This document provides an overview of the key concepts and lessons covered in a physics module on forces and motion. Over 12 lessons, students will learn about forces in different directions, how objects start and stop moving, friction, reaction forces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, momentum, changes in momentum, car safety, laws of motion, work and energy, and kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Example questions and activities are provided to help students understand concepts like momentum, changes in momentum due to forces, and how safety features in cars like seatbelts reduce impact forces during collisions.
24 Apr 28 Newtons Laws, Linear Angular Momentum PresentedSteve Koch
This document provides an overview of forces and Newton's laws of motion. It discusses different types of forces, including fundamental forces like gravity and electromagnetic forces. It explains net force as the sum of all forces acting on an object. Newton's three laws of motion are reviewed, including inertia, acceleration proportional to force, and equal and opposite reaction forces. Linear and angular momentum are introduced, where momentum is mass times velocity and angular momentum is the rotational equivalent using moment of inertia. Conservation of momentum and angular momentum are emphasized through examples and demonstrations.
The document introduces the concept of linear momentum, which is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Linear momentum depends on both the mass and speed of an object. The linear momentum of a system remains conserved as long as there are no external forces acting, according to the law of conservation of linear momentum. Collisions between objects also conserve linear momentum, with the total momentum before a collision equaling the total momentum after.
The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
The document discusses momentum and its conservation during collisions. It defines impulse as the product of an average force and the time interval over which it acts. The impulse-momentum theorem states that the impulse on an object equals its change in momentum. The conservation of momentum principle states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant, even after internal interactions and collisions within the system.
1. The document provides an overview of Newton's Laws of Motion from chapters 4 and 5, including definitions of key concepts like force, mass, inertia, and Newton's three laws.
2. It presents sample problems and questions to illustrate applications of Newton's laws to forces like gravity, normal force, friction, and their relationships.
3. Key points covered include identifying and calculating net forces, relating force to mass and acceleration through F=ma, and distinguishing between different types of forces acting on objects.
The document discusses key concepts in motion including frames of reference, speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, Newton's laws of motion, gravity, weight, and air resistance. It provides examples and practice problems for each concept. Key terms like force, mass, distance, and time are defined throughout in the context of describing and quantifying different types of motion.
The document discusses key concepts in motion including frames of reference, speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, Newton's laws of motion, gravity, weight, and air resistance. It provides examples and practice problems for each concept. Key terms like force, mass, distance, and time are defined throughout in the context of describing and quantifying different types of motion.
Today students will conduct a lab on conservation of momentum. They will make observations and measurements of collisions between objects, recording data in a lab notebook. The key idea is that the total momentum in a system before a collision equals the total momentum after, whether the objects stick together or move off independently. Students will practice applying the conservation of momentum equations to solve problems involving collisions.
24 Apr 28 Newtons Laws, Linear Angular Momentum PresentedSteve Koch
This document provides an overview of forces and Newton's laws of motion. It discusses different types of forces, including fundamental forces like gravity and electromagnetic forces. It explains net force as the sum of all forces acting on an object. Newton's three laws of motion are reviewed, including inertia, acceleration proportional to force, and equal and opposite reaction forces. Linear and angular momentum are introduced, where momentum is mass times velocity and angular momentum is the rotational equivalent using moment of inertia. Conservation of momentum and angular momentum are emphasized through examples and demonstrations.
The document introduces the concept of linear momentum, which is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Linear momentum depends on both the mass and speed of an object. The linear momentum of a system remains conserved as long as there are no external forces acting, according to the law of conservation of linear momentum. Collisions between objects also conserve linear momentum, with the total momentum before a collision equaling the total momentum after.
The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
The document discusses momentum and its conservation during collisions. It defines impulse as the product of an average force and the time interval over which it acts. The impulse-momentum theorem states that the impulse on an object equals its change in momentum. The conservation of momentum principle states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant, even after internal interactions and collisions within the system.
1. The document provides an overview of Newton's Laws of Motion from chapters 4 and 5, including definitions of key concepts like force, mass, inertia, and Newton's three laws.
2. It presents sample problems and questions to illustrate applications of Newton's laws to forces like gravity, normal force, friction, and their relationships.
3. Key points covered include identifying and calculating net forces, relating force to mass and acceleration through F=ma, and distinguishing between different types of forces acting on objects.
The document discusses key concepts in motion including frames of reference, speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, Newton's laws of motion, gravity, weight, and air resistance. It provides examples and practice problems for each concept. Key terms like force, mass, distance, and time are defined throughout in the context of describing and quantifying different types of motion.
The document discusses key concepts in motion including frames of reference, speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, Newton's laws of motion, gravity, weight, and air resistance. It provides examples and practice problems for each concept. Key terms like force, mass, distance, and time are defined throughout in the context of describing and quantifying different types of motion.
Today students will conduct a lab on conservation of momentum. They will make observations and measurements of collisions between objects, recording data in a lab notebook. The key idea is that the total momentum in a system before a collision equals the total momentum after, whether the objects stick together or move off independently. Students will practice applying the conservation of momentum equations to solve problems involving collisions.
1. Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a conserved quantity such that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant.
2. During collisions, conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of colliding objects before the collision equals the total momentum after. If no external forces are applied, momentum is conserved.
3. Collisions can be elastic, where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved, or inelastic where kinetic energy is not conserved but momentum still is. The analysis of collisions uses conservation laws to solve for unknown velocities.
This document discusses momentum, work, energy, and their related concepts and equations. It begins by defining momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It then discusses impulse as the change in momentum caused by a force, and the impulse-momentum equation. Examples of momentum, impulse, and collisions are provided. The document also defines work as the product of an applied force and distance traveled. Power is introduced as a measure of the rate of work done. Potential and kinetic energy are defined, and the law of conservation of energy is explained.
This document provides an overview of momentum and collisions. It discusses linear momentum, impulse, the impulse-momentum theorem, conservation of momentum, and elastic and inelastic collisions. Key points include:
- Momentum is defined as mass times velocity.
- Impulse is the product of force and time. According to the impulse-momentum theorem, impulse causes a change in momentum.
- The total momentum of interacting objects before a collision equals the total momentum after (law of conservation of momentum).
- Collisions can be perfectly inelastic (objects stick together), elastic (momentum and kinetic energy conserved), or inelastic (kinetic energy not conserved).
This document provides an overview of momentum and collisions in physics. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and explains how momentum can be changed through the application of an impulse, which is the product of force and time. The document also discusses conservation of momentum, stating that the total momentum of a system is always conserved during collisions or interactions. Several examples of collision calculations are worked through, including explosions, "hit and stick" collisions, and "hit and rebound" collisions.
This document discusses linear momentum and its conservation. It begins by defining momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. The document then provides examples of calculating momentum for various objects and collisions. It introduces impulse as the product of force and time of interaction. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant during elastic collisions, where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
1. The document defines various terms related to motion including displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, and Newton's laws of motion.
2. It provides definitions for linear motion, rotational motion, oscillatory motion, kinematics, statics, and dynamics.
3. The document includes scientific questions and answers that apply concepts such as inertia, momentum, force, and Newton's laws to explain everyday phenomena.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in work, energy, and power. It includes definitions of work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, and power. Sample problems demonstrate how to apply the concepts of work, energy, and conservation of mechanical energy to calculate quantities like speed and potential energy. Multiple choice and short response questions assess understanding of these physics topics.
Momentum is a quantity that expresses the motion of a body, equal to the product of its mass and velocity. The momentum of an object depends on its mass and velocity, with greater mass or velocity resulting in more momentum. The law of conservation of momentum states that in a closed system without external forces, the total momentum before and after an interaction will be the same. Examples include a person recoiling after firing a gun or moving backward when throwing an object off a skateboard. In collisions, the total momentum of the system is conserved and can be expressed mathematically as the sum of the momentum of the objects before equalling the sum after.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a physics chapter on circular motion, gravity, and simple machines. It includes objectives, definitions, equations, examples, and sample problems for key topics like centripetal acceleration and force, Newton's law of universal gravitation, orbital motion, torque, and simple machines. It also provides multiple choice questions for standardized test preparation.
Force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. There are two types of forces: contact forces that require direct physical contact between objects, and non-contact forces that act over a distance without direct contact. Gravity is the non-contact force that attracts any two masses. The document goes on to define weight as a force and explain the relationship between mass and weight. It also introduces Hooke's law, Newton's laws of motion, and the law of universal gravitation.
The document discusses linear momentum, the principle of conservation of momentum, and its applications. It defines momentum as the product of mass and velocity (p=mv) and explains that momentum is a vector quantity. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant. Elastic collisions result in bodies separating after collision while maintaining the total momentum, inelastic collisions result in bodies sticking together, and explosions involve contact before and separation after. Examples demonstrate applying the principle to calculate velocities and momentum in collisions and explosions.
The document discusses concepts related to rolling motion and angular momentum. It covers:
1) Rolling motion involves both rotational and translational motion, with kinetic energy consisting of rotational and translational components. Rolling objects can experience static friction to allow smooth rolling or sliding friction during acceleration.
2) Torque is defined as a vector quantity that produces rotational motion and angular momentum, with direction given by the right hand rule.
3) Angular momentum is also a vector quantity for rotating objects and systems of particles, and is conserved for isolated systems with no net external torque.
4) Newton's second law can be written in angular form relating torque and rate of change of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum also
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions and explanations about physics concepts related to work, energy, and force. It discusses topics like whether work can be done on an object at rest, the work done by friction in different situations, kinetic energy changes related to speed and mass, work-energy theorem applications to motion, and more. All content is copyrighted and for instructional use only in teaching physics courses.
The document discusses forces and dynamics. It begins by describing Newton's apple tree, which inspired his law of universal gravitation. It then defines a force as a push or pull that can move, stop, change the shape/size or direction/speed of an object. Common types of forces are described such as upthrust, weight, tension, and friction. Newton's third law is summarized as "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." Balanced and unbalanced forces are discussed, noting that balanced forces result in no acceleration while unbalanced forces produce a net force and acceleration. The relationship between force, mass and acceleration is defined using Newton's second law, F=ma. Several examples are then provided to
This document provides an overview of rotational motion concepts for an AP Physics tutorial. It defines angular analogs to linear motion concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and introduces rotational concepts like torque and moment of inertia. Key formulas for angular kinematics and dynamics are presented along with examples of calculating angular acceleration, torque, and conceptual examples of moment of inertia. The tutorial aims to extend students' knowledge of linear motion to an understanding of rotational motion.
This document provides an overview of chapter 4 from a physics textbook. It covers Newton's laws of motion and the key concepts of forces, including gravitational forces, contact forces like normal forces and friction, and Newton's three laws. Key points introduced include the definition of a force, measuring forces with spring scales, the concept of net force, drawing free-body diagrams, and examples of applying Newton's laws to analyze forces on objects. Interactions between objects are described in terms of action-reaction force pairs as specified by Newton's third law.
Newton's Laws describe the motion of objects. Newton's First Law states that objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass. Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on circular motion and gravitation. It outlines how to view the presentation as a slideshow, advance through slides, access resources from the resources slide, and exit the slideshow. The document also lists the chapter's objectives, sections, and sample problems. Key concepts covered include centripetal acceleration and force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and torque.
1) Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is associated with forces dependent on an object's position.
2) The net work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.
3) If only conservative forces act, the total mechanical energy in a system remains constant.
The document discusses momentum, conservation of momentum, collisions, impulse, and friction. It defines momentum as mass times velocity and states that the total momentum before and after a collision remains the same if no external forces act, according to the conservation of momentum principle. It also distinguishes between elastic, inelastic, and completely inelastic collisions, and defines impulse as the change in momentum caused by a force over time. Static and kinetic friction are defined, with kinetic friction less than static friction. Examples and exercises demonstrate applications of these concepts.
Physical Science 2.2 : Behavior of GasesChris Foltz
The document describes factors that affect how gases behave and laws governing their behavior. It states that the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas are determined by how fast particles move (temperature), the space the gas occupies (volume), and the force of particles hitting the container (pressure). It then describes Boyle's Law, which states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, volume is inversely related to pressure, and Charles's Law, which states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, volume changes directly with temperature changes.
Interaction among living things refers to how each species influences the population dynamics of other species and the carrying capacity of the environment. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely without degradation. There are several types of interactions, including competition over limited resources, predation where one organism kills another for food, and symbiotic relationships where species mutually benefit (mutualism), one benefits without affecting the other (commensalism), or one benefits while harming the other (parasitism).
1. Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a conserved quantity such that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant.
2. During collisions, conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of colliding objects before the collision equals the total momentum after. If no external forces are applied, momentum is conserved.
3. Collisions can be elastic, where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved, or inelastic where kinetic energy is not conserved but momentum still is. The analysis of collisions uses conservation laws to solve for unknown velocities.
This document discusses momentum, work, energy, and their related concepts and equations. It begins by defining momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It then discusses impulse as the change in momentum caused by a force, and the impulse-momentum equation. Examples of momentum, impulse, and collisions are provided. The document also defines work as the product of an applied force and distance traveled. Power is introduced as a measure of the rate of work done. Potential and kinetic energy are defined, and the law of conservation of energy is explained.
This document provides an overview of momentum and collisions. It discusses linear momentum, impulse, the impulse-momentum theorem, conservation of momentum, and elastic and inelastic collisions. Key points include:
- Momentum is defined as mass times velocity.
- Impulse is the product of force and time. According to the impulse-momentum theorem, impulse causes a change in momentum.
- The total momentum of interacting objects before a collision equals the total momentum after (law of conservation of momentum).
- Collisions can be perfectly inelastic (objects stick together), elastic (momentum and kinetic energy conserved), or inelastic (kinetic energy not conserved).
This document provides an overview of momentum and collisions in physics. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and explains how momentum can be changed through the application of an impulse, which is the product of force and time. The document also discusses conservation of momentum, stating that the total momentum of a system is always conserved during collisions or interactions. Several examples of collision calculations are worked through, including explosions, "hit and stick" collisions, and "hit and rebound" collisions.
This document discusses linear momentum and its conservation. It begins by defining momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. The document then provides examples of calculating momentum for various objects and collisions. It introduces impulse as the product of force and time of interaction. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant during elastic collisions, where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
1. The document defines various terms related to motion including displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, and Newton's laws of motion.
2. It provides definitions for linear motion, rotational motion, oscillatory motion, kinematics, statics, and dynamics.
3. The document includes scientific questions and answers that apply concepts such as inertia, momentum, force, and Newton's laws to explain everyday phenomena.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in work, energy, and power. It includes definitions of work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, and power. Sample problems demonstrate how to apply the concepts of work, energy, and conservation of mechanical energy to calculate quantities like speed and potential energy. Multiple choice and short response questions assess understanding of these physics topics.
Momentum is a quantity that expresses the motion of a body, equal to the product of its mass and velocity. The momentum of an object depends on its mass and velocity, with greater mass or velocity resulting in more momentum. The law of conservation of momentum states that in a closed system without external forces, the total momentum before and after an interaction will be the same. Examples include a person recoiling after firing a gun or moving backward when throwing an object off a skateboard. In collisions, the total momentum of the system is conserved and can be expressed mathematically as the sum of the momentum of the objects before equalling the sum after.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a physics chapter on circular motion, gravity, and simple machines. It includes objectives, definitions, equations, examples, and sample problems for key topics like centripetal acceleration and force, Newton's law of universal gravitation, orbital motion, torque, and simple machines. It also provides multiple choice questions for standardized test preparation.
Force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. There are two types of forces: contact forces that require direct physical contact between objects, and non-contact forces that act over a distance without direct contact. Gravity is the non-contact force that attracts any two masses. The document goes on to define weight as a force and explain the relationship between mass and weight. It also introduces Hooke's law, Newton's laws of motion, and the law of universal gravitation.
The document discusses linear momentum, the principle of conservation of momentum, and its applications. It defines momentum as the product of mass and velocity (p=mv) and explains that momentum is a vector quantity. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant. Elastic collisions result in bodies separating after collision while maintaining the total momentum, inelastic collisions result in bodies sticking together, and explosions involve contact before and separation after. Examples demonstrate applying the principle to calculate velocities and momentum in collisions and explosions.
The document discusses concepts related to rolling motion and angular momentum. It covers:
1) Rolling motion involves both rotational and translational motion, with kinetic energy consisting of rotational and translational components. Rolling objects can experience static friction to allow smooth rolling or sliding friction during acceleration.
2) Torque is defined as a vector quantity that produces rotational motion and angular momentum, with direction given by the right hand rule.
3) Angular momentum is also a vector quantity for rotating objects and systems of particles, and is conserved for isolated systems with no net external torque.
4) Newton's second law can be written in angular form relating torque and rate of change of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum also
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions and explanations about physics concepts related to work, energy, and force. It discusses topics like whether work can be done on an object at rest, the work done by friction in different situations, kinetic energy changes related to speed and mass, work-energy theorem applications to motion, and more. All content is copyrighted and for instructional use only in teaching physics courses.
The document discusses forces and dynamics. It begins by describing Newton's apple tree, which inspired his law of universal gravitation. It then defines a force as a push or pull that can move, stop, change the shape/size or direction/speed of an object. Common types of forces are described such as upthrust, weight, tension, and friction. Newton's third law is summarized as "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." Balanced and unbalanced forces are discussed, noting that balanced forces result in no acceleration while unbalanced forces produce a net force and acceleration. The relationship between force, mass and acceleration is defined using Newton's second law, F=ma. Several examples are then provided to
This document provides an overview of rotational motion concepts for an AP Physics tutorial. It defines angular analogs to linear motion concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and introduces rotational concepts like torque and moment of inertia. Key formulas for angular kinematics and dynamics are presented along with examples of calculating angular acceleration, torque, and conceptual examples of moment of inertia. The tutorial aims to extend students' knowledge of linear motion to an understanding of rotational motion.
This document provides an overview of chapter 4 from a physics textbook. It covers Newton's laws of motion and the key concepts of forces, including gravitational forces, contact forces like normal forces and friction, and Newton's three laws. Key points introduced include the definition of a force, measuring forces with spring scales, the concept of net force, drawing free-body diagrams, and examples of applying Newton's laws to analyze forces on objects. Interactions between objects are described in terms of action-reaction force pairs as specified by Newton's third law.
Newton's Laws describe the motion of objects. Newton's First Law states that objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass. Newton's Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on circular motion and gravitation. It outlines how to view the presentation as a slideshow, advance through slides, access resources from the resources slide, and exit the slideshow. The document also lists the chapter's objectives, sections, and sample problems. Key concepts covered include centripetal acceleration and force, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and torque.
1) Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is associated with forces dependent on an object's position.
2) The net work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.
3) If only conservative forces act, the total mechanical energy in a system remains constant.
The document discusses momentum, conservation of momentum, collisions, impulse, and friction. It defines momentum as mass times velocity and states that the total momentum before and after a collision remains the same if no external forces act, according to the conservation of momentum principle. It also distinguishes between elastic, inelastic, and completely inelastic collisions, and defines impulse as the change in momentum caused by a force over time. Static and kinetic friction are defined, with kinetic friction less than static friction. Examples and exercises demonstrate applications of these concepts.
Physical Science 2.2 : Behavior of GasesChris Foltz
The document describes factors that affect how gases behave and laws governing their behavior. It states that the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas are determined by how fast particles move (temperature), the space the gas occupies (volume), and the force of particles hitting the container (pressure). It then describes Boyle's Law, which states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, volume is inversely related to pressure, and Charles's Law, which states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, volume changes directly with temperature changes.
Interaction among living things refers to how each species influences the population dynamics of other species and the carrying capacity of the environment. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely without degradation. There are several types of interactions, including competition over limited resources, predation where one organism kills another for food, and symbiotic relationships where species mutually benefit (mutualism), one benefits without affecting the other (commensalism), or one benefits while harming the other (parasitism).
This document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity. It begins by explaining the components of an ecosystem, including primary producers like plants and cyanobacteria, consumers like animals and fungi, and decomposers. It then focuses on forest ecosystems, describing their role in producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide. Examples are given of plant and animal species found in a forest in Greece. The document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for ecosystems and human well-being, and explains the IUCN classification system for evaluating extinction risk of species. The main threats to biodiversity are described as habitat loss and unsustainable consumption.
This document discusses different types of interactions between living things:
- Predation occurs when one organism (the predator) hunts and eats another organism (the prey).
- Competition happens when organisms require the same limited resources and "fight" over them. It can be between organisms of the same species (intraspecific) or different species (interspecific).
- Cooperation is when organisms help one another, improving both of their chances of survival.
- Symbiosis describes close interactions between two organisms that can be mutualistic (benefiting both), parasitic (benefiting one at the expense of the other), or commensalistic (benefiting one without affecting the other). Examples of each type of symbiosis
This document discusses impulse and how it relates to changes in an object's momentum. It defines impulse as being equal to the force applied to an object multiplied by the time interval over which the force acts. It also states that impulse is equal to the change in an object's momentum. The document provides examples of how changing the time over which a force acts can affect the force and an object's momentum. It discusses cases where increasing, decreasing, or maintaining an object's momentum and relates this to impulse.
This document discusses force and motion, including Newton's three laws of motion. It explains that an object's motion changes when a force acts upon it. Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force. Friction is introduced as a force that opposes motion. The document discusses the two main types of friction - static and sliding friction - and how friction depends on the surfaces in contact and an object's mass. Methods for reducing friction, such as lubrication and rolling motion, are also covered.
1) Projectile motion describes the trajectory of objects thrown or projected into the air. It is the motion of projectiles that are subject only to gravity.
2) Projectiles have two velocity components - a horizontal component that remains constant, and a vertical component that changes due to gravity. This results in a parabolic trajectory.
3) There are two types of projectile motion - horizontally launched, where the initial vertical velocity is zero, and vertically launched, where the velocity has horizontal and vertical components.
This document discusses impulse, momentum, and collisions in physics. It defines impulse as equal to momentum and discusses how impulse is the area under a force-time graph. Collisions are analyzed using the principles that momentum is conserved unless an external force acts, and that equal and opposite forces during a collision lead to equal impulses and momentums between colliding objects. Several examples calculate momentum and velocity values before and after collisions.
1) Projectile motion refers to the motion of objects thrown or projected into the air at an angle. It is determined by the object's initial velocity and gravity.
2) A projectile moves horizontally with constant velocity while being accelerated vertically by gravity. This results in a curved parabolic trajectory.
3) Maximum range is achieved when the projectile is launched at an angle of 45 degrees, as the horizontal and vertical motions are balanced at that angle.
PowerPoint 4.3: The Organization of Living ThingsMissWander
The document discusses the levels of organization in multicellular organisms. It begins by explaining that as multicellular organisms develop, their cells differentiate and form different levels of organization. These levels include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, and organs combine to form organ systems. Each level has a specific structure and function, with cells being the basic unit and organ systems coordinating multiple organs to perform key functions.
Uniformly accelerated motion (free fall) problems and solutionsSimple ABbieC
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
K TO 12 GRADE 9 LEARNER’S MATERIAL IN SCIENCELiGhT ArOhL
The document discusses the respiratory and circulatory systems, explaining how oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and transported via blood vessels to cells throughout the body, where it is used to release energy and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product and expelled through exhalation. Activities are included to illustrate the pathways of gas exchange and blood flow between the lungs, heart, and body using models. The circulatory system is described as transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body via the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
This document discusses the behavior and properties of gases. It describes three states of matter and the key features of gases, including being highly compressible, exerting equal pressure in all directions, and mixing evenly. It introduces Charles' Law, which states that at constant pressure the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Boyle's Law is also covered, stating that at constant temperature the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. The document discusses diffusion and the rate of diffusion of gases.
Physics - Chapter 6 - Momentum and CollisionsJPoilek
This document provides an overview of linear momentum and impulse. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity (p=mv) and describes how momentum is a vector quantity. Impulse is defined as the change in momentum over time due to an external force (Impulse=Force x Time). The document explains how momentum is conserved in collisions and how the impulse-momentum theorem can be used to analyze collisions. It also distinguishes between perfectly elastic, perfectly inelastic, and inelastic collisions in terms of the objects' motions and changes to their kinetic energy before and after the collision.
The document discusses momentum and impulse, which are important factors in understanding how force affects the motion of objects. It states that more force is needed to quickly stop objects that have greater momentum, whether due to higher mass or velocity. Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and can change if either variable changes or if a net external force is applied. Impulse is equal to the change in an object's momentum due to a force applied over a time interval. Applying a force over a longer period of time results in the same change in momentum but with a smaller average force.
Chemistry - Chp 14 - The Behavior of Gases - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
1) Gases are easily compressed and expand to fill their container due to the empty space between particles and their ability to move around.
2) The behavior of gases is described by gas laws relating pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. These include Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay-Lussac's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, and Graham's law.
3) The ideal gas law combines these relationships and allows for calculations involving gases assuming they behave ideally. Real gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures.
The document discusses linear momentum, impulse, and the conservation of momentum during collisions. It defines linear momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It also states that the time rate of change of linear momentum is equal to the net force acting on an object. Impulse is defined as the force acting on an object times the change in momentum. The document outlines elastic collisions, in which both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved, and inelastic collisions, where kinetic energy is not conserved though momentum remains conserved. It provides examples of calculating momentum and velocities before and after both perfectly inelastic and elastic collisions.
Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity, representing its resistance to stopping. Impulse is the product of the average force applied and the time over which it acts, representing the change in momentum. The impulse-momentum theorem states that the impulse on an object equals the change in its momentum. Examples show how to calculate momentum, impulse, and the average force applied using the impulse-momentum theorem.
The document provides information on momentum including:
- The equation for momentum (p = mv) and its units (kg m/s)
- The relationship between force, momentum change and time (F = Δp/Δt)
- How conservation of momentum can be used to calculate velocities after collisions
- How car safety features like crumple zones increase the time for a momentum change to reduce force and injury
- Newton's third law of motion which states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Momentum is a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object. It is defined by the equation momentum (p) equals mass (m) times velocity (v). In a closed system where no external forces act, the total momentum before an event like a collision will equal the total momentum after the event, according to the principle of conservation of momentum.
This document provides an overview of chapter 2 on forces and motion from the Form 4 Physics textbook. It includes 12 learning objectives covering topics like linear motion, motion graphs, inertia, momentum, forces, impulse, and applications. The chapter also analyzes past year exam questions and provides a concept map relating different concepts in forces and motion. Examples and exercises are given to illustrate key concepts.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chapter 12 on momentum. It discusses linear momentum and how it is calculated as mass times velocity (p=mv). It also discusses angular momentum and how it is calculated as moment of inertia times angular velocity (L=Iω). The chapter covers conservation of linear and angular momentum, elastic and inelastic collisions, impulse, forces as a change in momentum, and applications like rockets and gyroscopes.
Momentum is a characteristic of moving objects related to its mass and velocity. It is calculated by multiplying mass and velocity, with units of kg*m/s. An object's momentum is in the direction of its velocity, and greater momentum means it is harder to stop the object. Both greater mass and velocity result in higher momentum. The total momentum in a system is conserved during interactions and collisions according to the law of conservation of momentum.
This document discusses linear momentum and collisions, including definitions of momentum, impulse, and conservation of momentum. It provides examples of elastic and inelastic collisions, and practice problems calculating momentum, impulse, and velocities before and after collisions using conservation of momentum. Formulas and concepts are explained for momentum, impulse, completely inelastic and elastic collisions.
The document discusses momentum and Newton's second law of motion. It defines linear momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Newton's second law is stated as the net external force equals the change in momentum divided by the change in time. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system before and after an interaction, such as a collision, remains the same.
The document provides instructions for a physics lab on conservation of momentum. Students will finish an investigation, take notes, and solve momentum problems. They will get materials ready and read background information. The lab involves measuring the momentum of colliding carts in groups and recording data. Students will analyze results using the law of conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum before and after a collision remains the same if no external forces act. Sample problems demonstrate applying the law to calculate velocities after collisions.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 on impulse and momentum. It covers key topics like linear momentum, impulse, conservation of linear momentum, and elastic and inelastic collisions. The learning objectives are to understand impulse and momentum calculations, relate impulse to changes in momentum, apply conservation of linear momentum to collisions, and analyze collisions and explosions. It also includes sample problems and questions to illustrate these concepts.
1. The document discusses the conservation of momentum in collisions.
2. It explains that the total momentum before a collision must equal the total momentum after the collision.
3. Examples are provided of elastic and inelastic collisions and how momentum is transferred between objects in collisions.
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it. Applications include collisions between objects like cars and the jet propulsion of airplanes, where hot gases ejected from the back provide an equal and opposite momentum to push the plane forward.
If a net force acts on an object, it will accelerate in the direction of the force. The acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass. An object at rest or moving at constant velocity will remain that way unless a net force acts on it. If object A exerts a force on object B, B will exert an equal and opposite force on A.
Momentum is a measurement of mass in motion, calculated as momentum (P) equals mass (m) multiplied by velocity (v). Newton found that the total momentum of an isolated system is conserved before and after collisions. Impulse is the change in an object's momentum due to an applied force over time and can be calculated as impulse (I) equals force (F) multiplied by time (t). Increasing either the force or time of an impulse increases the impulse applied. Crumple zones in cars are designed to increase the time over which a decelerating force is applied during a collision, reducing the overall force felt by occupants.
The document discusses Newton's Second Law of motion, which states that the force on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration (F=MA). It provides examples of how gravity exerts a force on all objects due to their mass. It explains that an object's mass never changes, even if its shape or motion does. Doubling the force on a moving car that has a set mass would double its acceleration according to the equation. The document also discusses how multiple forces on an object can add or subtract depending on their direction.
1. The document discusses different types of motion including uniformly accelerated motion in the horizontal and vertical dimensions, projectile motion in two dimensions, and free fall as an example of uniformly accelerated motion.
2. It also discusses impulse and momentum, explaining that momentum depends on mass and velocity and that changes in momentum occur when an external force acts on an object over time.
3. Finally, it discusses different types of collisions including elastic collisions where kinetic energy is conserved and inelastic collisions where kinetic energy is not conserved, as well as different forms of energy including potential and kinetic energy.
This document provides information about Newton's Three Laws of Motion. It begins with an introduction to the three laws, including definitions of inertia, acceleration due to force, and equal reaction forces. Examples are then given to illustrate each law, such as how objects at rest will remain at rest without an external force and how greater masses have more inertia and require more force to change their motion. Formulas for calculating force, mass and acceleration are also derived based on Newton's Second Law.
The document discusses collisions and the law of conservation of momentum. It provides examples of how to use a momentum table and algebra to solve for unknown velocities in collision problems involving isolated systems where momentum is conserved. Specifically, it works through examples of a person catching a medicine ball on ice and of two people colliding on an ice rink to determine their combined velocity after collision.
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document provides an overview of 12 lessons on the wave model of radiation. It will cover topics such as what waves are, describing wave properties, how waves behave at barriers and boundaries, bending light beams, electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and radiation from space. The first lesson defines key terms like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency and explains the two main types of waves - transverse and longitudinal waves. Subsequent lessons will focus on reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves.
The document outlines a route map for a 12 lesson course on electric circuits. It will cover topics like static electricity, electric charge, circuits, current, resistance, resistors, voltage, power, and electricity generation and distribution. It provides learning objectives and a sample activity for the first lesson which involves drawing a series circuit with batteries, a switch, light bulb, resistor and variable resistor and adding a voltmeter and ammeter.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in 12 lessons on electric circuits. The lessons will cover static electricity, electric charge, circuit symbols, simple circuits, controlling and measuring current, resistance, resistor combinations, measuring voltage, electrical power, domestic appliances, generating electricity, and distributing electricity. Each lesson will have objectives, activities, extension questions, and a summary.
1. The document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and energy changes over 24 lessons.
2. Lesson C7.9 focuses on rates of reaction and how factors like temperature, concentration, and particle size can influence the rate. Collision theory and activation energy are also discussed.
3. Examples of reversible reactions are given where the direction can change based on conditions like temperature and pressure. Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations no longer change.
This document outlines a chemistry lesson plan covering titrations. The lesson will teach students how titration is used as a quantitative technique to measure the concentrations of acids and bases by determining the volume needed of a standard solution to reach the endpoint of a neutralization reaction. Key concepts include using an indicator to identify the endpoint, repeating titrations to obtain an accurate average volume, and how titrations can be used to find the concentration of an unknown solution based on the reaction stoichiometry. The lesson will also discuss using data loggers and pH probes for higher precision measurements.
The document outlines a chemistry route map for studying various topics over 24 lessons, including alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, titrations, reaction rates, equilibrium, the chemical industry, and green chemistry. It provides lesson objectives, activities, and questions for lessons on alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, covering topics like their structures, properties, reactions, uses, and how they are produced.
This document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, gas chromatography, titrations, rates of reaction, equilibrium, the chemical industry, green chemistry, industrial chemistry, theories on acidity, sampling, and making ethanoic acid. The module will focus on improving yield in industrial chemistry and reducing waste and pollution.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry module that will cover various topics related to chemical synthesis, including the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, rates of reactions, and factors that affect rates. It focuses specifically on lesson 6.11, which discusses the different stages involved in chemical synthesis, and lesson 6.12, which is about measuring the yield of chemical reactions.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on chemical synthesis that covers topics such as the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, reactions of acids, salts, purity of chemicals, rates of reactions, catalysts, chemical quantities, stages of chemical synthesis, and measuring yield. The first lesson focuses on understanding the role and importance of the chemical industry and the difference between bulk and fine chemicals.
This document outlines a lesson plan on metals from the lithosphere. It will teach students how reactive metals are extracted from ores using methods like carbon displacement and electrolysis. Key concepts include metal ores, extraction methods, reactivity series, and calculating formula masses of compounds. Activities include matching metals to their ores, naming metals, and explaining extraction techniques and material uses based on reactivity.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
1. Ionic compounds form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, resulting in positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions that bond together in a crystalline lattice structure.
2. When ionic compounds dissolve in water or melt, the ions become free to move and conduct electricity. During electrolysis, positively charged metal ions move to the cathode and negatively charged non-metal ions move to the anode.
3. Common ionic compounds include sodium chloride, formed from sodium and chlorine ions, and copper chloride, used in electrolysis to extract copper metal from its ionic form.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry course covering topics like the periodic table, alkaline metals, chemical equations, halogens, helium, atomic structure, electrons, salts, and ionic theory. It includes lesson objectives, activities, extension questions, and summaries for the first two lessons which focus on the periodic table and alkaline metals. Key points covered are the periodic table's arrangement of elements, properties of group 1 alkaline metals like their reactions with water and acids, and their similarities and reactivity trends.
This document outlines a biology curriculum covering various topics over 12 lessons. It will cover photosynthesis, respiration, feeding relationships, genetics, blood, circulation, energy, symbiosis, parasites, disease, biotechnology, exercise, joints, genetic modification, and more. Key concepts include how plants and organisms obtain and use energy, genetic inheritance and testing, the structure and function of body systems, and applications of biotechnology.
Genetic testing uses gene probes to identify inherited disorders in embryos or fetuses. It was developed in the 1980s and can detect conditions like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Down syndrome. A gene probe is a piece of DNA that binds to a faulty gene, identifying disorders. Parents may choose to terminate a pregnancy if testing finds an inherited disease.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
P4 lesson part two
1. Explaining motion Route map Over the next 12 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 P4.1 Forces in all directions P4.2 How objects start to move P4.3 Friction P4.4 Reaction of surfaces End of module test P4.5 How fast P4.6 Modelling motion P4.7 Force, interaction and momentum P4.8 Change in momentum P4.9 Car safety P4.10 Laws of motion P4.11 Work and energy P4.12 Kinetic and gravitational potential energy
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3. P4.7 Force interaction and momentum Extension questions: 1: What are the units of momentum ? 2: Work out the moment of a) a bullet travelling 500 ms -1 with a mass of 0.01 kg b) a tanker travelling at 0.01 ms -1 with a mass of 30,0000 kg c) a car travelling at 15 ms -1 with a mass of 1000 kg ? 3: A tennis ball hit a racket with a momentum of 10 kg m/s and returns over the net with the same speed has the tennis ball’s momentum changed ? 4: Explain using you knowledge of momentum why a wet leather football hurts much more when it hits you in the face ? Know this: a: Know what momentum is. b: Know that momentum links mass and velocity of a moving object. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of a moving object (momentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg) x Velocity (ms -1 ). Therefore momentum links the velocity and the mass of a moving object. Objects with high momentum impart lots of energy when they collide into us. Bullets kill you, not because of their mass which is usually around 5 to 10 g, but because of their very high velocities. A tanker can crush you to death even if it moves at very slow speeds of less than 0.01 ms -1 because it has a huge mass. Momentum also has a direction, so if it is moving in one direction, momentum is positive, if it moving in the opposite direction momentum is negative
4. P4.7 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: If an object is moving and has mass we can work out its momentum by multiplying its mass (kg) by its velocity ms -1 ) In urban areas, for example in cities, where people live, work and study road speed limits are reduced. This helps save lives because the momentum of a moving vehicle that may be involved in a crash is also reduced. Look at the diagram above left. Work out the momentum for the car travelling at 15 ms -1 with a mass of 1000 kg Explain why an accident involving a lorry is much more dangerous when compared to a similar accident involving a car ? Speed 10 ms -1 Mass 1,000 kg Momentum 10,000 kg m/s Speed 15 ms -1 Mass 1,000 kg Momentum .............. kg m/s Speed 10 ms -1 Mass 15,000 kg Momentum 150,000 kg m/s Speed 15 ms -1 Mass 15,000 kg Momentum ............... kg m/s 20mph 30mph Look at the diagram below left. Work out the momentum for the lorry travelling at 15 ms -1 with a mass of 15,000 kg Momentum of a car Momentum of a lorry 20mph 30mph
5. Key concepts P4.7 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: We all know that a ‘head on’ collision between two vehicles results in far more damage to both vehicles when compared to a crash when both vehicles are travelling in the same direction. Crashed involving large cars or lorries are even more dangerous because their huge mass gives them very high momentum. Using you knowledge of momentum explain why there is much greater damage when both are involved in a head on crash ? Speed 10 ms -1 Mass 15,000 kg Momentum 150,000 kg m/s Speed 30 ms -1 Mass 1,000 kg Momentum 30,000 kg m/s Speed 10 ms -1 Mass 15,000 kg Combined Momentum 150,000 – ( - 30,000) = 180,000 kg m/s Speed 30 ms -1 Mass 1,000 kg Momentum before collision Momentum during a collision Two cars travelling in the opposite direction crash. Car A is travelling at 30 m.p.h Car B is travelling at 40 m.p.h. Explain why this car is like a single car crashing into a brick wall at 70 m.p.h. If car C travelling at 12 m.p.h crashes into car D who is revising at 12 m.p.h. Would their be any damage to either car ?
6. P4.7 Plenary Lesson summary: direction velocity zero postive Friday 21 October 2011 Momentum links velocity to an objects mass and helps us understand why two factors an objects speed and mass must be taken into account when assessing whether a collision with that moving object results in serious injury or eve death How Science Works: Research into what happens when a force is applied over a long period that leads to a change in an object’s momentum. Preparing for the next lesson: Momentum is measured in _______ and links the ______ of an object and its _________. An stationary object with a speed of 0 ms -1 has a momentum of ________. Momentum also has a negative and _________ value depending on its direction . Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: A bullet has a large momentum because of its high velocity ? False True 2: Large vehicles although travelling slowly have large momentums ? False True 1: Momentum can be calculated by adding an object’s mass and velocity ?
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8. P4.8 Change in momentum Know this: a: Know the link between size of force, time that force acts on an object and the objects change in momentum. b: Know that the direction of momentum can affect the value of the change in momentum. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: If you push an object it will start to moving. Continue to push it and it will get faster and faster. By pushing this object you are changing the momentum of the object. The change in momentum depends on two things: 1: The size of the push force and 2: The time that this push force acts on the object Working out change in momentum: Change in momentum (kg m/s) = force (N) x time for which it acts (s) When two objects interact, the change in momentum of one is equal in size to the change of momentum of the other but in the opposite direction. Put simply: When two objects interact, the total change in momentum of the two objects is zero. This means that momentum before and after a collision is the same. We call this the conservation of momentum. Extension questions: 1: When a resultant force makes an object move, which two factors determine the change in momentum of the object ? 2: Which of the following will cause the large change in momentum on a 1kg ball a) 40N force acting for 2 seconds b) 30N force acting for 3 seconds ? 3: Which of the following will cause the smallest change in momentum on a 1 kg ball a) a 10N force acting for 10 seconds or b) a 9N forces acting for 12 seconds ?
9. P4.8 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: In the diagram above left, If skater two only weighed 40 kg, work out his new speed if his total momentum was 240 kg ms -1 In the diagram below left, a man weighing 60 kg and a speed of 5 ms- 1 pushes a trolley with a mass of 15 kg. Work out the trolley's momentum (trolley travels same speed) 60 kg 4 ms -1 80 kg 3 ms -1 Conserving momentum 15 kg 5 ms -1 60 kg 5 ms -1 Understanding the conservation of momentum allows us to work out the speed of two moving objects after an interaction. Look at the two skaters opposite left. They push against one another. Skater one has a speed of 3 ms -1 and a mass of 80 kg. His momentum is therefore (80 x 3) 240 kg ms -1 . Skater two has the same momentum of 240 kg ms -1 . His mass is only 60 kg so his speed must be (240/60) 4 ms -1 . Key concepts
10. P4.8 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: When two balls of equal mass collide as shown opposite left, momentum is not conserved. Explain why this is so in the real world ? Give two other examples similar to the example picture opposite left where two balls collide conserving momentum ? before collision after collision First ball momentum = mass x velocity First ball momentum = 0 (standing still) Second ball momentum = 0 (standing still) Second ball momentum = mass x velocity P = m x v P = m x v A collision between two balls of equal mass is a good example of an almost totally elastic collision. Due to the ball’s high rigidity; a totally elastic collision exists only in theory, occurring between bodies with mathematically infinite rigidity. In addition to momentum's being conserved when the two balls collide, the sum of kinetic energy before a collision must equal the sum of kinetic energy after: This is called the conservation of momentum Key concepts
11. P4.8 Plenary Lesson summary: opposite objects change equal Friday 21 October 2011 In real life the momentum of a collision between two objects is never conserved, energy is lost because no object has infinite rigidity. This energy is lost in the from of heat (when material are squeezed) and sound (the noise of the collision) How Science Works: Research into how cars have been designed with safety feature that help us survive a collision. Also look at how the seat belt work if we do have a collision. Preparing for the next lesson: When there is an interaction between two ______, the ________ of momentum of one is _______ in size to the change of momentum of the other but in the _______ direction. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: A bullet has a high momentum because it has a large mass ? False True 2: For the same object , its momentum increase as it velocity increases ? False True 1: Momentums depends on an object’s mass and velocity ?
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13. P4.9 Car safety Extension questions: 1: Explain why airs help reduce the force of impact between the driven and the steering wheel during a collision ? 2: Explain why a seat belt is made from a) wide webbing rather than narrow webbing and b) wide webbing that stretches rather than webbing that did not stretch ? 3: At the front and rear of cars are crumple zones. Explain how these zones help to reduce the impact force during a collision ? 4: Explain why its not speed that kill but the rate at which your speeds changes during a collision that kills ? Know this: a: Know that cars have safety features. b: Know how the seat belt works to save lives. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Automobile safety is the driving within road speed limits, experience and car design. Car snow have role cages, impact crumple zones, seat belts, bumpers, air bags and soft material should you collide with part of the car. Car design started to change when SAAB first introduced a safety cage in 1948. Bumpers, crumple zones, seatbelts and finally air bags then followed. Software is now being developed to help cars and the driver avoid collision with other cars.
14. P4.9 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: How seat belts work Direction Seatbelt restraining The task of the seatbelt is to stop you with the car so that your stopping distance is probably 4 or 5 times greater than if you had no seatbelt. A crash which stops the car and driver must take away all its kinetic energy, and the work-energy principle then dictates that a longer stopping distance decreases the impact force. For the example imaging this car crash scenario: the stopping distance is one foot, the force on a 70 kg driver is about 2100 kg or 2.1 tons, and the deceleration is about 30 g's. A moderate amount of stretch in the seatbelts will reduce the average impact force. 0.0 s 0.2 s Look at the diagram opposite left. With out a seat belt it takes about 0.07 of a second for your forehead to hit the front dashboard of the car. With a stretchy seat belt this time is almost tripled to 0.2 seconds. By tripling the time what affect would this have of the force of impact between the driver’s forehead and the front dashboard ? Key concepts
15. P4.9 Plenary Lesson summary: reduced save time windscreen Friday 21 October 2011 With all the additional safety feature, do we have less or more deaths due to road accidents. Well although it did first decrease the number of road deaths, it has now stayed the same. This is because when people feel safer or more protect because of seat belts air bags e.t.c they actual drive faster and take more risks How Science Works: Research into the forces that act on a cyclist when stationary, when accelerating and when moving at constant speed. Preparing for the next lesson: Seatbelt worn by passengers in the front ad back of a car helps _______ lives by increasing the ______ it takes a human to hit either the front dashboard, or __________ .By increasing the time the force of impact is greatly ___________. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Seat spread the change of the drivers moment over a longer time period ? False True 2: Wide stretchy seat belts work best at reduce the force of impact ? False True 1: Children do not have to wear seat belts under the age of 14 ?
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17. Extension questions: 1: List two examples where the resultant forces acting on an object is zero ? 2: List two examples where there is a resultant forces acting on an object ? 3: Explain how reducing air resistance between a cyclist and the atmosphere helps increase its speed ? 4: Explain why a cyclist’s speed will slow when the cyclist moves form a level surface to an incline ? Know this: a: Know the two laws of motion. b: Know the forces acting on a cyclist at the start, when accelerating and when moving at a constant speed. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Thinking about a cyclist stetting off accelerating and hen reaching a constant speed helps us understand about the two laws of motion. Law one: If a resultant force acting on an object is zero then the momentum of the object does not change Law two: if there is a resultant force acting on an object, the momentum of the object will change. This can be calculating by using the following equation: Change in momentum = resultant force (N) x time for which it acts (s) P4.10 Forces acting on a cyclist
18. P4.10 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: At the start of the riders time trial, law two of motion applies where there is a resultant force acting on the cyclist, the momentum of the cyclist will change. During the race law two of motion applies where the resultant force acting on the cyclist and his bike is zero then the momentum of the object does not change For the bottom picture: Work out the following true or false: true false Gravity is pulling the bike down There is no friction The forces are unbalanced The forces are balanced The is no air resistance There is a pushing force Key concepts
19. P4.10 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Look at the three diagrams opposite left. Explain how a cyclist can increase his maximum speed on level ground ? Explain how a rusty chain might reduce the top constant speed of a cyclist ? Driving force Counter force Setting off Going faster Constant speed Driving force Counter force Driving force Counter force When a cyclist being their ride, the counter force is small when compared to the driving forces. The end result of this is that the cyclists speed increases. As the cyclist goes faster, the air resistance force becomes larger, so the counterforce is large. Speed is still increasing but not as rapidly. Eventually a cyclist will reach a speed where the counter force and the driving force are equal but opposite and the cyclist continues to travel at a steady speed. 0mph 10mph 20mph Key concepts
20. P4.10 Plenary Lesson summary: opposite forces equal internal Friday 21 October 2011 Most speed distance records for example the greatest distance travelled in one hour are done at altitude. This is because these are less air molecules. This reduce the air resistance between the bike and the air which can lead to an increase of speed or distance covered. How Science Works: Research into work, examples of useful work and how we calculate work done in joules. Preparing for the next lesson: During a constant steady speed, the resultant ________ acting on a cyclist are _______, but acting in opposite directions. In the __________ direction is push force of the leg muscles. In the opposite direction is the combination of _________ resistance, air resistance and friction between the road and wheels. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: At 20 m.p.h 75% of the cyclist’s effort is used to overcome air resistance ? False True 2: Friction between he road and tyre acts to speed the cyclist up ? False True 1: When the cyclist is not moving the resultant forces acting are zero ?
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22. P4.11 Work and energy Extension questions: 1: Work out the work done for the following scenarios a) pushing a car with a force of 1100N over a distance of 10 metres b) pushing a pram with a force of 80 N over a distance of 1000 m ? 2: In which of the following examples has most work be done a) pushing a trolley with a force of 75 N over a distance of 500 m or b) pushing a car with a force of 1100 N over a distance of 25 m ? 3: Work out the work done when a suitcase weighing 200 N is raised 2 metres about ground level and b) if he climbs the stairs weighting 600 N with the suitcase through a vertical distance of 3 m ? Know this: a: Know how to calculate work done by a force. b: Know that work done is measure in joules. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Energy or a force is required to do work like lifting, pulling, pushing and stretching. In science, work is done if a force pushes, pulls, stretches or lifts an object with a mass. The amount of work done is always measured in joules: The amount of work done depends on the force exerted on an object and the total distance moved in the direct on the force. Work done is always measured in joules. Therefore the amount of work done is the force multiplied by the distance moved. Work done = force (N) x distance moved in the direction of the force (m) (units joules)
23. P4.11 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Doing work always involves exerting a force in a particular direction for a certain distance in metres. Work done is always measured in joules. If you break down and have to push a car, the work done (flat road) is to over the internal resistance of the car. The greater the distance that you push the car, the more work is also done In the diagram above left, it shows that pushing a car 20 metres requires 16,000 joules of 16 kJ or energy. Work out how many joules of work would be used if you had to push the car over a) 50 metres b) 100 metres and c) one kilometre (1000 m) ? Look at the diagram below left. It shows a many pushing a supermarket trolley on a flat surface. When the man pushes the trolley what forces is he overcoming and b) work out the total work done when he pushes the trolley for 3 metres ? Push force 16 N 3 metres in distance 20 metres in distance Push force 800 N Pushing a trolley Pushing a car Work done = force x distance moved in direction of force = 800N x 20 m = 16,000 J or 16 kJ Work done = force x distance moved in direction of force = .......N x ...... m = ........... J or ...... kJ Key concepts
24. P4.11 Plenary Lesson summary: joules newtons force metres Friday 21 October 2011 A small hatchback car can go about 15 kilometres using a single litre of fuel which costs about £1.10 at the petrol pumps. 10 men each applying a force of about 100N pushing the same car for over 3 hours would do the same amount of work. Remember also that the engine is only about 15% efficient, at transferring the chemical energy in petrol to work done by the car’s engine How Science Works: Research into kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Preparing for the next lesson: Work done measured in ________ can be worked out by multiplying the _____ measure in _________ by the _______ moved in the direction of the force measured in _______. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: The units for work done joules or kilojoules ? False True 2: A lift loses gravitational potential energy as it ascends a skyscraper ? False True 1: Pushing a car or pram are both examples of work being done ?
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26. P4.12 Extension questions: 1: If you jump form a wall, what happens to the gravitational potential energy as you fall ? 2: If you lift a 1000 kg weight 5 metres above the ground calculate its increase in GPE ? 3: Explain why a roller coaster on the surface of the moon would be less scary when compared to roller coasters here on Earth ? 4: A ball with a mass o 2k is on the 10 th floor of a skyscraper, 40 m above the ground,. Calculate its GPE and b) if it dropped calculate its final velocity using the equation K.E = ½ mV 2 ? Know this: a: Know how to calculate work done by a force. b: Know how to calculate kinetic energy of a moving object. c. Know how to calculate the GPE on an object. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: The kinetic or gravitational potential energy of an object is measured in joules. Kinetic energy of a moving object: KE = ½ mass x (velocity) 2 units kinetic energy (joules), mass (kg) velocity (ms -1 ) Gravitational potential energy GPE = weight x vertical height units GPE (joules), weight (N) height (m) Kinetic and gravitational potential energy
27. P4.12 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Understanding the kinetic energy of a car at different speeds, helps us understand why we have speed limits in towns and villages. If a child is hit at 20 mph (approx 10 ms -1 ) the child has a 80% chance of surviving. If the same car hits the same child at 40 mph (20 ms -1 ), the child has only a 20% chance of surviving. This is because we square the velocity to work out the energy of the car moving at a certain speed. A car travelling at 40 mph imparts 100 times the energy into a child’s body compared to a car travelling at 20 mph Look at the diagram of the kinetic energy of a moving car (above left) Work out the kinetic energy of a car with a mass of 900 kg and a velocity of 20 ms -1 ? Speed 10 ms -1 Mass 900 kg K.E 90,000 J or 90 kJ Speed 20 ms -1 Mass 900 kg K.E ............. J or ..... kJ Speed 1 ms -1 Mass 10,000 kg K.E 90,000 J or 90 kJ Speed 300 ms -1 Mass 0.01 kg K.E ............ J or ...... kJ Kinetic energy of the same object with different velocities Kinetic energy of objects with different masses Look at the diagram of the kinetic energy of a a lorry and a bullet (below left) Work out the kinetic energy of a bullet with a mass of 0.01 kg and a velocity of 300 ms -1 ? Key concepts
28. P4.12 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: As a object gains vertical height, it increase its gravitational potential energy. When we are calculating the amount of work done in joules to lift a mass upwards against gravity, we must remember that it is the vertical height that we use in the calculation. The work done is transferred into gravitational potential energy, remember, when we move sides ways, no work is done because our bodies are not getting any higher Look at the diagram opposite left. Explain why the pulley on the left has zero GPE and b) work out the GPE for the right hand pulley ? Work out the GPE when a) a lift carrying 4 people over 50 m with a total weight of 15,000 N and b) a man (600 N) climbing the stairs ascending a vertical height of 25 m ? Work out the GPE of A man weighing 600 N walks up four flights of stairs. These stairs climb a total vertical distance of 20 metres ? Height 0 m Mass 1 kg GPE = height x weight Gravitational potential energy GPE = 0 x 10N = 0 J Height 10 m Weight 1 kg GPE = height x weight GPE = ... x .... = .....J Key concepts
29. P4.12 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Look at the diagram above left of the roller coaster and answer the following: a) At which point does the cart have maximum GPE and zero Kinetic energy b) At which point does the cart have zero kinetic energy and c) At which point does the cart have decreasing kinetic energy and increasing gravitational energy ? If you take a ride on any rollercoaster, at any theme park, designers exploit gravity and other forces to give you the ‘ride of your life.’ Gravity and the forces it exerts on your body will accelerate you from the start, giving you a sensation of falling. Rapid acceleration, twisting and turning gives you that sensation of a near vertical drop whilst still being safe. The force of gravity on a vertical drop rollercoaster pulls the mass of the car and you downwards, accelerating you at nearly 10 m/s 2 . Calculating the speed at C from B Loss of GPE = weight x vertical height = 120,000 N x 45m = 5,400,000 J K.E. = ½ mV 2 5,400,000 = ½ x 12,000 x V 2 V 2 = 5,400,000/6000 = 900 V = 30 ms -1 A B C D E Mass of cart = 12000 kg = 120,000 N: Vertical drop between B and C = 45 m: Value of ‘g’ on earth 10 Nkg -1 The roller coaster Key concepts
30. P4.12 Plenary Lesson summary: potential force energy kinetic Friday 21 October 2011 Roller coasters are driven almost entirely by basic inertial, gravitational and centripetal forces, all manipulated in the service of a great ride. Amusement parks keep upping the ante, building faster and more complex roller coasters, but the fundamental principles at work remain the same. How Science Works: Revise for your end of module test. Preparing for the next lesson: Work connect __________ and energy. When you do work, you transfer ___________ to the object. This object with either speed up and increase its ________ energy or gain height therefore increasing its gravitational _______ energy. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: When an object is falling it loses GPE and gains kinetic energy ? False True 2: Kinetic energy links the mass and velocity of an object ? False True 1: An object that is on the ground has zero GPE ?