International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Preparation of Mixed Phase (Anatase/Rutile) TiO2 Nanopowder by Simple Sol Gel...IJLT EMAS
TiO2 nanopowder having both anatase and rutile
phases was prepared by a simple procedure using sol-gel method.
Titanium isopropoxide was used as a titania source and mixed
with methanol and TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after
annealing at 6000C for 1 hour in air. The specimens made from
this powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). XRD studies revealed the presence of both
anatase and rutile phases with an average crystallite size of 35 ±
5 nm. No significant weight loss up to 7000 C was observed by
TGA curve which indicates that TiO2 nanopowder is thermally
stable. TEM revealed the presence of a number of crystalline
grains in a structured matrix and selected electron diffraction
pattern showed different arrangement of diffracted rings which
confirms a phase evolution of crystalline grains of TiO2
(anatase/rutile) due to thermal annealing. Mixed phase
(anatase/rutile) TiO2 nanopowder has been reported [1], [2] to
exhibit improved photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. It is
proposed to study the gas sensing behavior of these specimens
during our research investigations on TiO2 nanopowder.
Synthesis of graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the enrich...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
In our study, graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and used for the enrichment of rutin from real samples for the first time.
Materials and Methods:
The synthesized GO/TiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The enrichment process is fast and highly efficient. The factors including contact time, pH, and amount of GO/TiO2 affecting the adsorption process were studied.
Results:
The maximum adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 59.5 mg/g according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The method yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration ranges from 15 to 200 μg/L for the rutin with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were found to be 8 μg/Land 28 μg/L, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs) were < 10% .
Conclusion:
The developed approach offered wide linear range, and good reproducibility. Owing to the diverse structures and unique characteristic, GO/TiO2 possesses great potential in the enrichment and analysis of trace rutin in real aqueous samples.
Synthesis and charecterization studies of nano ti o2 prepared via sol gel methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Preparation of Mixed Phase (Anatase/Rutile) TiO2 Nanopowder by Simple Sol Gel...IJLT EMAS
TiO2 nanopowder having both anatase and rutile
phases was prepared by a simple procedure using sol-gel method.
Titanium isopropoxide was used as a titania source and mixed
with methanol and TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after
annealing at 6000C for 1 hour in air. The specimens made from
this powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). XRD studies revealed the presence of both
anatase and rutile phases with an average crystallite size of 35 ±
5 nm. No significant weight loss up to 7000 C was observed by
TGA curve which indicates that TiO2 nanopowder is thermally
stable. TEM revealed the presence of a number of crystalline
grains in a structured matrix and selected electron diffraction
pattern showed different arrangement of diffracted rings which
confirms a phase evolution of crystalline grains of TiO2
(anatase/rutile) due to thermal annealing. Mixed phase
(anatase/rutile) TiO2 nanopowder has been reported [1], [2] to
exhibit improved photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. It is
proposed to study the gas sensing behavior of these specimens
during our research investigations on TiO2 nanopowder.
Synthesis of graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the enrich...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
In our study, graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and used for the enrichment of rutin from real samples for the first time.
Materials and Methods:
The synthesized GO/TiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The enrichment process is fast and highly efficient. The factors including contact time, pH, and amount of GO/TiO2 affecting the adsorption process were studied.
Results:
The maximum adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 59.5 mg/g according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The method yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration ranges from 15 to 200 μg/L for the rutin with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were found to be 8 μg/Land 28 μg/L, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs) were < 10% .
Conclusion:
The developed approach offered wide linear range, and good reproducibility. Owing to the diverse structures and unique characteristic, GO/TiO2 possesses great potential in the enrichment and analysis of trace rutin in real aqueous samples.
Synthesis and charecterization studies of nano ti o2 prepared via sol gel methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis & Bio-Evaluation of 4-Amino-5-Benzyl-2, 4-Dihydro-3H-1, 2, 4-Triazo...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione Capped Silver NanoParticles by a simple procedure. Spherical shaped Capped Ag-NPs with average size of 14.65 nm are obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with hot ethanolic solution of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione as Stabilizing/Reducing agent. The Nanoparticles are characterized using TEM, XRD and FTIR studies. The synthesized Nanoparticles were tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 μg /ml. The Nanoparticles showed good activity, nearly equal to the inhibition zone value of ciprofloxacin, against the E.coli bacteria. For the antifungal activity, the compound showed equipotent activity against A.niger.
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
Iron Doped Titania Nanostructures Synthesis, DFT modelling and Photocatalysisioneec
In this work, Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles ranging from a 0.2 to 1 weight % were grown from
the surface of graphene sheet templates containing –COOH functionalities using sol–gel
chemistry in a green solvent, a mixture of water/ethanol. The assemblies were characterized by a
variety of analytical techniques, with the coordination mechanism examined theoretically using
the density functional theory (DFT). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy images showed excellent decoration of the Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on the
surface of the graphene sheets >5 nm in diameter. The surface area and optical properties of the
Fe-doped photocatalysts were measured by BET, UV and PL spectrometry and compared to
non-graphene and pure TiO2 analogs, showing a plateau at 0.6% Fe. Interactions between
graphene and Fe-doped anatase TiO2 were also studied theoretically using the Vienna ab initio
Simulation Package based on DFT. Our first-principles theoretical investigations validated the
experimental findings, showing the strength in the physical and chemical adsorption between the
graphene and Fe-doped TiO2. The resulting assemblies were tested for photodegradation under
visible light using 17β-estradiol (E2) as a model compound, with all investigated catalysts
showing significant enhancements in photocatalytic activity in the degradation of E2.
Synthesis Of Cobalt Doped Titania Nano Materials Assisted By Anionic Heteroge...IJERA Editor
: This paper presents about the synthesis of (0.25-1.0) wt.% cobalt doped titania nanomaterials
without surfactants: pure Co2+/TiO2 and in presence of 1,4-Butane sultone and 1,3-Propane sultone Anionic
Gemini surfactants and CTAB (Heterogemini surfactant)-0.5wt.%Co2+/TiO2-HgS(1&2).The synthesized nano
photocatalysts have been characterized by using various advanced techniques like X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),
Ultraviolet-visible Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS),
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopic Studies (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). From the characterization studies all
the catalysts synthesized were reported in anatase phase. TEM indicates the particles size of prepared catalysts
reported with 7-10 nm and 15 nm for pure Co2+/ TiO2 catalyst. From XPS studies Cobalt was found to be in +2
oxidation state. From BET results the surface area was reported to be-89.51 and 77.93 (m2
/g) for Co2+/TiO2-
HgS(1)& Co2+/TiO2-HgS(2). From UV-DRS studies absorbance band shifted more towards visible region (red
shift). In order to find out the efficiency of the synthesized photocatalyst the photocatalytic activity studies were
carried out by degradation of Acid Red as a model azo dye pollutant in presence of the visible light irradiation.
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized catalysts against Escherichia coli was also studied. Thus from the
results 0.5wt.% Co2+/TiO2-HgS(1) exhibited highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of azo dye Acid
Red as well as proved to be an excellent antibacterial agent
A Simple Thermal Treatment Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Zn Ferrite (N...IOSR Journals
Cubic structured nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been synthesized by thermal treatment method. This simple procedure employed an aqueous solution containing only metal nitrates as precursors, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a capping agent, and deionized water as a solvent. The solution was thoroughly stirred for 2 hour, dried at 353 K for 3 hour, the dried material crushed into powder and calcined the powder at 873 K to remove organic substances and crystallize the particles. The microstructure properties of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles were measured using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDX and the magnetic properties were determined using VSM and EPR. The average particle size increased from 7 to 22 nm with the increase of calcination temperature from 723 to 873 K. The saturation magnetization, coercivity field, and g-factor increased respectively from 24 emu/g, 11 G, and 2.0673at 723 K to 38 emu/g, 60 G, and 2.1227 at 873 K. This method offers simplicity, a low cost, and an environmentally friendly operation since it produces no by-product effluents.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Dep...sarmad
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Deposition
A thesis submitted By: Khaled Z.Yahya
Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Adawiya J.Haider Prof.Dr. Raad M.S.Al-Haddad
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Objective:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the noble metal nanoparticles studied due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and ease of detection. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using thyroxine as a reducing and capping agent through the one step photochemical method
Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Thy-AgNPs)
1. UV-Spectroscopy Analysis
2. Fourier Transforms-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM)
4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)
5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
6. Zeta potential
Uses:
*AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties
*Exhibit high plasmon efficiency
*More sensitive towards localized surface plasmon resonance
*Less time consuming, economic and more ecofriendly
*It is used in electronics, food industry, cosmetics, photochemical, biomedicine and chemistry.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
introduction to Tio2 nanostructures, properties of Tio2, current trends in biomedical application, general application of Tio2, synthesis of Tio2 nanoparticle by chemical route, characterization technique and objective.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis & Bio-Evaluation of 4-Amino-5-Benzyl-2, 4-Dihydro-3H-1, 2, 4-Triazo...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione Capped Silver NanoParticles by a simple procedure. Spherical shaped Capped Ag-NPs with average size of 14.65 nm are obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with hot ethanolic solution of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione as Stabilizing/Reducing agent. The Nanoparticles are characterized using TEM, XRD and FTIR studies. The synthesized Nanoparticles were tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 μg /ml. The Nanoparticles showed good activity, nearly equal to the inhibition zone value of ciprofloxacin, against the E.coli bacteria. For the antifungal activity, the compound showed equipotent activity against A.niger.
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
Iron Doped Titania Nanostructures Synthesis, DFT modelling and Photocatalysisioneec
In this work, Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles ranging from a 0.2 to 1 weight % were grown from
the surface of graphene sheet templates containing –COOH functionalities using sol–gel
chemistry in a green solvent, a mixture of water/ethanol. The assemblies were characterized by a
variety of analytical techniques, with the coordination mechanism examined theoretically using
the density functional theory (DFT). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy images showed excellent decoration of the Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on the
surface of the graphene sheets >5 nm in diameter. The surface area and optical properties of the
Fe-doped photocatalysts were measured by BET, UV and PL spectrometry and compared to
non-graphene and pure TiO2 analogs, showing a plateau at 0.6% Fe. Interactions between
graphene and Fe-doped anatase TiO2 were also studied theoretically using the Vienna ab initio
Simulation Package based on DFT. Our first-principles theoretical investigations validated the
experimental findings, showing the strength in the physical and chemical adsorption between the
graphene and Fe-doped TiO2. The resulting assemblies were tested for photodegradation under
visible light using 17β-estradiol (E2) as a model compound, with all investigated catalysts
showing significant enhancements in photocatalytic activity in the degradation of E2.
Synthesis Of Cobalt Doped Titania Nano Materials Assisted By Anionic Heteroge...IJERA Editor
: This paper presents about the synthesis of (0.25-1.0) wt.% cobalt doped titania nanomaterials
without surfactants: pure Co2+/TiO2 and in presence of 1,4-Butane sultone and 1,3-Propane sultone Anionic
Gemini surfactants and CTAB (Heterogemini surfactant)-0.5wt.%Co2+/TiO2-HgS(1&2).The synthesized nano
photocatalysts have been characterized by using various advanced techniques like X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),
Ultraviolet-visible Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS),
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopic Studies (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). From the characterization studies all
the catalysts synthesized were reported in anatase phase. TEM indicates the particles size of prepared catalysts
reported with 7-10 nm and 15 nm for pure Co2+/ TiO2 catalyst. From XPS studies Cobalt was found to be in +2
oxidation state. From BET results the surface area was reported to be-89.51 and 77.93 (m2
/g) for Co2+/TiO2-
HgS(1)& Co2+/TiO2-HgS(2). From UV-DRS studies absorbance band shifted more towards visible region (red
shift). In order to find out the efficiency of the synthesized photocatalyst the photocatalytic activity studies were
carried out by degradation of Acid Red as a model azo dye pollutant in presence of the visible light irradiation.
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized catalysts against Escherichia coli was also studied. Thus from the
results 0.5wt.% Co2+/TiO2-HgS(1) exhibited highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of azo dye Acid
Red as well as proved to be an excellent antibacterial agent
A Simple Thermal Treatment Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Zn Ferrite (N...IOSR Journals
Cubic structured nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been synthesized by thermal treatment method. This simple procedure employed an aqueous solution containing only metal nitrates as precursors, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a capping agent, and deionized water as a solvent. The solution was thoroughly stirred for 2 hour, dried at 353 K for 3 hour, the dried material crushed into powder and calcined the powder at 873 K to remove organic substances and crystallize the particles. The microstructure properties of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles were measured using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDX and the magnetic properties were determined using VSM and EPR. The average particle size increased from 7 to 22 nm with the increase of calcination temperature from 723 to 873 K. The saturation magnetization, coercivity field, and g-factor increased respectively from 24 emu/g, 11 G, and 2.0673at 723 K to 38 emu/g, 60 G, and 2.1227 at 873 K. This method offers simplicity, a low cost, and an environmentally friendly operation since it produces no by-product effluents.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Dep...sarmad
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Deposition
A thesis submitted By: Khaled Z.Yahya
Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Adawiya J.Haider Prof.Dr. Raad M.S.Al-Haddad
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Objective:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the noble metal nanoparticles studied due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and ease of detection. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using thyroxine as a reducing and capping agent through the one step photochemical method
Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Thy-AgNPs)
1. UV-Spectroscopy Analysis
2. Fourier Transforms-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM)
4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)
5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
6. Zeta potential
Uses:
*AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties
*Exhibit high plasmon efficiency
*More sensitive towards localized surface plasmon resonance
*Less time consuming, economic and more ecofriendly
*It is used in electronics, food industry, cosmetics, photochemical, biomedicine and chemistry.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
introduction to Tio2 nanostructures, properties of Tio2, current trends in biomedical application, general application of Tio2, synthesis of Tio2 nanoparticle by chemical route, characterization technique and objective.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
High-performance dye-sensitized solar cell using dimensionally controlled tit...Devika Laishram
The subject of the current study is a concoct of anatase and rutile mixed phase titania synthesized at 40 C and
10 C. At these sub-zero temperatures, highly crystalline, phase-oriented nanostructured titania were formed.
At 40 C, nanocrystals of TiO2 consist of the anatase phase while nanorods dominated by the rutile phase form
at 10 C. These samples are remarkable photoanode materials with excellent photon scattering ability in dyesensitized solar cells (DSSCs). On performance optimization of DSSCs, a composition of 0.5 wt% TiO2 (prepared
at 40 C) and P25 improved the photon harvesting by providing a large number of sites for interaction, resulting
in a high photocurrent of 18.46 mA cm2 and 8.6% photoconversion efficiency.
A novel Ru/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite catalyzed photoreduction of CO2 to metha...Pawan Kumar
A novel in situ synthesized Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite is developed for the photoreduction of
CO2 into methanol under visible light irradiation. The prepared composite was characterized by means of
SEM, TEM, XRD, DT–TGA, XPS, UV–Vis and FT-IR techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized
hybrid catalyst was tested for the photoreduction of CO2 under visible light using triethylamine
as a sacrificial donor. The methanol yield for the Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite was found to be
1876 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.024 mol Einstein−1) that was much higher in comparison with the in situ synthesized
TiO2, 828 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.010 mol Einstein−1) and the homogeneous Ru(bpy)3Cl2
complex, 385 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.005 mol Einstein−1).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl Red) In Water under Visible Lig...IJEAB
Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared by g-irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the highest photoactivity among all studied samples under visible light. Thus, g-irradiation method can be suitably applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly photocatalytic activity.
Evaluation of Anti-microbial and Anti-fungal Activities of Nano-TiO2 Assemble...IIJSRJournal
Nanocomposites assembled with TiO2 and graphene were synthesised under solvent free conditions. The calcinated nanocomposites have been characterized by PXRD, SEM-EDAX, HRTEM and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. Nanotitania was found to be formed in anatase phase with larger surface area (268.2 m2g-1) and with increase in graphene content, the absorbance increased towards visible region. Their biological applicability has been evaluated by examining their anti-bacterial activity against E. coli (ATCC29181), S. aurues (ATCC6538) and their anti-fungal activity against C. albicans, C. rugosa (ATCC10231) organisms. It has been observed that the biological activity has increased with increase in % graphene from 0.1 to 0.5 and showed a steady decrease with 1.0 % graphene. Compared, to the anti-fungal activity, anti-bacterial activity was identified to be major in the present studies.
Photocatalytic application of TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@S...Iranian Chemical Society
In this research we have developed a treatment method for textile wastewater by TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite. Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemicals and needs treatments. This manuscript presents a facile method for removing dyes from the textile wastewater by using TiO2/SiO2-based nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2) under UV irradiation. This magnetic nanocomposite, as photocatalytically active composite, is synthesized via solution method in mild conditions. A large range of cationic, anionic and neutral dyes including: methyl orange, methylene blue, neutral red, bromocresol green and methyl red are used for treatment investigations. Neutral red and bromocresol green have good results in reusing treatment. The high surface area of nanocomposites improve the kinetic of wastewater treatment. In this method, by using the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TiO2-based photocatalyst could be separated and reused for 3 times. The efficiency of this method is respectively 100% and 65% for low concentration (10 ppm) and high concentration (50 ppm) of neutral red and bromocrosol green after 3 h treatment. The efficiency of treatment using the second used nanocomposite was 90% for 10 ppm of the same dyes.
Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of commercial P25 퐓퐢퐎 powder by combin...IJECEIAES
Titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ) is the most popular photocatalytic material. However, its operation is limited to UV light only. In this paper, we tried to improve the visible light responsiveness of TiO by doping Nickel (Ni) using the sol-gel method. By combining Ni-doped TiO 2 powder with commercially available P25 TiO 2 2 powder to make photocatalytic thin films, significant improvement in photocatalytic activity has been obtained. Furthermore, we also studied the relationship between the surface condition of photocatalytic thin films and their photocatalytic activity. The surface condition was improved by the multilayer electrophoresis deposition method. Based on experimental results, by combining 10 20 wt% Ni-doped TiO with P25 TiO , we could significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of P25 TiO 2 .
Nanometric TiO2 powders were obtained from low tem-perature calcination of a TiO2 resin prepared using the Pechini’s method. Firing the TiO2 resin at 500 oC/2h a powder with anatase phase was obtained, otherwise firing the TiO2 resin at 700 oC/2h a powder with rutile phase was achieved as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The anatase powder presented average particle size of 60 nm observed by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM-FEG) micrographs and average crystallite size of 13 nm calcu-lated from the XRD, while the rutile powder presented av-erage crystallite size of 34 nm. Nanocrystalline TiO2 films with good homogeneity and optical quality were obtained with 80 nm and 320 nm in thickness by Electron Beam Physical Vapour Deposition (EB-PVD) in vacuum on amorphous quartz substrates submitted at 350oC during the evaporation. The 80 nm-thick film presented average particle size of 140 nm and roughness (Ra) of 1.08 nm and the 320 nm-thick film showed average particle size of 350 nm and roughness (Ra) of 2.14 nm measured by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In these conditions of deposi-tion the films presented only anatase phase observed by XRD and MicroRaman spectroscopy.
HfO2 nanodots incorporated in TiO2 and its hydrogenation for high performance...Devika Laishram
Black titania (H-TiO2) as a photoanode material has attracted huge attention due to its extremely high
optical absorption in the visible region. Herein, black TiO2 doped with HfO2 shows 45.7% higher photoconversion efficiency than H-TiO2 under identically similar conditions. The incorporation of HfO2
nanodots increased the optical scattering in H-TiO2 only when it underwent hydrogenation along with
TiO2. Hafnia-doped TiO2 (HfO2/TiO2) is synthesized by a combination of simple sol–gel and
hydrothermal method followed by thermal annealing under controlled hydrogen atmosphere. The
hydrogenated H-(TiO2/HfO2) exhibited very high optical absorption but slightly lower than H-TiO2 due
to light scattering by HfO2 nanodots. We observed a sharp decrease in optical band gap of TiO2/HfO2
from 3.2 to 2.4 eV up on hydrogen annealing, which is important in solar applications as demonstrated
by the fabrication of high efficiency dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
Photo-electrocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes prepared with two-step anod...Iranian Chemical Society
To improve the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid, we reported the fabrication of ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by a simple and effective two-step anodization method and then these TiO2 nanotubes treated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation. The TiO2 nanotubes prepared in the two-step anodization process showed better photo-catalytic activity than TiO2 nanotubes prepared in one-step anodization process. Also, compared with TiO2 nanotubes without the UV pretreatment, the TiO2 nanotubes pretreated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation exhibited significant enhancements in both photocurrent and activity. The treated TiO2 nanotubes exhibited a 5-fold enhancement in photocurrent and a 2.5-fold increase in the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid. Also the effect of addition of persulfate and periodate on the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid were investigated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of salicylic acid increased with increasing persulfate and periodate concentrations. These treated TiO2 nanotubes are promising candidates for practical photochemical reactors.
Facile fabrication and characterizations of nanostructured Fe2O3-TiO2 composi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Fe2O3-TiO2 nanoparticles promises as a highly effective material for adsorption of heavy metals and used as photocatalyst for the removal of organic dye pollutants. In this study, nanostructured Fe2O3-TiO2 composite was successfully fabricated by one-step reaction of ilmenite ore at the high temperature in ambient condition. The resultant Fe2O3-TiO2 composite was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm. The effects of sintered temperature and time on the formation of the Fe2O3-TiO2 nanocomposite were investigated in detail. The Fe2O3-TiO2 was formed from ilmenite ore after calcination at the temperature of 700oC in 3 hours, followed by a ball-milled process in 4 hours. The obtained Fe2O3-TiO2 composite has an average diameter of from 50 - 100 nm with the BET surface area of 7 m2/g.
Octahedral rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] and Cu(OH)2cluster modifiedTiO2for the phot...Pawan Kumar
tOctahedral hexacyano rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] cluster complexes were grafted onto photoactive Cu(OH)2cluster modified TiO2{Cu(OH)2/TiO2} support. The rhenium and copper cluster modified TiO2photocata-lyst combines the advantages of heterogeneous catalyst (facile recovery, recycling ability of the catalyst)with the reactivity, selectivity of the soluble molecular catalyst. The synthesized heterogeneous cata-lyst was found to be highly efficient photoredox catalyst for the reduction of CO2under visible lightirradiation. Methanol was found to be the major liquid product with the formation of hydrogen as a byproduct as determined with GC-FID and GC-TCD, respectively. The methanol yield after 24 h irradiationwas found to be 149 mol/0.1 g cat. for Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2photocatalyst that is much higher than35 mol/0.1 g cat. for Cu(OH)2/TiO2and 75 mol/0.1 g cat. for equimolar rhenium cluster in the presenceof triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial donor. The quantum yields (MeOH) of Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2and Cu(OH)2/TiO2were found to be 0.018 and 0.004 mol einstein−1, respectively. These values are muchhigher than those reported for other heterogeneous catalysts for six electron transfer reaction
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
Ae4502194199
1. C. Gnana Sambandam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 2), May 2014, pp.194-199
www.ijera.com 194 | P a g e
Effect of Fe2+
Substitution on Structural, Functional, and Optical
Properties of Nano Tio2 Prepared Via Sol-Gel Method
C. Gnana Sambandam*
*(Physics Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil-2, Tamilnadu, India.)
ABSTRACT
Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide doped with Fe2+
ions have been prepared through an aqueous sol–gel
technique using titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) and ferrous sulphate as a precursor. The mesoporous nature
of both pure and Fe2+
doped TiO2 powders, with specific surface area of 7.4 and 6.6 m2
g-1
, respectively, is
maintained even at calcination temperature of to 5500
C. The synthesized Nano powders were characterized
by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared
(FTIR), Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) and Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy. PXRD pattern indicates the
presence of pure crystalline anatase phase TiO2 with average crystallite size of 14 nm. FTIR spectra showed the
vibrational bands of Ti-O networks. The morphology of the as prepared samples and chemical constituents of
the nanoparticles studied using SEM and EDAX analysis. From the UV-Vis spectra and PL spectra the optical
properties of TiO2 were studied and discussed.
Keywords - sol-gel, Nano TiO2, Fe doping, SEM, EDAX
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, intense effect has been focused
on preparation of metal oxide Nano crystals owing to
their markedly different physical and chemical
properties with respect to the bulk materials.
Particularly titanium dioxide, TiO2, has been studied
extensively as photo catalyst to deal with
environment pollution, water purification, wastewater
treatment, hazardous waste control and air
purification [1-5].Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is of great
interest in technological applications due to its
morphology and crystalline phase. TiO2 exists three
different phases, i.e., anatase, rutile, and Brookite.
The active crystallite phases of TiO2 are anatase and
rutile [6,7]. TiO2 has been widely studied regarding
various applications, utilizing the photo catalytic and
transparent conductivity, which strongly depend on
the crystalline structure, morphology and crystallite
size [8]. TiO2 nanoparticles have been prepared by
different methods such as, chemical precipitation
method [9],chemical vapors deposition (CVD) [10],
the sol-gel technique [11], sputtering [12], hydrolysis,
micro emulsion method [13], spray deposition [14],
aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition [15],
thermal plasma [16], hydrothermal method [17],
microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis [18],
solvothermal method [19] and flame combustion
method [20]. Among these methods sol-gel method is
a simple method to synthesis TiO2 nanoparticles.
Researchers used lot of organic solvents like toluene
[21], ethanol [22] for preparing Nano TiO2 in various
methods.
In this study we have prepared TiO2 via sol-gel
method using isopropanol as a solvent. The products
were characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction,
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning
Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectra and
Photoluminescence studies.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Materials
Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP, 97%,
Sigma Aldrich), Isopropyl alcohol (RANKEM),
Deionised water.
2.2 Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles
TiO2 Nano powders were prepared via sol-
gel method using the precursor Titanium
isopropoxide(TTIP, 97%, Sigma Aldrich), Deionised
water and Isopropyl alcohol (RANKEM) as the
starting materials. 100 ml of Isopropyl alcohol was
added to 15 ml of TTIP in 200ml beaker. The mixture
solution is stirred 10 minutes using magnetic stirrer.
For hydrolysis reaction 10 ml of deionised water was
added drop wise to the mixed solution. Then the
mixture solution was stirred continuously for 2 hours.
Now the mixture transformed to gel. After aging 24
hours the gel is filtered and dried. For doping purpose
suitable amount of Fe metal dopant taken in the
hydrolysis step. The dried Nano TiO2 is calcinated to
5500
C. During the preparation the pH
of the mixed
solution maintained in the acidity range.
2.2 Material Characterization
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. C. Gnana Sambandam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 2), May 2014, pp.194-199
www.ijera.com 195 | P a g e
The prepared Nano TiO2 were characterized
by Powder XRD using XPERTPRO diffractometer.
FTIR spectra of the as prepared Nano TiO2 were
characterized by Jasco 4100 Spectro Photometer
equipped with ATR. UV-Vis absorption spectra of
the as prepared nano TiO2 samples were recorded
using UV-2401 PC UV-Vis recording
Spectrophotometer. The Photoluminescence spectra
of the as prepared Nano TiO2 samples were recorded
using VARIAN-CARY Eclipse Fluorescence
Spectrophotometer. SEM-EDAX spectra of Nano
TiO2 were recorded using FEI Quanta FEG 200-
High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Powder XRD Analysis
Figure(1) shows the Powder X-Ray
Diffraction patterns of as prepared undoped TiO2, 2
wt% Fe-doped TiO2, 3 wt% Fe-doped TiO2 and 5
wt% Fe-doped TiO2 Nano powders. The 2θ scans
were recorded at several resolutions using Cu Kα-1
radiation of wavelength 1.54060 Å range 20-800
. The
Powder X-Ray Diffraction patterns of the as prepared
TiO2 showed the presence of broad peaks. The broad
peaks indicate either particles of very small
crystalline size, or particles are semi crystalline in
nature [23].
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Intensity(a.u)
2 Theta
TiO2
: Fe 5%
TiO2
: Fe 3%
TiO2
: Fe 2%
Undoped TiO2
Fig -1: XRD patterns of as prepared undoped and Fe-
doped Nano particles
All the diffraction lines are assigned to
anatase crystalline phase of titanium dioxide. The
Powder X-Ray Diffraction pattern is in excellent
agreement with a reference pattern (JCPDS 21-1272)
of titanium dioxide. It should be noted that only
anatase TiO2 can be found in this sample, which is
attributed to the contribution of the low concentration
of oxygen vacancies due to high concentration of
gaseous oxygen during particle growth, hindering the
transformation from anatase to rutile phase [24].
With increasing Fe loading the intensity of the peaks
relatively reduced and with highest Fe loading they
are broadened [25]. From Powder X-Ray Diffraction
results, the crystallite size can be estimated from
width of the peak through use of Scherrer equation:
D=K λ / β cos θ, where D is the crystallite size, λ is
the wavelength of X-ray radiation (Cu Kα-
1radiation= 1.54060 Å), K is a constant and usually
taken as 0.9, β is the full width at half maximum
(FWHM) after subtraction of equipment broadening,
and θ is the Bragg angle of the peak [26]. The sample
are typical anatase titania crystal structure (21-1272)
with peaks at 2θ of 25.3, 37.9, 48.1, 53.9, 55.0, 62.8,
68.9, 70.41 and 75.18 corresponding to (101), (004),
(200), (105), (211), (204), (116), (220) and (215)
phases respectively [27]. From the Powder XRD
spectrum the average crystallite size is found to be
14-21 nm.
Yin Zhao and co-workers obtained the same
result previously by preparing TiO2 Nano powders by
a facile gas flame combustion method using Titanium
Chloride as a precursor [28].
3.2 FTIR Analysis
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Transmittance
Wavenumber (cm-1
)
Undoped TiO2
TiO2
: Fe 2%
TiO2
: Fe 3%
TiO2
: Fe 5%
1630
3420
600
Fig -2: FTIR spectrum of the as prepared undoped
and Fe-doped Nano particles.
The FTIR spectra of the as prepared
undoped and Fe-doped Nano TiO2 are shown in
figure (2). From this spectrum, it can be observed
apparently that strong band in the range of 580 to 660
cm-1
is associated with the characteristic modes of
TiO2. The absorption range around 3400cm-1
indicates that the presence of hydroxyl (stretching),
which is probably due to the fact that the spectra
were recorded in situ and some reabsorptions of
water from the ambient atmosphere has occurred
[29]. The absorption range around 1630 cm-1
may be
related to hydroxyl (bending) groups of molecular
water [20].
3. C. Gnana Sambandam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 2), May 2014, pp.194-199
www.ijera.com 196 | P a g e
3.3 UV-Vis Analysis
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Kubelka-MunkAbsorbance
Wavelength (nm)
Undoped TiO2
TiO2
: Fe 2%
TiO2
: Fe 3%
TiO2
: Fe 5%
Fig -3: UV-Vis DRS spectrum of the as prepared
undoped and Fe-doped nanoparticles.
Figure (3) shows the plots of the Kubelka-
Munk function F (R∞) vs wavelength obtained from
Diffuse Reflectance Spectra data similarly as
observed by Shi-An Gao et.al [30].
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0
[F(R)h]1/2
Energy (eV)
Undoped TiO2
TiO2
: Fe 2%
TiO2
: Fe 3%
TiO2
: Fe 5%
Fig -4: Tauc plot obtained from UV-Vis DRS
spectrum of the as prepared undoped and Fe-doped
Nano particles.
Figure (4) shows the Tauc plot for the
observed Diffuse Reflectance Spectral data for
determining band gap energies, Eg, we followed the
calculation procedure of Beranek and Kisch [31],
who used the equation α=A(hν-Eg)n
/hν, where α is
absorption coefficient, A is constant, hν is the energy
of light and n is a constant depending on the nature of
the electron transition [32]. Assuming an indirect
band gap (n=2) for TiO2 [33], with α proportional to
F(R∞) the band gap energy can be obtained from the
plots of [F(R∞) hν]1/2
vs hν as the intercept at[F(R∞)
hν]1/2
=0 the extrapolated linear part of the plot
(fig1). The band gap of undoped and Fe-doped nano
TiO2 obtained from Tauc plot is 2.8 to 3.2 eV.
3.4 SEM Micrograph Analyses
Figure (5), (6),(7) and (8) shows the HR-
SEM images of the as prepared and Fe-doped Nano
TiO2.
Fig -5: HR-SEM micrographs of the as prepared
TiO2 nanoparticles.
Fig -6: HR-SEM micrograph of the 2 wt% Fe-doped
TiO2 nanoparticles.
Fig -7: HR-SEM micrograph of the 3 wt% Fe-doped
TiO2 nanoparticles.
4. C. Gnana Sambandam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 2), May 2014, pp.194-199
www.ijera.com 197 | P a g e
Fig -8: HR-SEM micrographs of the 5 wt% Fe-doped
TiO2 nanoparticles.
The surface morphology of TiO2 Nano TiO2
has been studied using High Resolution Scanning
Electron Microscope. As the calcination temperature
increase, the particles agglomerate resulting in
increase of particle size. It is observed from the HR-
SEM images. The HR-SEM investigations of all the
Nano TiO2 samples reveal that the crystallites are
Nano meter size. Therefore the growth of Nano phase
crystalline TiO2 particles is accelerated at higher
calcination temperature [34]. All samples shows
uniform morphology in the form of TiO2 Nano
clusters.
3.5 EDAX Analysis
Fig -9: EDAX spectrum of the as prepared Nano
TiO2.
Fig -10: EDAX spectrum of the 2 wt% Fe doped
Nano TiO2.
Fig -11: EDAX spectrum of the 3 wt% Fe-doped
nano TiO2.
Fig -12: EDAX spectrum of the 5 wt% Fe-doped
nano TiO2.
Figure (9), (10),(11) and (12) shows the
EDAX spectrum of as prepared undoped and Fe-
5. C. Gnana Sambandam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 2), May 2014, pp.194-199
www.ijera.com 198 | P a g e
doped Nano TiO2. The spectrum shows the chemical
constituents of Ti, O and Fe present in the samples.
There is no impurity peak is observed in the EDAX
spectra. This confirms that the prepared samples are
in pure form.
3.6 PL Analysis
340 360 380 400 420 440
Intensity(a.u)
Wavelength (nm)
Undoped TiO2
TiO2
: Fe 2%
TiO2
: Fe 3%
TiO2
: Fe 5%
Fig -13: The Photoluminescence spectrum of as
Prepared undoped and Fe-doped Nano TiO2.
Photoluminescence spectra were recorded at room
temperature on the prepared Nano TiO2 prepared by
sol-gel synthesis. The Photoluminescence spectra of
the prepared undoped and Fe-doped Nano TiO2
shown in figure (13).
The Photoluminescence spectrum of anatase
phase nanoTiO2 resulted from three origins: self
trapped excitons [35,37] surface states [36] and
oxygen vacancies [35,37]. Oxygen vacancy peaks
normally observed at 391nm and 409 nm. In our
samples, all the peaks observed around 390 nm. This
shows the Photoluminescence emission due to the
presence of oxygen vacancies of Nano TiO2.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
TiO2 Nano powders were successfully
synthesized by sol-gel method using Titanium tetra
isopropoxide and Isoproponal. They were calcinated
to 5500
C to get high degree of crystallization. The
calcinated TiO2 Nano powders were characterized by
Powder XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS and PL analysis.
The Powder XRD spectra reveal that, the main phase
of TiO2 Nano powders are anatase phase. FTIR
spectra displayed the peaks attributed to the presence
of O-H groups at 3420 cm-1
and 1630 cm-1
.Also
FTIR spectra show the vibrational mode of TiO2
around 600 cm-1
. SEM image displayed the uniform
morphology in the form of Nano clusters. EDAX
spectra confirm the samples are in pure form. From
UV-Vis Tauc plot the band gap of TiO2 changes from
2.8-3.2 eV. PL spectra reveal that PL excitation is
due to oxygen vacancies.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by University
Grant Commission, New Delhi, through the Minor
Research Project (XII PLAN) in S. T. Hindu College
Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India.
REFERENCES
[1]. U.Diebold, Surf. Sci. Rep. 48(2003) 53.
[2]. A. Mills, S. Le Hunte, J. Photochem
Photobiol. A 108 (1997) 1.
[3]. Y. Ohko, I. Ando, C. Niwa, T. Tatsuma, T.
Yamamura, T. Nakashima, Y.Kubota, A.
Fujishima, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001)
2635.
[4]. J. Rodriguiz, T. Jirsak, G. Liu, J. Herbek, J.
Dvorak, A. Maiti. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
123 (2001) 9597.
[5]. J. Aguado, R. Van Grieken, M.J. Lopez-
Munoz, J. Murugan, Catal. Today 75 (2002)
95.
[6]. K. Joseph Antony Raj, B. Vishwanathan,
Effect of surface area pore Volume and
particle size of P25 titania on the phase
transformation of anatase to rutile, Indian J.
Chem. 48 A (2009) 1378-1382.
[7]. L. Gang, W. Xuewen, C. Zhigang, C. Hui-
Ming, L. Gao Qing (Max), The Role of
crystal phase in determining photocatalytic
activity on nitrogen doped TiO2. Colloid
Interface Sci. 329 (2009) 331-338.
[8]. H. Nakano, H. Hasuike, K. Kisoda, K.
Nishio, T. Isshiki, H. Harima, Synthesis
of TiO2 nanocrystals controlled by means of
the size of magnetic lements and the level of
doping with them, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
21 (2009)064214.
[9]. S. Mashid, M. Sasani Ghamsari, M. Afshar,
S. Lahuti, Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles
By hydrolysis and peptization Of
tittaniumisopropoxide solution,
Semiconductor physics, Quant. Electron
Optoelectron. 9 2006) 65-68.
[10]. S. Jian, W. Xudong, Growth of rutile
titanium dioxide nanowires by pulsed
chemical vapour deposition, Cryst. Growth
Des. 11 (2011) 949-954.
[11]. N. Bahadur, K. Jian, R. Pasricha, Govind, S.
Chand, Selective gas sensing response
from different loading of Ag in sol-gel
mesoporous tittania powders. Sensors and
Actuators B 159 (2011) 112-120.
[12]. S. Song, T. Li, Z.Y. Pang, L. Lin, M. Lu, S.
Han, Structural, Electrical and optical
properties of ITO films with a thin TiO2
seed layer prepared by RF magnetron
sputtering, Vaccum 83 (2009) 1091-1094.
6. C. Gnana Sambandam et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 2), May 2014, pp.194-199
www.ijera.com 199 | P a g e
[13] X. Shen, J. Zhang, B. Tian, Microemulsion-
mediated solvothermal synthesis and
photocatalytic properties of crystalline
titania with controllable phases of anatase
and rutile, J. Hazard. Mater. 192 (2011)
651- 657.
[14]. M. Uzunova-Bujnova, R. Kralchevska, M.
Milnova, R. Todorovska, D. Hristov, D.
Todorovsky, Crystal structure,
morphology and phhotocatalytic activity of
modified TiO2 films,Catal. Today 151
(2010) 14-20.
[15]. T.A. Asif Ali Tahir, K.G. Nirmal Peiris, W.
Upul, Enhancement of photoelectrochemical
performance of AACVD-produced TiO2
electrodes by microwave irradiation
while preserving the nanostructure, Chem.
Vap.Dep. 18 (2012) 107-111.
[16]. Y. Tanaka, H. Sakai, T. Tsuke, Y. Uesugi,
Y. Sakai, K. Nakamura, Influence of coil
current modulation on TiO2 nanoparticle
synthesis using pulse-modulated induction
thermal plasmas. Thin Solid Films 519
(2011) 7100- 7105.
[17]. J.-K. Oh, J.-K. Lee, S.J. Kim, K.-W. Park,
Synthesis of phase-and shape controlled
TiO2 nanoparticles via hydrothermal
process. J. Indust. Engg. and Chem. 15
(2009) 270-274.
[18]. A. Melis, L. Petra, S.C. Hopkins, P. Glenn,
E. Johan vander, R. Susugna, G.Xavier,
B.A. Glowacki, V.D Isabel, Deposition of
photocatalytically active TiO2 films assisted
hydrothermal synthesis, Nanotechnology 23
(2012) 165603.
[19]. Y. Zhang, H.Zheng, G. Liu, Y. Battaglia,
Synthesis and electrochemical studies of a
layered spheric TiO2 through low
temperature Solvothermal method,
Electrochem. Acta 54 (2009) 4079-4083.
[20]. Y. Zhao, C. Li, X. Liu, F. Gu, H. Jiang, W.
Shao, L. Zhang, Y. He, Synthesis and
optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Mater. Letter. 61 (2007) 79-83.
[21]. C.-S. Kim, B.K. Moon, J.-H Park, B.-C
Choi, H.-J. Seo, Journal of Crystal
Growth 257 (2003) 309-315.
[22]. D. Meng, T. Yamazaki, T. Kikuta,
reparation and gas sensing properties of
undoped and Pd-doped TiO2 nanowires.
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical(2013)
[23]. C.L. Yeha, S.H. Yeh, H.K. Ma, Powder
Technol. 145(2004) 1.
[24]. A.J. Rulison, P.F. Miquel, J.L Katz, J.
Mater. Res (12) (1996) 3083.
[25]. N. Bahadur, K. Jain, R. Pasricha, Govind, S.
Chand, Selective gas sensing response from
different loading of Ag in sol-gel
mesoporous titania powders, Sens. Actuators
B Chem. 159 (2011) 112-120.
[26]. Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, G. Liu, V. Battaglia,
Synthesis and electro chemical studies of a
layered spherical TiO2 through low
temperature solvothermal method. Electro.
Acta 54 (2009) 4079-4083.
[27]. M.A Khan, M.S. Akhtar, O.-B Yang,
Synthesis, characterization and application
of sil-gel derived mesoporous TiO2
nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells.
Solar Energy 84 (2010) 2195-2201.
[28]. Y. Zhao, C. Li, X. Liu, F.Gu, H. Jiang, W.
Shao, L. Zhang, Y. He, Synthesis and
optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles,
Mater. Lett. 61 (2007) 79-83.
[29]. A.N JoseA, J.T. Juan, D. Pablo, R.P. Javier,
R. Diana, I.L. Marta, Appl. Catal., A Gen.
178 (1999) 91. [30]. S. –A. Gao, A.-P. Xian,
L.-H. Cao, R.-C. Xie, J.-K. Zhang, Influence
of calcining temperature on photoresponse
TiO2 film under nitrogen and oxygen in
room temperature, Sens. Actuators B Chem.
134 (2008) 718-726.
[31]. R. Branek, H. Kisch, Photochem. Photobiol.
Sci 7 (2008) 40.
[32]. J.I. Pankov, Optiocal Processes in
Semiconductors, Prentice-Hall Inc., New
Jercey, 1971.
[33]. H. Tang, K. Prasad, R. Sanilines, P.E.
Schmid, F. Levy, J. Appl. Phy. 75 (1994)
2042.
[34]. S. Sugapriya, R. Sriram, S. Lakshmi, Effect
of annealing on TiO2 nanoparticles, Optik
24 (2013) 4971-4975.
[35]. L.V. Saraf, S.I. Patil, S.B. Ogalae, S.R.
Sainkar, S.T. Kshirsager, Int. J. Mod.
Phys. B12 (1998) 2635.
[36]. L. Fross, M. Schubnell, Appl. Phys. B:
Photophys. Laser chem. 56 (1993) 363.
[37]. H. Tang, H. Berger, P.E. Schmid, F. Levy,
Solid State Commun. 87 (1993) 847.