In the search for novel crystal with promising nonlinear optical properties an attempt is made to grow
morpholium cadmium aceto-perchlorate single crystals. The title compound is synthesized by slow evaporation
technique at room temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern has been recorded and the various planes
of reflections are identified. The transmittance spectrum of the crystal in the UV–Vis region has been obtained.
Using the FTIR spectrum, the vibrational modes of the crystal is analysed and the presence of cadmium in the
crystal is confirmed. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis studies have been done to
assess the thermal stability of the grown crystal. The dielectric measurement for the crystal is carried out in the
range of 50 Hz to 5 MHz for three different temperatures 40ºC, 80ºC and 120ºC to study the electrical nature of
the grown crystal. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal is confirmed
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of a new nonlinear organic single crystal called urea L-asparagine. Key findings include:
1) Urea L-asparagine crystals were grown using a slow evaporation solution method and yielded bright, transparent crystals measuring 11 x 0.7 x 0.3 cm3.
2) Elemental analysis and powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline nature and stoichiometric composition of the compound.
3) Single crystal X-ray diffraction showed the crystal has an orthorhombic structure with space group P.
4) Optical and vibrational spectroscopy showed the crystal has good transmittance in the visible range
Biopolymer based nanomaterials as potential biosorbents for toxic metal ionsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the use of ternary nanoparticles composed of chitosan, yeast, and gelatin for removing toxic copper ions from water. The nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR and TEM analysis. FTIR showed the presence of functional groups from the three biopolymers and shifts upon copper ion adsorption. TEM revealed nanoparticle sizes ranging from 50-150 nm. Batch experiments showed over 90% copper ion removal, with adsorption fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The effects of biopolymer composition, metal ion concentration, pH, and temperature on adsorption capacity were also examined.
Investigations on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Active Cadmium Picra...IRJET Journal
1) Cadmium picrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique.
2) The crystals were characterized through techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, microhardness testing, and dielectric measurements.
3) Second harmonic generation measurements showed that the grown cadmium picrate crystals have nonlinear optical properties making them suitable for frequency conversion applications.
Growth, structural and optical studies of pure and kbr doped adp crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and KBr doped crystals of ADP were grown by slow evaporation technique from the supersaturated solution of ADP at room temperature. The tetragonal structure of the grown crystals was observed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups present in the grown crystals. The UV-Vis spectral analysis shows high transparency in the entire visible region. The band gap value of the pure ADP crystal was found assuming indirect transition. Key Words: ADP, Powder XRD, FTIR, Band gap
Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.
Determination of Optical Constants and Mechanical Properties of Thiourea Base...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of bis-thiourea stannous chloride dihydrate (BTSCD) crystals. BTSCD crystals were grown using the solution growth method at room temperature over 35-45 days. The crystals were characterized through single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and SHG analysis. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and mechanical properties like microhardness were determined. The BTSCD crystals showed good optical transmission in the visible region with a band gap of 5.1 eV and SHG efficiency of 0.55 times that of KDP, indicating potential for non-linear optical applications.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver biopolymer nanocomposites. Chitosan/silver nanocomposite films were synthesized using ultrasonication and spin coating methods. The films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, dielectric measurements, and four probe resistivity measurements. The characterization confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the chitosan polymer matrix. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing frequency. Electrical measurements showed linear current-voltage behavior consistent with Ohm's law. The document concluded the synthesis and characterization techniques provided an understanding of the chitosan/silver nanocomposite materials.
Growth and Structural studies of Zn doped L-Threonine single crystaltheijes
This document summarizes a study on the growth and structural characterization of zinc-doped L-threonine single crystals. L-threonine crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique with various concentrations of zinc doping. The crystals were characterized through density measurements, EDAX, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. Density measurements confirmed the incorporation of zinc dopants into the crystal lattice. XRD analysis showed the crystals have an orthorhombic structure and lattice parameters varied slightly with doping concentration. The study aims to develop new nonlinear optical materials by doping an organic crystal with zinc.
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of a new nonlinear organic single crystal called urea L-asparagine. Key findings include:
1) Urea L-asparagine crystals were grown using a slow evaporation solution method and yielded bright, transparent crystals measuring 11 x 0.7 x 0.3 cm3.
2) Elemental analysis and powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline nature and stoichiometric composition of the compound.
3) Single crystal X-ray diffraction showed the crystal has an orthorhombic structure with space group P.
4) Optical and vibrational spectroscopy showed the crystal has good transmittance in the visible range
Biopolymer based nanomaterials as potential biosorbents for toxic metal ionsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the use of ternary nanoparticles composed of chitosan, yeast, and gelatin for removing toxic copper ions from water. The nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR and TEM analysis. FTIR showed the presence of functional groups from the three biopolymers and shifts upon copper ion adsorption. TEM revealed nanoparticle sizes ranging from 50-150 nm. Batch experiments showed over 90% copper ion removal, with adsorption fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The effects of biopolymer composition, metal ion concentration, pH, and temperature on adsorption capacity were also examined.
Investigations on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Active Cadmium Picra...IRJET Journal
1) Cadmium picrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique.
2) The crystals were characterized through techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, microhardness testing, and dielectric measurements.
3) Second harmonic generation measurements showed that the grown cadmium picrate crystals have nonlinear optical properties making them suitable for frequency conversion applications.
Growth, structural and optical studies of pure and kbr doped adp crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and KBr doped crystals of ADP were grown by slow evaporation technique from the supersaturated solution of ADP at room temperature. The tetragonal structure of the grown crystals was observed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups present in the grown crystals. The UV-Vis spectral analysis shows high transparency in the entire visible region. The band gap value of the pure ADP crystal was found assuming indirect transition. Key Words: ADP, Powder XRD, FTIR, Band gap
Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.
Determination of Optical Constants and Mechanical Properties of Thiourea Base...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of bis-thiourea stannous chloride dihydrate (BTSCD) crystals. BTSCD crystals were grown using the solution growth method at room temperature over 35-45 days. The crystals were characterized through single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and SHG analysis. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and mechanical properties like microhardness were determined. The BTSCD crystals showed good optical transmission in the visible region with a band gap of 5.1 eV and SHG efficiency of 0.55 times that of KDP, indicating potential for non-linear optical applications.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver biopolymer nanocomposites. Chitosan/silver nanocomposite films were synthesized using ultrasonication and spin coating methods. The films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, dielectric measurements, and four probe resistivity measurements. The characterization confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the chitosan polymer matrix. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing frequency. Electrical measurements showed linear current-voltage behavior consistent with Ohm's law. The document concluded the synthesis and characterization techniques provided an understanding of the chitosan/silver nanocomposite materials.
Growth and Structural studies of Zn doped L-Threonine single crystaltheijes
This document summarizes a study on the growth and structural characterization of zinc-doped L-threonine single crystals. L-threonine crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique with various concentrations of zinc doping. The crystals were characterized through density measurements, EDAX, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. Density measurements confirmed the incorporation of zinc dopants into the crystal lattice. XRD analysis showed the crystals have an orthorhombic structure and lattice parameters varied slightly with doping concentration. The study aims to develop new nonlinear optical materials by doping an organic crystal with zinc.
Synthesis and characterization of MnO2/rGO nano composite for super capacitorsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of an MnO2/rGO nanocomposite for use in supercapacitors. Graphene oxide was produced using a modified Hummer's method and then reduced to rGO. MnO2 nanoparticles were prepared using a drop-feeding method and mixed with rGO to form a nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques and showed improved capacitance compared to MnO2 alone, with a highest value of 678 F/g measured. The nanocomposite therefore shows promise for supercapacitor applications due to its high specific capacitance.
Growth, characterization, and antibacterial studies of L-Lysine single crysta...IOSRJAP
Single crystals of L-lysine added Potassium Bromide were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal wasconfirmed using powder X-ray diffraction technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded for the structural conformation and it was found to be cubic. The UV –VIS- NIR Spectrum of the grown crystals shows less optical absorption and good transmittance in the entire visible region enabling its use in optical applications. Vickers micro hardness test was carried out to analyze the mechanical property of the grown L- lysine potassium Bromide single crystal. Thermo gravimetric analysis proved that the crystal is stable up to 600ºC. The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss (tan δ) were also measured. The grown crystal was evaluated for its biological efficacy and found to exhibit anti bacterial activities against some select bacterial strains.
Growth and Characterization of Guanidine Benzoate (GuBzt) Single CrystalsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of Guanidine benzoate (GuBzt) single crystals. GuBzt crystals were grown using the slow evaporation method and characterized using various techniques. X-ray diffraction studies showed the crystals crystallize in the orthorhombic system with the Pnma space group. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the crystals are transparent in the visible region with a cutoff wavelength of 296 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups of GuBzt. Optical properties including refractive index, band gap, and dielectric constant were also determined from UV-Vis studies.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel redox-based chiroptically switching polymer. The polymer was prepared by grafting electrochromic viologen groups onto the side chains of an optically active conjugated polymer backbone containing 1,1'-binaphthyl units. The resulting polymer exhibited a much larger optical rotation and intense circular dichroism signal compared to a small molecule model compound, indicating secondary chirality in the main polymer chain. The polymer undergoes distinctive and reversible color changes from light yellow to dark blue upon electrochemical or chemical reduction/oxidation of the viologen units, accompanied by changes in its circular dichroism spectrum. This allows for redox-driven chiroptical switching behavior
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of copper-doped nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles. Nickel oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical precipitation method with varying concentrations of copper doping (0, 2, 4, and 6 atomic%). The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction confirmed the nanoparticles had a face-centered cubic structure. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed effective doping of copper into the nickel oxide lattice. Photoluminescence intensity increased with higher copper doping concentrations up to 4 atomic% but decreased at 6 atomic% due to increased particle size.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
The document discusses estimating crystallite size using X-ray diffraction (XRD). It provides a brief history of XRD, introducing key concepts like the Scherrer equation published in 1918 relating crystallite size to peak broadening. It discusses factors that contribute to observed peak profiles, including instrumental broadening, crystallite size, microstrain, and others. It also covers considerations for accurately analyzing crystallite size such as deconvoluting instrumental and sample contributions, and effects of crystallite shape, size distribution, and the measurement technique.
Structural and photoluminescence study of SrAl2O4:Eu3+ phosphors synthesized ...AI Publications
The combustion synthesis method was employed for the synthesis of red-emitting monoclinic SrAl2O4:Eu3+ phosphors. Structural characterization of annealed samples was carried out via X-ray Diffraction (XRD). XRD patterns reveal that strontium aluminate samples were cubic spinel nanoparticles and the grain size determined by the Debye-Scherrer formula is 35.34 nm. The vibrational stretching frequencies corresponding to the composites were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The PL spectra show the strongest emission at 612 nm corresponds to the 5D0 → 7F2 transition of Eu3+, which results in bright red color emitting phosphor used for display devices and lamp industries.
Synthesis & Bio-Evaluation of 4-Amino-5-Benzyl-2, 4-Dihydro-3H-1, 2, 4-Triazo...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione Capped Silver NanoParticles by a simple procedure. Spherical shaped Capped Ag-NPs with average size of 14.65 nm are obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with hot ethanolic solution of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione as Stabilizing/Reducing agent. The Nanoparticles are characterized using TEM, XRD and FTIR studies. The synthesized Nanoparticles were tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 μg /ml. The Nanoparticles showed good activity, nearly equal to the inhibition zone value of ciprofloxacin, against the E.coli bacteria. For the antifungal activity, the compound showed equipotent activity against A.niger.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic study of neodymium-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles. Cerium oxide and cerium oxide doped with neodymium in different ratios were synthesized via a sol-gel method and characterized using XRD, FT-IR, and TGA/DSC. XRD and FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of cerium oxide with a cubic fluorite structure without phase changes after calcination. TGA/DSC showed the thermal stability of the samples. Photocatalytic testing found that doping with neodymium, especially at a ratio of 100:10, improved the photocatalytic activity for degrading methylene blue dye
Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removal of cr(vi) from aqueous solutionhbrothers
This document describes research on using magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The researchers introduced a simple method to prepare magnetic chitosan nanoparticles via co-precipitation and epichlorohydrin cross-linking. Characterization showed the nanoparticles were spherical and around 30 nm in size. Adsorption experiments found Cr(VI) removal was highly dependent on pH, with maximum adsorption of 55.80 mg/g occurring at pH 3. Kinetic data fit a pseudo-second order model and isotherm data fit the Langmuir model well. The magnetic chitosan nanoparticles showed potential for use in wastewater treatment applications to remove Cr(VI).
This document summarizes cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles, including their structure, synthesis methods, and applications. CeO2 nanoparticles have a fluorite crystalline structure and adopt different shapes depending on their size. They can be synthesized via various methods like precipitation and have uses in diesel engines and medical treatments. Specifically, adding CeO2 nanoparticles to diesel fuel improves engine performance and reduces emissions by promoting more complete combustion. The nanoparticles also have potential applications in treating neurological diseases involving oxidative stress, like Parkinson's, due to their antioxidant properties.
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
This document describes the growth and characterization of pure and ferrous sulfate doped bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals. Single crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The characterizations confirmed the crystalline structure, presence of ferrous sulfate dopant, optical transparency, thermal stability, and elemental composition of the crystals. The ferrous sulfate doping was found to decrease the thermal stability of the bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing mesoporous titanium phosphate using a modified sol-gel method. Small angle X-ray scattering showed the formation of a liquid crystal template during synthesis. Thermal annealing was found to tune the material's bandgap, possibly by controlling residual strain in the amorphous pore walls. The mesoporous material had a larger bandgap than nonporous titanium phosphate and higher surface area. Further research aims to understand manipulating bandgap for photocatalytic applications.
Synthesis of 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver ...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the formation, morphology and photophysical activity of the 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method. The method utilizes a simple chemical reaction of silver idodide and sodium borohydride. The advantages of this method are ease of preparation, convenience in use and especially, that the obtained silver nano particles are uniform in their shapes and sizes. This is important for fluorescence & bio-evolution measurements. Furthermore, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is employed to monitor the formation process of the nano particles and to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of stable and highly fluorescence-active silver colloids. Specifically, we observed changes in the shapes of the silver nano particles during the formation. This may be helpful in understanding the growth of the nano particles and creates a new dimension in controlling the shapes of the nano particles.SEM, TEM and XRD studies are carried out. The suitability of ACA capped Ag-NPs as Biomarkers is also Tested by Fluorescence study.
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Dep...sarmad
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Deposition
A thesis submitted By: Khaled Z.Yahya
Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Adawiya J.Haider Prof.Dr. Raad M.S.Al-Haddad
Synthesis & Characterization of Fluorescent Silver Nanoparticles stabilized b...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was achieved by a simple green procedure using Tinospora Cordifolia leaf extract as stabilizer/reducing agents. Ag-NPs in the size range of 2–19 nm is obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with leaf extracts of Tinospora Cordifolia. This eco-friendly approach is simple, amenable for large scale commercial production and technical applications. Further, photoluminiscence studies of these Ag-NPs were recorded & suggested that the present particles were suitable for fluorescence emitting probes. These red emitting Ag-NPs exhibited distinct fluorescence properties (both emission and stokeshift).
This document summarizes research on the preparation and characterization of titanium-doped barium ferrite (BFTO) nanopowders. BFTO powders with compositions of BaFe(12-x)TixO19, where x=0.32 and x=0.36, were synthesized using a sol-gel method. The powders were characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single tetragonal phase and particle sizes ranging from 15-50 nm. SEM images showed irregularly shaped plate-like particles 10-40 nm in size. FTIR spectra exhibited peaks corresponding to metal-oxygen bonds and residual organic groups from the synthesis method.
This document summarizes the facile synthesis of a dithiol-protected silver quantum cluster, Ag7(DMSA)4, through a modified solid-state route that takes less than 15 minutes. The cluster is characterized using various techniques and shown to selectively adsorb cationic dyes from water due to favorable electrostatic interactions. Supported on alumina, the clusters demonstrate higher efficiency for dye removal compared to silver nanoparticles protected with similar ligands, attributed to the clusters' smaller size and larger surface area. The material can be reused multiple times without loss of adsorption activity when dyes are extracted using solvents.
Climatology Applied To Architecture: An Experimental Investigation about Inte...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that analyzed the internal temperature distribution in two test cells with different roof types on a typical summer day in Brazil. Thermocouples measured the internal surface temperature (IST) and internal air or dry bulb temperature (DBT) at various heights in each test cell - one with a green roof and one with a conventional ceramic roof. The results showed that the IST distribution was almost uniform in both cells, but the conventional cell exhibited a small vertical DBT gradient. The study aimed to establish appropriate guidelines for collecting internal temperature data experimentally and contribute to future comfort and building performance research.
A Review on Digital Dental Radiographic Images for Disease Identification and...IJERA Editor
Nowadays a research on dental disease is very helpful in the clinical sections for automatic interpretation of
disease within less time and with more accurate results. The objective is to study and identify types of teeth
disease, to develop a robust, simple, cost effective and more accurate interpretation algorithm. There are many
difficulties in defining objective such as it is difficult to interpret diseases because there are very minute
variations in X-rays, Poor image quality representation and segmentation of each teeth in radiographic image
Synthesis and characterization of MnO2/rGO nano composite for super capacitorsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of an MnO2/rGO nanocomposite for use in supercapacitors. Graphene oxide was produced using a modified Hummer's method and then reduced to rGO. MnO2 nanoparticles were prepared using a drop-feeding method and mixed with rGO to form a nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques and showed improved capacitance compared to MnO2 alone, with a highest value of 678 F/g measured. The nanocomposite therefore shows promise for supercapacitor applications due to its high specific capacitance.
Growth, characterization, and antibacterial studies of L-Lysine single crysta...IOSRJAP
Single crystals of L-lysine added Potassium Bromide were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal wasconfirmed using powder X-ray diffraction technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded for the structural conformation and it was found to be cubic. The UV –VIS- NIR Spectrum of the grown crystals shows less optical absorption and good transmittance in the entire visible region enabling its use in optical applications. Vickers micro hardness test was carried out to analyze the mechanical property of the grown L- lysine potassium Bromide single crystal. Thermo gravimetric analysis proved that the crystal is stable up to 600ºC. The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss (tan δ) were also measured. The grown crystal was evaluated for its biological efficacy and found to exhibit anti bacterial activities against some select bacterial strains.
Growth and Characterization of Guanidine Benzoate (GuBzt) Single CrystalsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of Guanidine benzoate (GuBzt) single crystals. GuBzt crystals were grown using the slow evaporation method and characterized using various techniques. X-ray diffraction studies showed the crystals crystallize in the orthorhombic system with the Pnma space group. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the crystals are transparent in the visible region with a cutoff wavelength of 296 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups of GuBzt. Optical properties including refractive index, band gap, and dielectric constant were also determined from UV-Vis studies.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel redox-based chiroptically switching polymer. The polymer was prepared by grafting electrochromic viologen groups onto the side chains of an optically active conjugated polymer backbone containing 1,1'-binaphthyl units. The resulting polymer exhibited a much larger optical rotation and intense circular dichroism signal compared to a small molecule model compound, indicating secondary chirality in the main polymer chain. The polymer undergoes distinctive and reversible color changes from light yellow to dark blue upon electrochemical or chemical reduction/oxidation of the viologen units, accompanied by changes in its circular dichroism spectrum. This allows for redox-driven chiroptical switching behavior
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of copper-doped nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles. Nickel oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical precipitation method with varying concentrations of copper doping (0, 2, 4, and 6 atomic%). The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction confirmed the nanoparticles had a face-centered cubic structure. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed effective doping of copper into the nickel oxide lattice. Photoluminescence intensity increased with higher copper doping concentrations up to 4 atomic% but decreased at 6 atomic% due to increased particle size.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
The document discusses estimating crystallite size using X-ray diffraction (XRD). It provides a brief history of XRD, introducing key concepts like the Scherrer equation published in 1918 relating crystallite size to peak broadening. It discusses factors that contribute to observed peak profiles, including instrumental broadening, crystallite size, microstrain, and others. It also covers considerations for accurately analyzing crystallite size such as deconvoluting instrumental and sample contributions, and effects of crystallite shape, size distribution, and the measurement technique.
Structural and photoluminescence study of SrAl2O4:Eu3+ phosphors synthesized ...AI Publications
The combustion synthesis method was employed for the synthesis of red-emitting monoclinic SrAl2O4:Eu3+ phosphors. Structural characterization of annealed samples was carried out via X-ray Diffraction (XRD). XRD patterns reveal that strontium aluminate samples were cubic spinel nanoparticles and the grain size determined by the Debye-Scherrer formula is 35.34 nm. The vibrational stretching frequencies corresponding to the composites were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The PL spectra show the strongest emission at 612 nm corresponds to the 5D0 → 7F2 transition of Eu3+, which results in bright red color emitting phosphor used for display devices and lamp industries.
Synthesis & Bio-Evaluation of 4-Amino-5-Benzyl-2, 4-Dihydro-3H-1, 2, 4-Triazo...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione Capped Silver NanoParticles by a simple procedure. Spherical shaped Capped Ag-NPs with average size of 14.65 nm are obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with hot ethanolic solution of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione as Stabilizing/Reducing agent. The Nanoparticles are characterized using TEM, XRD and FTIR studies. The synthesized Nanoparticles were tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 μg /ml. The Nanoparticles showed good activity, nearly equal to the inhibition zone value of ciprofloxacin, against the E.coli bacteria. For the antifungal activity, the compound showed equipotent activity against A.niger.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic study of neodymium-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles. Cerium oxide and cerium oxide doped with neodymium in different ratios were synthesized via a sol-gel method and characterized using XRD, FT-IR, and TGA/DSC. XRD and FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of cerium oxide with a cubic fluorite structure without phase changes after calcination. TGA/DSC showed the thermal stability of the samples. Photocatalytic testing found that doping with neodymium, especially at a ratio of 100:10, improved the photocatalytic activity for degrading methylene blue dye
Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removal of cr(vi) from aqueous solutionhbrothers
This document describes research on using magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The researchers introduced a simple method to prepare magnetic chitosan nanoparticles via co-precipitation and epichlorohydrin cross-linking. Characterization showed the nanoparticles were spherical and around 30 nm in size. Adsorption experiments found Cr(VI) removal was highly dependent on pH, with maximum adsorption of 55.80 mg/g occurring at pH 3. Kinetic data fit a pseudo-second order model and isotherm data fit the Langmuir model well. The magnetic chitosan nanoparticles showed potential for use in wastewater treatment applications to remove Cr(VI).
This document summarizes cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles, including their structure, synthesis methods, and applications. CeO2 nanoparticles have a fluorite crystalline structure and adopt different shapes depending on their size. They can be synthesized via various methods like precipitation and have uses in diesel engines and medical treatments. Specifically, adding CeO2 nanoparticles to diesel fuel improves engine performance and reduces emissions by promoting more complete combustion. The nanoparticles also have potential applications in treating neurological diseases involving oxidative stress, like Parkinson's, due to their antioxidant properties.
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
This document describes the growth and characterization of pure and ferrous sulfate doped bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals. Single crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The characterizations confirmed the crystalline structure, presence of ferrous sulfate dopant, optical transparency, thermal stability, and elemental composition of the crystals. The ferrous sulfate doping was found to decrease the thermal stability of the bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing mesoporous titanium phosphate using a modified sol-gel method. Small angle X-ray scattering showed the formation of a liquid crystal template during synthesis. Thermal annealing was found to tune the material's bandgap, possibly by controlling residual strain in the amorphous pore walls. The mesoporous material had a larger bandgap than nonporous titanium phosphate and higher surface area. Further research aims to understand manipulating bandgap for photocatalytic applications.
Synthesis of 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver ...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the formation, morphology and photophysical activity of the 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method. The method utilizes a simple chemical reaction of silver idodide and sodium borohydride. The advantages of this method are ease of preparation, convenience in use and especially, that the obtained silver nano particles are uniform in their shapes and sizes. This is important for fluorescence & bio-evolution measurements. Furthermore, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is employed to monitor the formation process of the nano particles and to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of stable and highly fluorescence-active silver colloids. Specifically, we observed changes in the shapes of the silver nano particles during the formation. This may be helpful in understanding the growth of the nano particles and creates a new dimension in controlling the shapes of the nano particles.SEM, TEM and XRD studies are carried out. The suitability of ACA capped Ag-NPs as Biomarkers is also Tested by Fluorescence study.
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Dep...sarmad
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Deposition
A thesis submitted By: Khaled Z.Yahya
Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Adawiya J.Haider Prof.Dr. Raad M.S.Al-Haddad
Synthesis & Characterization of Fluorescent Silver Nanoparticles stabilized b...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was achieved by a simple green procedure using Tinospora Cordifolia leaf extract as stabilizer/reducing agents. Ag-NPs in the size range of 2–19 nm is obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with leaf extracts of Tinospora Cordifolia. This eco-friendly approach is simple, amenable for large scale commercial production and technical applications. Further, photoluminiscence studies of these Ag-NPs were recorded & suggested that the present particles were suitable for fluorescence emitting probes. These red emitting Ag-NPs exhibited distinct fluorescence properties (both emission and stokeshift).
This document summarizes research on the preparation and characterization of titanium-doped barium ferrite (BFTO) nanopowders. BFTO powders with compositions of BaFe(12-x)TixO19, where x=0.32 and x=0.36, were synthesized using a sol-gel method. The powders were characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single tetragonal phase and particle sizes ranging from 15-50 nm. SEM images showed irregularly shaped plate-like particles 10-40 nm in size. FTIR spectra exhibited peaks corresponding to metal-oxygen bonds and residual organic groups from the synthesis method.
This document summarizes the facile synthesis of a dithiol-protected silver quantum cluster, Ag7(DMSA)4, through a modified solid-state route that takes less than 15 minutes. The cluster is characterized using various techniques and shown to selectively adsorb cationic dyes from water due to favorable electrostatic interactions. Supported on alumina, the clusters demonstrate higher efficiency for dye removal compared to silver nanoparticles protected with similar ligands, attributed to the clusters' smaller size and larger surface area. The material can be reused multiple times without loss of adsorption activity when dyes are extracted using solvents.
Climatology Applied To Architecture: An Experimental Investigation about Inte...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that analyzed the internal temperature distribution in two test cells with different roof types on a typical summer day in Brazil. Thermocouples measured the internal surface temperature (IST) and internal air or dry bulb temperature (DBT) at various heights in each test cell - one with a green roof and one with a conventional ceramic roof. The results showed that the IST distribution was almost uniform in both cells, but the conventional cell exhibited a small vertical DBT gradient. The study aimed to establish appropriate guidelines for collecting internal temperature data experimentally and contribute to future comfort and building performance research.
A Review on Digital Dental Radiographic Images for Disease Identification and...IJERA Editor
Nowadays a research on dental disease is very helpful in the clinical sections for automatic interpretation of
disease within less time and with more accurate results. The objective is to study and identify types of teeth
disease, to develop a robust, simple, cost effective and more accurate interpretation algorithm. There are many
difficulties in defining objective such as it is difficult to interpret diseases because there are very minute
variations in X-rays, Poor image quality representation and segmentation of each teeth in radiographic image
Experimental Analysis of Open, Simple and Modified Greenhouse Dryers for Dryi...IJERA Editor
The document presents an experimental analysis comparing the performance of an open, simple, and modified greenhouse dryer for drying potato flakes under forced convection. Total weight reduction of potato flakes was 80.1% in the modified greenhouse dryer with an inclined roof in just 5 hours, compared to 6 hours in the simple greenhouse dryer to achieve similar results. The modified dryer maintained a higher average temperature and lower average relative humidity than the simple dryer, improving the drying rate. Visual appearance of flakes dried in the greenhouse dryers was also improved compared to open sun drying.
The Influence of the Resonant Frequency on the Presence Of Chimera StateIJERA Editor
This document discusses the relationship between the resonant frequency of a system of coupled mechanical oscillators and the emergence of chimera states. Through numerical simulations, the authors analyze a system of 30 metronomes coupled across two swings, with the stiffness of the connecting spring varied. They find that chimera states occur when the natural frequency of oscillation of the metronomes is close to the resonant frequency of the coupled swing system. Modulation patterns in the oscillators' positions over time provide further evidence that chimera states manifest near resonance. Analyzing the Kuramoto order parameter versus natural frequency reveals peaks near the swing system's resonant frequency, indicating a dependence between chimera states and resonance in the model.
Expectations for Electronic Debate Platforms as a Function of Application DomainIJERA Editor
Electronic debate (or commenting) platforms are used with many types of online applications, as a way to
engage the users or to provide enhancements, e.g., based on some type of collaborative filtering [1], [2]. The
applications enhanced with such debate platforms range widely : news, products, sport, religion, politics, etc.
Therefore, the emerging question is whether it is possible to make one electronic debate mechanism good for all
applications, and whether the studies on the success of a debate mechanism in one domain do automatically
apply to other application domains. Here we compare two traditional application domains of electronic debate
platforms: product evaluation and commented news. We exploit the fact that most users are very familiar with
both types of such applications, and therefore surveys can be designed to gauge reliably subtle differences
between expectations and properties of these domains. Based on over 1000 responses to surveys described here,
we are able to report statistically significant differences between the user behavior and expectations in the
studied domains.
Prediction Models for Sliding Wear of AA3003/Al2O3 CompositesIJERA Editor
In the present work, the AA3003/Al2O3 metal matrix composites were manufactured at 10% and 30% volume
fractions of Al2O3. The composites were wear tested at different levels of normal load, sliding speed and sliding
distances. The microstructure of worn surfaces pertaining to AA3003/ Al2O3 composite reveals the fracture of
AA3033 alloy matrix as well as the detachment of Al2O3 particles from the matrix.
Design of Digital Adder Using Reversible LogicIJERA Editor
This document describes the design of a reversible ripple carry adder using reversible logic gates. It discusses reversible logic gates like the Feynman, Fredkin, Toffoli and Peres gates. It then explains how to implement a reversible full adder using the Peres gate and HNG gate. A ripple carry adder is formed by cascading multiple full adders. 16-bit reversible ripple carry adders were designed using the Peres gate and HNG gate. The adder using HNG gate has fewer gates, less quantum cost but similar garbage outputs compared to the adder using Peres gate.
Algorithmic Aspects of Vertex Geo-dominating Sets and Geonumber in GraphsIJERA Editor
In this paper we study about x-geodominating set, geodetic set, geo-set, geo-number of a graph G. We study the
binary operation, link vectors and some required results to develop algorithms. First we design two algorithms
to check whether given set is an x-geodominating set and to find the minimum x-geodominating set of a graph.
Finally we present another two algorithms to check whether a given vertex is geo-vertex or not and to find the
geo-number of a graph.
This document discusses shape memory alloys (SMAs), which are metals that can return to their original shape after being deformed when heated above a certain temperature. SMAs have two stable phases - austenite and martensite - and can transition between these phases with heat. This allows for the shape memory effect and superelasticity. SMAs like nickel-titanium alloys are useful as actuators and are being used in applications like eyeglass frames, cellular phone antennas, and biomedical devices due to advantages like lightweight solid-state actuation. The diverse applications of SMAs ensure their increasing importance and a bright future.
Evaluation Of The Level Of Compliance Of Cost Approach To Valuation To Provis...IJERA Editor
The cost approach to Valuation is one of the primary methods of valuation adopted in Nigeria by valuers in
solving industrial valuation problems. The method is based on the principles of contribution and substitution.
Generally, lacks of data, insecurity and instability in the Nigerian economy have made other models relatively,
inapplicable in Nigeria situation. Hence majority of the valuations done in Nigeria adopts the cost approach.
With recent focus of the world on environment, this paper tries to evaluate the level of compliance of this model
to the provisions of the National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities
Generating Waste) Regulations of 1991, since Estate Surveyors and Valuers are expected to play their role as
environmental protection advocates. The study adopted the survey research method and data was generated
using an evaluation checklist. The hypothesis developed was tested using the student “t” test and it was
discovered that that Cost approach to valuation does not comply with the provisions of the National
Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulation of
1991. The study recommended among other things that the model should be used with caution if Estate
Surveyors and Valuers in Nigeria will continue to play their role as Environmental Protection advocates.
Structural Analysis for Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete StructureIJERA Editor
The structural element – basement raft of a Beach resort started showing signs of distress within 10 years of completion. This deterioration worsened over the next 3-4 years, rendering the basement floor functionally obsolete. The study aimed to identify the cause of failure by analyzing the structural element for design adequacy and investigating for construction defects. On-site investigations found discrepancies between actual construction and design drawings. Laboratory testing of concrete cores also showed less reinforcement than required. It was concluded that the raft failure was likely due to construction defects. The rehabilitation plan was to discard the existing raft and replace it with a new raft incorporating micro piles.
Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using Big Data (Traf...IJERA Editor
This study aims to prove the effectiveness of traffic safety education program for traffic violators. Traffic
violators who finished the traffic safety education programs were tracked down. In order to analyze the
effectiveness of traffic safety education program, traffic violator’s data during ten-year period were used. This
study analyzed how traffic violators changed their attitudes about traffic law abidance. Also predicted social benefits from traffic
safety education program for traffic violators. Effectiveness of traffic accident prevention through traffic safety
education program is approximately 93%. In terms of social benefits, it shows more than $12 billion Even
though the effectiveness of traffic safety education program represents remarkable results, but this program is
made for traffic violators who have already committed traffic offenses in the past. So in order to prevent traffic
violations in advance, specific education program for potentially risky drivers is necessary.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel Structure: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of steel frame subjected to fire.
Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel should be observed. The
behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the steel and the coating
material on it. The present paper shows reviews of various research works carried out by several researchers on
the effects of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing
temperature when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Assessment the Limit of Steel Core Area in the Encased Composite ColumnIJERA Editor
This study has been carried out to evaluate the method of design of the composite column of reinforced concrete
and steel structural sections in the international Codes. Studying and verifying the limit of the ratio of steel
section area to total gross section area is the important aim of this research. AISC, 2005 was specifying this limit
by 1.0%. Various ratios of steel core area to total gross section area were studied along with rang of concrete
strength by the help of finite element software. The results show that the ratio of the steel core area to the total
gross section area (As
/Ag) should be replaced by the ratio of the ultimate capacity of the steel core to the total
ultimate capacity of the complete composite section (Pys/P0). The new ratio takes into account the effect of
relative strength between steel and concrete. The proposed limit for (Pys/P0) is between (25%) to (30%).
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Double Tube Heat Exchanger Adopting a ...IJERA Editor
This document presents a numerical model and simulation of a double tube heat exchanger using a "black box" approach. It first uses commercial CFD software to simulate the heat exchanger and generate outlet temperature results. It then develops a linear model to predict the outlet temperatures based on governing equations, considering the heat exchanger a black box. The linear model assumes steady state, constant properties, and approximates the logarithmic mean temperature difference with an arithmetic mean. Results from both methods are generated and compared to experimental data to validate the linear approximation. Comparisons show the linear model agrees well with experiments, justifying its use to analyze double tube heat exchangers.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
Techniques for the Improvement in the Transconductance of a Bulk Driven Ampli...IJERA Editor
This paper proposed methods for the improvement of transconductance in the bulk driven operation amplifier.
Here we are using four technologies for the enhancement of transconductance. First modifies the
transconductance with the help of active load; second uses a differential pair for the modification
transconductance, while third is the proposed bulk-driven input stages with modified low voltage cascode
biasing scheme whereas last is the bulk driven input stage with enhanced effective transconductance. All the
above methods are used to enhance the transconductance which gets decreased.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Oxide nanoparticlesIOSR Journals
Cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical route by calcinations at a higher temperature from 300oC to 400 oC. For the comparison transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were made through JCPDS. There is good agreement between data produced by spectroscopy and the microscopic measurements.
Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Nonlinear Optical Semi Organic Pota...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes the synthesis, growth, and characterization of Potassium Sulphate Formate (PSF) single crystals grown by slow evaporation method. PSF crystals were grown by dissolving equimolar ratios of Potassium Sulphate and Formic acid in water. Single crystal XRD analysis confirmed the crystals belong to the orthorhombic system with space group Pna21. Powder XRD and FTIR analysis verified the crystallinity and functional groups. UV-Vis spectroscopy determined the optical transmission range and bandgap. Thermal analysis and SHG measurements showed the crystals have good thermal stability and higher SHG efficiency than KDP.
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β- MnO2, Nano Crystal wi...Editor IJCATR
MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase,
morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FTRaman,
SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile
crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming
the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as
a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-
MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β-MnO2, Nano Crystal wit...Editor IJCATR
MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase, morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FT-Raman, SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour.
Growth and Characterization of Barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Sing...IJERA Editor
The Non Linear Optical materials have acquired new significance with the advent of a large number of devices
utilizing solid state Laser sources. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate one of the Non Linear Optical material having
superior non linear optical properties has been exploited for variety of application. In the present work, KHP
single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with Barium metal ion as a dopant. The grown
crystals were subjected to powder XRD analysis and the result shows that the Ba2+ ions does not alter the crystal
structure, but it enter into the crystal lattice of pure KHP. The optical transparency of the grown crystal was
studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the molecular structure was confirmed by FTIR analysis and its thermal
stability by TG/DTA analysis. The improved SHG efficiency of barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
crystal could enhance the nonlinearity behaviour. In addition to this, the electrical parameter such as dielectric
constant was studied in detail.
Growth, Structure and Physical Properties of Tetraaqua Bismaleatocobalt (II) ...IOSR Journals
Tetraaqua bismaleatocobalt(II) crystals are grown by the controlled ionic diffusion in hydrosilica gel. The functional groups present in the crystal are identified using FTIR spectrum. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P-1. The thermogravimetric studies revealed a three stage decomposition scheme. The polarization mechanism of the compound is explored using the dielectric measurements. The optical band gap of the material is found to be 2.4 eV from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The narrow magnetic hysteresis loop and structural considerations indicate the weak ferromagnetic behaviour of the material.
Synthesis and characterization of structural and Magnetic Properties of ZnO d...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing ZnO-doped SnO2 nano composites. It discusses:
1. Using a microwave-assisted co-precipitation method to synthesize SnO2-ZnO nano composite samples with varying calcination temperatures from 200-600°C.
2. Characterizing the samples using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and VSM. XRD and FTIR confirmed the formation of nano composites.
3. Magnetic characterization using VSM showed the samples exhibited soft ferromagnetic behavior, with coercivity and retentivity decreasing slightly as calcination temperature increased.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Low optical limiting and nonlinear optical properties of vanadyl phthalocyani...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the nonlinear optical and optical limiting properties of vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc) using a continuous wave laser. VOPc was prepared and characterized. Its third-order nonlinear optical properties were evaluated using the Z-scan technique, which observed a concentration dependent nonlinear refractive index. Low power optical limiting was also observed based on nonlinear refraction, indicating VOPc's potential as an optical limiting material.
Emeraldine-salt polyaniline form (ES-PANI) was chemically synthesized using hydrochloric acid at time
synthesis ranging from 0.5 to 48 h and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), LeBail fit, Small-angle
X-ray diffraction (SAXD), Small-angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM). Crystallinity and crystal data (a = 5.7122, b = 17.8393, c = 22.8027, a = 83.1575, b = 84.6971 and
c = 88.4419) were obtained by XRD and showed that the crystallinity did not vary with the time
synthesis. LeBail fit revealed that the crystallites were very small lamellae with global average size
around 39 Å. By SAXS it was obtained the particle Radius of Giration (Rg) of 320 Å. The maximum particle
size (Dmax) of 650 Å was obtained from the pair-distance distribution function (p(r)). SEM images showed
a fiber morphology formed by interconnected non homogeneous nanospheres. Electrical conductivity of
the samples was in 1.84 104 S/cm.
IRJET- Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Nonlinear Optical Ammoni...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on the synthesis, growth, and characterization of ammonium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (A4MBS) single crystals. Key points:
- A4MBS crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique. Spectroscopic and diffraction studies confirmed the crystal structure and composition.
- Thermal analysis showed the crystals were stable up to 322°C. UV-Vis analysis found high optical transparency between 300-800nm.
- Nonlinear optical tests found the crystals' second harmonic generation efficiency was around 4 times greater than the standard potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal.
- Overall the results indicate A4MBS is a promising material for nonlinear optical applications
final accept-Optical and structural properties of TiO2 nanopowders with Co-Ce...nasrollah najibi ilkhchy
This document discusses a study on the optical and structural properties of TiO2 nanopowders doped with 2 mol% cerium and 4 mol% cobalt. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that cerium doping inhibited the formation of the rutile phase of titanium dioxide and promoted retention of the anatase phase at higher calcination temperatures. Optical absorption spectroscopy indicated that doping reduced the band gap of titanium dioxide from 3.21 eV to 3.14-3.20 eV. The crystallite size decreased with doping while the surface area increased compared to undoped titanium dioxide.
Characterization of cobalt oxide and calcium aluminumShujaul Mulk Khan
The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging
from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The
cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Study of Crystallite Size and Microstrain Using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze crystallite size and microstrain in materials. XRD works by passing X-rays through a material and analyzing the diffraction patterns. This can provide information about the material's crystal structure, orientation, density, and residual stress and strain. The study examines how factors like temperature and pressure affect mineral crystal structure and properties. It also discusses how the Scherrer equation can be used to calculate crystallite size from XRD peak broadening measurements and how microstrain within crystals can be analyzed. The conclusions summarize that XRD allows characterization of properties like crystallite size, residual stress, and identification of crystal structures and phases present.
IRJET - Comparative Study on the Structural and Optical Characterization of Z...IRJET Journal
This document reports on a comparative study of the structural and optical characterization of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. ZnS nanoparticles were prepared via chemical precipitation using zinc chloride, sodium sulfide, and mercaptoethanol as a capping agent. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using zinc acetate, ammonia, and thiourea as a capping agent. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize particle size and structure. Absorption spectra showed a blue shift with decreasing particle size due to quantum confinement. Photoluminescence spectra were also studied. The results show ZnS particles were 2-7nm and ZnO particles were 50-60nm. Both
The Effect of Size of the CuO Nanoleaves on the Sunlight Driven Photocatalyti...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of surfactant concentration on the size and photocatalytic properties of copper oxide nano leaves. Copper oxide nano leaves were synthesized using different concentrations of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant. Characterization with XRD, FTIR and SEM showed that increasing PVP concentration decreased particle size and altered morphology from narrow leaves to shortened, broadened leaves. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that the sample with the highest PVP concentration degraded Congo Red dye in sunlight most effectively within 4 hours, indicating smaller size and higher surface area enhanced photocatalytic activity.
This document summarizes research on the structural and morphological properties of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles synthesized using a novel solvent-free method. Cr2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized via microwave irradiation of chromium chloride and urea at different molar ratios and calcined at temperatures from 200-800°C. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermal analysis were used to characterize the nanoparticles. The results showed improved crystallinity with increasing calcination temperature and particle sizes ranging from 33-62 nm. The synthesized Cr2O3 nanoparticles have potential applications in fields such as catalysis and wear resistance.
A facile method to prepare CdO-Mn3O4 nanocompositeIOSR Journals
CdO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. Cadmium acetate, manganese acetate and urea were used as the precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared sample was annealed for 1 hour in each case at different temperatures, viz. 100, 200 and 300°C. The as-prepared and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Results indicate that annealing at 300°C is required to get the sample with high phase purity and homogeneity. The present study indicates that the method adopted can be considered as an economical and scalable one to prepare the proposed nanocomposite with reduced size, phase purity and homogeneity.
Similar to Growth and Characterization of Morpholium Cadmium Acetoperchlorate Single Crystal (20)
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
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reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
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Growth and Characterization of Morpholium Cadmium Acetoperchlorate Single Crystal
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Growth and Characterization of Morpholium Cadmium Aceto-
perchlorate Single Crystal
D. Shyamala1
, R. Rathikha2
, K. Gomathi2
1
Department of Physics, D.G. Vaishnav College, Chennai 600 106, India
2
Department of Physics, Presidency College, Chennai 600 005, India
ABSTRACT
In the search for novel crystal with promising nonlinear optical properties an attempt is made to grow
morpholium cadmium aceto-perchlorate single crystals. The title compound is synthesized by slow evaporation
technique at room temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern has been recorded and the various planes
of reflections are identified. The transmittance spectrum of the crystal in the UV–Vis region has been obtained.
Using the FTIR spectrum, the vibrational modes of the crystal is analysed and the presence of cadmium in the
crystal is confirmed. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis studies have been done to
assess the thermal stability of the grown crystal. The dielectric measurement for the crystal is carried out in the
range of 50 Hz to 5 MHz for three different temperatures 40ºC, 80ºC and 120ºC to study the electrical nature of
the grown crystal. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal is confirmed.
Keywords: Optical materials, Crystal growth, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction, Dielectric
properties
I. Introduction
During the past decade, considerable
interest has been shown in synthesizing and device
development of many propitious metallo-organic
nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals widely used in
optical communication, laser medicine and signal
processing [1]. It is reported that molecular ionic
simple complex crystals like perchlorate with
morpholine (of ratio 1:1) show NLO physical
properties unique to the crystal structure [2,3]. The
distinct features of molecular ionic crystal give
empathizing correlation between the crystal
packing and physical properties. This has initiated
many researchers to synthesize and to grow newly
designed molecular ionic crystals. Since metallo-
organic crystals are promising NLO materials, it is
attempted to synthesize morpholium cadmium
aceto-perchlorate (MCAP) crystal and to establish
and improvement in its characteristics.
II. Experimental Details
The title material MCAP is synthesized by
the chemical reaction of morpholine with
perchloric acid, taken in the ratio 1:1 by dissolving
in the mixture of (1:1) ethanol and deionized water.
Stoichiometrically calculated amounts of the
materials are transferred into a beaker and
dissolved in ethanol and deionized water which is
stirred well with the help of a magnetic stirrer to
make a homogeneous solution of the material at
room temperature for a proper chemical reaction.
Then cadmium acetate is added to the solution. The
obtained MCAP solution is allowed to evaporate at
room temperature. The well-defined single crystals
of MCAP are harvested from mother solution after
a growth period of 2 weeks. The as grown single
crystals of MCAP are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: As grown single crystals of MCAP.
CAP salt is synthesized according to the following reaction
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN
ACCESS
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III. Results and Discussion
3.1 Powder Crystal XRD Studies
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a rapid
analytical technique primarily used for phase
identification of a crystalline material and can
provide information on unit cell dimensions. The
analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized,
and average bulk composition is determined. The
powdered form of the specimen is subjected to
powder X-ray diffraction analysis and scanned
between the range 10° and 70°. Fig. 2 shows the
recorded spectrum. Crystalline nature of the crystal
is quite clear from the occurrence of sharp peaks at
specific Bragg’s angles. The peaks observed in the
XRD pattern have been indexed using the
FULLPROF software shown in Fig. 3. The
crystallite size is calculated using the Debye–
Scherrer equation
0 .9
co s
D
where D is the
crystallite size, λ the wavelength of CuKα
radiation, β is the line width at half peak intensity
and max is the diffraction peak angle. Crystallite
size calculated for all planes is given in Table 1.
The average crystallite size is found to be 64 nm.
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0
-2 0
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
1 4 0
1 6 0
1 8 0
2 0 0
Intensity(counts)
2
P o w d e r X R D
Fig. 2: Recorded powder pattern of MCAP.
Fig. 3: Indexed powder pattern of MCAP.
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Table 1: Crystallite Size of the Crystalline Powder of MCAP
Angle (2abs) dabs (Å) Peak width at half intensity Peak intensity Reflection plane Crystallite size (nm)
26 3.4212 0.16 4000 400 53.25
32 2.8105 0.1306 2200 020 66.12
35 2.5998 0.154 3100 220 56.52
39 2.281 0.14 1000 600 62.9
42 2.171 0.11 2000 420 80.83
3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy is an important technique in organic
chemistry. It is an easy way to identify the presence
of certain functional groups in a molecule [4,5].
Also, one can use the unique collection of
absorption bands to confirm the identity of a pure
compound or to detect the presence of specific
impurities. The FTIR spectrum is recorded in the
range 4000 to 400 cm1
by KBr pellet technique.
The recorded spectrum of MCAP single crystal is
shown in Fig. 4. All the wave numbers are assigned
in terms of fundamentals, overtones and
combination bands. The observed wave numbers
along with their relative intensities and assignment
are presented in Table 2. The wave numbers are
assigned on the basis of earlier assignments of
morpholine, cadmium acetate, benzene and
naphthalene molecules
.
Morpholinium perchlorate Cadmium acetate
Fig. 4: FTIR spectrum of MCAP.
Table 2: Vibrational band assignment of MCAP
Observed wave number (cm1
) Relative intensity Spectral assignment
3413 St NH asymmetric stretching
3287 St NH symmetric stretching
3038 St Asymmetric stretching
2444 W Symmetric stretching
1091 VS NH2 rocking
1562 M CC stretching vibration
1431 M
1313 St CH3 stretching
940 W CNH2 stretching
690 W Carbon in plane bending vibration
636 St NH2 out of plane wagging
626 St Carbon in plane bending vibration
593 M Carbon out of plane bending vibration
482 VW
462 VW Bending vibration
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 450.0
0.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100.0
cm-1
%T
A
3848
3748
3413
3287
3038
2869
2819
2723
2625
2514
2444
2284
2171
2063
2022
1969
1632
1562
1522
1451
1431
1382
1354
1313
1091
1043
940
896
878
870
822
729
690
636
626
593
482
462
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VS very strong; St strong; M
medium; W weak, VW very weak.
N–H Stretching. The molecule under
consideration has only one NH2 group and hence
one N–H asymmetric and N–H symmetric
stretching vibration is expected. In primary
aromatic amines, the N–H stretching frequency
occurs in the region 3300 to 3500 cm1
. Hence the
absorption bands observed at 3413 and 3287 cm1
is assigned to N–H asymmetric and symmetric
stretching mode of the NH2 group, respectively.
C–NH2, C–CH3 Group Vibrations. Shukla
et al. [6] have reported that the bands observed at
975 and 979 cm1
can be assigned to C–NH2
stretching vibrations. The C–NH2 in plane and out
of plane bending vibrations occurs at 421 and 200
cm1
, respectively. Similarly in the case of MCAP,
the band seen at 940 and 462 cm1
is assigned to
C–NH2 stretching and bending vibration,
respectively. The NH2 rocking mode is normally
expected at 1050 cm1
and the NH2 out of plane
wagging modes in the region 550 to 700 cm1
. So,
the modes observed at 1091, 626 and 593 cm1
can
be assigned as above. The C–CH3 stretching modes
at 1208 and 1223 cm1
are reported for toluene and
o-xylene, respectively. Along similar lines, the
peak at 1313 cm1
can be considered as due to this
CH3 stretching. It is observed that the wave number
seems to have increased appreciably and this is
probably due to the co-ordination of cadmium
acetate with morpholinium perchlorate.
Carbon Vibrations. In benzene, bands
between 1400 and 1650 cm1
have been assigned to
C–C stretching modes. It has two double
degenerate modes 1596 and 1485 cm1
and two
nondegenerate modes 1310 and 995 cm1
. So the
prominent peaks observed in the spectrum at 1562
and 1431 cm1
are assigned to CC stretching
vibrations. The in plane carbon bending vibration
are obtained at 1010 and 606 cm-1
from the modes
of benzene. The carbon out of plane bending
vibrations is defined with reference to the
nondegenerate 707 cm-1
and degenerate 404 cm1
modes of benzene. Hence in the present work, the
carbon in plane and out of plane bending vibrations
are assigned to the bands 690, 626, 593 and 482
cm1
, respectively.
C–H Vibration. The MCAP molecule
gives rise to C–H stretching modes from the ring
and also from cadmium acetate. Aromatic
structures show the presence of C–H stretching
vibration around 3000 cm1
. In general, the methyl
group has shown characteristic CH stretching
vibration at around 2962 and 2782 cm1
. In our
grown crystal, the recorded FTIR spectrum shows
strong peaks at 3038 and 2444 cm1
. The values are
found to be slightly greater with respect to C–H
vibration of morpholinium perchlorate and lesser in
the case of C–H vibration of cadmium acetate. This
change of value can be attributed to the
coordination between morpholinium perchlorate
and cadmium acetate.
3.3 UV–Vis Transmittance Spectrum
The UV–Vis-NIR spectral transmission is
studied using a Perkin Elmer UV–Vis–NIR
spectrophotometer in the range 100 to 900 nm. The
recorded spectrum is shown in Fig. 5. The lower
UV cut off of the MCAP crystal is at 250 nm,
which makes it a very potential material for blue
light emission. The crystal has a wider transparency
range extending into the visible and IR region.
Fig. 5: UV–Vis spectrum of MCAP.
3.3.1 Determination of Band Gap Energy from
UV–Vis Spectrum
The band gap energy and refractive index
are the two fundamental physical quantities which
characterize electronic and optical properties of the
crystal. Optical band gap of MCAP is calculated
from the transmittance spectrum. The measured
transmittance (T) is used to calculate the absorption
co-efficient (α) using the formula:
12 .3 0 2 6 lo g
T
t
(1)
where t is the thickness of the sample.
Optical band gap (Eg) is evaluated from the
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transmission spectrum and optical absorption
coefficient (α) near the absorption edge using the
formula [7]:
1
2
g
( )h A h E (2)
where A is a constant, Eg the optical band
gap, h Planck’s constant and n the frequency of the
incident photons. The band gap of MCAP crystal is
estimated by plotting (αhγ)1/2
versus hν as shown in
Fig. 6 and extrapolating the linear portion near the
onset of absorption edge to the energy axis.
Fig. 6: A plot of (αhv)1/2
versus hν.
From Fig. 6, the value of band gap is
found to be 4.9 eV. The band gap energy (Eg)
calculated using the cut off wavelength that is
obtained from the UV–Vis spectrum using the
relation:
g
(cu t)
eV
h c
E
(3)
where Eg is the band gap energy, h = 6.626
× 1034
J s1
, C = 3 × 108
m s1
and λ(cut) is the cut
off wavelength which is 439 nm. The band gap
energy is 4.72 eV. The calculated value is found to
be similar to the value 4.9 eV obtained by Tauc’s
plot [8].
Reflectance (R) in terms of absorption coefficient can be obtained from the following equation:
2
ex p ( ) ex p ( ) ex p ( 3 ) ex p ( 2 )
ex p ( ) ex p ( 2 )
t t T t T t T
R
t t
(4)
Refractive index (n) can be determined
from reflectance data using the following equation:
( 1) 2
( 1)
R
n R
R
(5)
For wavelength λ = 211 nm, the refractive index (n)
is found to be 1.76.
3.4 Second Harmonic Generation
NLO plays a significant role in photonics
and optoelectronics. The first and the most widely
used technique for confirming the second harmonic
generation (SHG) efficiency from prospective
second-order NLO material is the Kurtz powder
technique [9]. The NLO property of MCAP crystal
is studied by Kurtz powder SHG test at B.S. Abdur
Rehman University, Chennai. The crystal is
illuminated using Spectra Physics Quanta Ray
DCR 11 Nd:YAG laser using the first harmonic
output of 1064 nm with pulse width of 8 ns and
repetition rate of 10 Hz. The SHG in the crystal is
confirmed by the emission of green radiation.
3.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a
thermal analysis technique used to establish the
melting point of variety of materials. The TGA data
is obtained from Department of Chemistry, IIT,
Chennai. The TGA of MCAP measured at three
different heating rates 15ºC min1
, 20ºC min1
and
25ºC min1
is shown in Fig. 7AC. From the
graphs, it is seen that only one peak is observed
which shows that thermal degradation occurs in
only one stage. The TGA result shows that there is
no weight loss up to 230ºC and decomposition
starts at this temperature which indicates that
sample is stable from ambient up to 230ºC making
it suitable for device applications [10,11].
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Fig. 7: TGA–DTA spectrum of MCAP crystal at 15ºC min1
(A), 20C min1
(B) and 25C min1
(C).
3.6 Dielectric Studies
Dielectric constant and dielectric loss give
an insight into the nature of bonding [12]. The
dielectric measurements are carried out for crystal
MCAP for three different temperatures 40C, 80C
and 120C. The dielectric constant is calculated
using the formula:
0
C t
A
(6)
where C is capacitance, t is thickness of
the sample, 0 is the permittivity of free space (8.85
× 1012
F m1
) and A is the area of the sample. The
plot of frequency versus dielectric constant () for
various temperatures is shown in Fig. 8.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0
1 0 0 0
4 0
O
C
8 0
O
C
1 2 0
O
C
'
L o g F
Fig. 8: Variation of dielectric constant with frequency.
It is seen from the Fig. 8 that at low
frequencies the value of dielectric constant is high
and as the frequency increases the dielectric
constant attains a low value. The value of high
dielectric constant at low frequency is due to space
charge and ionic polarization. The value of
dielectric constant increases with increase in space
charge polarization due to a large concentration of
defects at higher temperatures [13]. The dipolar
polarization, which is present in the lower
frequency region, is very important for applications
in capacitive and insulating properties of crystals. It
is understood that the contribution of all types of
polarization will be more at lower frequencies. The
low value of dielectric constant at higher
frequencies are due to factors such as voids, grain
boundaries, purity and other defects too, which are
present in the sample. The electronic and ionic
polarizations always exist at higher frequencies.
The considerable low value of dielectric constants
observed for the grown crystals is important for
extending the material applications towards
photonic, electro-optic and NLO devices.
Dielectric or tangent loss (tan δ or ) is
nothing but the wastage of energy. For a material to
be a potential candidate for NLO applications, the
dissipation factor must be kept as low as possible.
A graph is plotted between frequency and dielectric
loss/dissipation factor, shown in Fig. 9. It is seen
from Fig. 9 that at low frequencies the value of
dielectric loss is high and as the frequency
increases the dielectric loss attains a low value. The
low value of dielectric loss at high frequencies
shows that the sample has enhanced optical quality
with minimum defects. This parameter is of vital
importance for NLO applications. These plots
exemplify the fact that the dielectric constant and
the dielectric loss are both inversely proportional to
the frequency.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
2
4
6
8
1 0 4 0
O
C
8 0
O
C
1 2 0
O
C
''
L o g F
Fig. 9: Variation of dielectric loss with frequency.
The sudden increase of tan in the high-
temperature region could be associated with free
charge carrier conductivity. Since the concentration
of free charge carriers depends on temperature, the
rate of loss is also high in the higher temperature
region. As the loss factor is inversely proportional
to frequency, it is related to disappearance of space
charges at higher frequencies. According to Miller
rule, lower the dissipation factor, higher will be the
conversion efficiency. Thus MCAP single crystals
could be expected to possess higher efficiency and
hence they could be potential candidates for high
speed optoelectronic applications like interlayer
dielectric.
IV. Conclusion
Single crystal of MCAP is grown by slow
evaporation at room temperature. From the XRD
peak intensity it is concluded that in the present
work crystalline nature of the grown crystal is very
high. The peaks are indexed using FULLPROF
software using the knowledge of atomic positions.
The crystallite size of the powdered crystal is
approximately 64 nm. The FTIR spectrum of the
grown crystal helped to confirm the different
functional groups present in it. It is observed that
there is a significant shift in the peaks confirming
the coordination of morpholinium perchloric acid
with cadmium acetate. The UV–Vis transmittance
spectrum of the grown crystal confirms that it is
suitable for NLO applications because it is
characterized by a wide transmission window.
Using UV–Vis spectrum, the energy gap of the
grown crystal is found from its cut off wavelength
as 5.1 eV and from the theoretical data as 4.9 eV.
The refractive index of the crystal is found to be
1.76 at 211 nm. The emission of the green light is
confirmed by NLO studies. The thermal stability of
the materials clearly indicates that it can be
exploited for NLO applications up to 230C. The
higher values of dielectric loss (tan δ) and dielectric
constant observed at lower frequencies may be
attributed to space charge polarization owing to
charged lattice defects. The dielectric studies also
confirm that the crystal has good optical quality.
Hence the grown crystal from the characterization
studies is established to be an efficient NLO
material.
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