of the powdered crystalline sample in KBr medium was recorded within 450 to 4000 cm-1 by using “Perkin Elmer model 783”. The thermal decomposition behavior of grown crystals was studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter analysis (DSC) within the range of 27 to 600 °C at 10 ºC/min heating rate in the nitrogen atmosphere.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. XRD ANALYSIS
The XRD pattern of 0.05M cobalt doped barium tartarate crystal grown by single diffusion technique is shown in figure 2. Figure2. XRD pattern of the crystals of CoBaC4H4O6 0.05M
The XRD pattern reveals that sample is polycrystalline in nature having orthorhombic phase. The 2θ peaks observed at 26.00°, 27.60°, 31.10°, 33.70°, 35.20°, 36.10°, 38.60°, 40.70°, 44.50°, 51.90° and 53.30° which corresponds to the (230), (102), (171), (212), (232), (103), (112), (262), (233), (211) and (114) plane of reflection respectively. These results are well in agreement with JCPDS data card no (01-1278 and 26-0192). The grain size was found to be 47.83 nm by using Debye–Sherrer’s formula: Where, λ is the X-ray wavelength, θ is the Bragg angle and β is full width at half maxima. The lattice parameters a, b, c and volume was found to 7.59, 23.78, 7.53 Ǻ and 1360.17 respectively.
2. SEM ANALYSIS
The morphology of cobalt doped barium tartarate was studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Figure 3a and 3b illustrates the SEM images of same sample. Figure 3a-b. SEM picture of 0.05M Co doped Barium tartarate crystals The SEM photographs shows crystals are grown by layer deposition having triangular, pentagonal, rod and plate like crystals morphology. The individual plates of samples are flat and the plates with the broad edges were observed. It was found that, the structure of the as grown crystals does not affect the morphology of the crystals by doping. The shining of the crystals found to be increased in some amount.
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3. EDAX ANALYSIS
The elemental analysis of as grown crystal has been done by EDAX in binding energy region within 0 to 15 KeV. Figure 4 shows the EDAX pattern of Cobalt doped Barium tartarate crystals. The spectrum shows the detection of expected elements. The atomic percentage of present element C, O, Co and Ba was found to be 42.20, 42.77, 1.95, 13.07 percent respectively. Figure4. EDAX spectrum of 0.05M Co doped Barium tartarate
4. FT-IR ANALYSIS
The functional group of cobalt doped barium tartarate crystal involved in vibration frequency has been identified using FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectrum of gel grown single crystal is shown in figure 5. The spectrum shows the peaks within the range of 450 to 4000 cm-1. Figure5. FTIR Spectrum of Co:BaC4H4O6 0.05M
The FTIR spectrum recorded for Co: BaC4H4O6 crystal with observed band. The bands around 3094 to 2853 cm-1 are attributed to asymmetric and symmetric –OH stretching of water. The –OH stretching frequency of CoBaC4H4O6 appeared at 2921 cm-1. The moderate absorption around 2921 to 2821cm-1 is probably due to stretching vibration of alkali group. The absorption at 2821 to 2921 cm-1 may be attributed to hydrogen bonding. The presence of the –C–O– group is indicated by the occurrence the sharp and intense band at 1597 and 1456 cm-1 indicate asymmetric –C–H bending. The peaks at 1378 cm-1 is due to –O – CH stretching mode. These bands may be assigned respectively to –C–O– asymmetric and symmetric stretching. The bonding mode of water of crystallization overlaps with the new asymmetric –C–O– frequency band. i.e. the region of for the broadness of the absorption around 1597 cm-1.The absorption at 1136 cm-1 are probably due to –O–H bending while –C–OH stretching vibration represents the co-ordinate of –C–OH group. With the help of the assignment made above, 1080 cm-1 represents C – O stretching indicate that C – O bond stretching in alcohol –C – OH group. The absorption siuated below 836 cm-1 are due to barium- cobalt-oxygen stretching vibrations table1 shows the assignments of FT-IR spectrum. Table1: FTIR data of Cobalt doped Barium tartarate crystals
Sr.
Absorption
Assignment
1
3094-2921
-OH stretching and water of crystallization.
2
1597
C=O stretching vibrations
3
1458
-C-H indicated asymmetric bending.
4
1378-1218
C-O stretching Vibration.
5
1136-1080
C-H stretching vibration.
6
836-511
Metal Oxygen(Co-Ba-O) stretching vibrations
5. TGA ANALYSIS
The thermal stability of the grown crystals and the number of water molecules associated with grown crystals determined by conducting thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Figure 6 shows the TGA pattern of grown crystal. The TGA data in the different stages of decomposition are presented in table 2. Figure6. Spectrum of CoBaC4H4O6 0.05 M Crystals In stage I, it was observed that in the temperature range of 27 – 311 °C in which weight loss of 2.56 %, agrees very well with the calculated weight loss of 2.54 %. It is clear that Cobalt barium tartrate crystals are hydrated and the weight loss calculation clearly indicates that Cobalt barium tartrate crystals have 0.5H2O water loss
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In stage II, In the temp range of 311- 361 °C, the total weight loss of 17.65 % is seen, which is due to the loss of 2CO and 2H2 this well arrangement with calculated weight loss of 16.98 %. Then anhydrous Cobalt Barium tartarate decomposes into Cobalt Barium oxalate. Cobalt barium oxalate stable within the temperature range 311-361 °C. In stage III, the total weight loss of 12.86% was observed in the temperature range 361-397 °C which corresponds to the loss of CO2. This weight loss aggress very well with the calculated weight loss 12.45% and decomposes into Cobalt barium carbon dioxide. In stage IV, total weight loss of 8.05% was observer within 397- 600 °C. This loss is attributed to the loss of CO. This is in well agreement with calculated weight loss of 7.92 %. Thus the Cobalt barium carbon dioxide finally turns into Cobalt barium oxides at 600 °C. Table2: TGA data of 0.05 cobalt Barium tartarate crystals (CoBaC4H4O6)
No
Temperature °C
Observed weight %
Calculated weight %
Loss of molecule in stage
I
27- 3110C
2.56
2.54
-0.5H2O
II
311- 3610C
17.65
16.98
-2CO2H2
III
361- 3970C
12.86
12.45
-CO2
IV
397- 5990C
8.05
7.92
-CO
6. DTG ANALYSIS
The loss of molecules can be determined by using DTG analysis. The figure 6 shows the spectrum of DTG.
i. In the first stage of decomposition, Major endothermic peak at 270 °C is attributed to loss of 0.5H2O. The peak observed in the DTG Curve corresponds to the weight loss 2.56% in the TGA curve.
ii. The endothermic peak at 318 °C in the second stage of decomposition is attributed to loss of 2CO and H4. The peak observed in the DTG curve corresponds to the weight loss 17.65% in the TGA curve.
iii. The endothermic peak at 365 °C in the third stage of decomposition is attributed to loss of CO2.The peak observed in the DTG curve corresponds to the weight loss 12.86% in the TG curve.
iv. In the fourth stage the endothermic peak 401°C decomposition is attributed to loss of CO. The peak observed in the DTG curve corresponds to the weight loss 8.05% in the TG curve.
Beyond the 600 °C, the reaction proceeds and finally stable residue CO:BaC4H4O6 remains up to the end of analysis.
7. DSC ANALYSIS
The DSC analysis of the grown crystals was recorded between 20-400 °C in the nitrogen atmosphere. The figure 7 shows the DSC curve for Co doped Barium tartarate crystals. The DSC analysis has been done in two stages. From the DSC curve the endothermic peaks are found in both stages. The DSC data is represented in table 3. Figure7. DSC curve of Co doped barium tartarate Crystals Table3: DSC data of Co doped Barium tartarate Crystals
No
Peaks
Temperature °C
On set °C
Endset °C
Heat mJ
I
Endo- thermic
316.21
301.64
330.50
-119.11
II
Endo- thermic
373.61
363.43
378.95
-70.82
IV. COLLUSION
The cobalt doped Barium tartarate crystals were grown by single diffusion method. The XRD illustrates that the grown crystals are polycrystalline in nature and orthorhombic phase. SEM pictures shows crystals are grown by layer deposition. The incorporation of Co in the crystals of Barium tartarate has been confirmed by EDAX. The chemical analysis has been done by FTIR to denote the functional group of grown crystal. The thermal stability was studied by the TGA, DTG and DSC.
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