INSTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS | ASSIGNMENT | PDF | SHIVAM DUBEY B PHARMA | ...MrHotmaster1
INTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS
SHIVAM DUBEY
BPYN1PY18041
MCQ’ ON UNIT 1
1. Which of the following steps takes place after injection of feed in
Column chromatography?
a) Detection of components
b) Separation in column
A complete presentation on gas chromatography, illustrating the basics, operation and different instrumentation components of the whole system.
Kindly comment if this presentation helps you or if you like this.
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, I...Dr. Ravi Sankar
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, INTRODUCTION, THEORY, COLUMN OPERATION,INSTRUMENTATION AND DETECTION,APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF GC,PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION IN GC, HOW GC MECHINE WORKS? COLUMN, DETECTORS.
BY P.RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
INSTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS | ASSIGNMENT | PDF | SHIVAM DUBEY B PHARMA | ...MrHotmaster1
INTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS
SHIVAM DUBEY
BPYN1PY18041
MCQ’ ON UNIT 1
1. Which of the following steps takes place after injection of feed in
Column chromatography?
a) Detection of components
b) Separation in column
A complete presentation on gas chromatography, illustrating the basics, operation and different instrumentation components of the whole system.
Kindly comment if this presentation helps you or if you like this.
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, I...Dr. Ravi Sankar
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, INTRODUCTION, THEORY, COLUMN OPERATION,INSTRUMENTATION AND DETECTION,APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF GC,PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION IN GC, HOW GC MECHINE WORKS? COLUMN, DETECTORS.
BY P.RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
Which titration technique is best fit to detect what type of analyte?Zubayar Rahman
The act of adding standard solution in small quantities to the test solution till the reaction is complete is termed titration.
The basis of this process is the reaction between the analyte and solution of known concentration(titrant).
The analyte is taken in a conical flask using a pipette and the standard solution of known concentration is taken in a calibrated burette.
Measuring pKas, logP and Solubility by Automated titrationJon Mole
Presentation by Sirius Analytical covering measurement of pKa, LogP, LogD, Solubility, Supersaturation and precipitation kinetics.
For more details visit www.sirius-analytical.com
Which titration technique is best fit to detect what type of analyte?Zubayar Rahman
The act of adding standard solution in small quantities to the test solution till the reaction is complete is termed titration.
The basis of this process is the reaction between the analyte and solution of known concentration(titrant).
The analyte is taken in a conical flask using a pipette and the standard solution of known concentration is taken in a calibrated burette.
Measuring pKas, logP and Solubility by Automated titrationJon Mole
Presentation by Sirius Analytical covering measurement of pKa, LogP, LogD, Solubility, Supersaturation and precipitation kinetics.
For more details visit www.sirius-analytical.com
In gas chromatography, the sample is first converted to the vapor state or volatile compound is
used which are injected into heated port along with a carrier gas. Analyte in the vapor state
distributes between the stationary phase and the carrier gas. As the analyte elute from column
signal is displayed in the form of chromatogram. Measurements of GC are rapid and convenient.
Retention times are used for qualitative identification. Peak areas are used for quantitative
measurements.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. C7 Chemistry ‘triple science’ Route map Over the next 24 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 C7.1 The alkanes C7.2 The alcohols C7.3 Carboxylic acids C7.4 Esters End of module test C7.5 Fats and oils C7.7 Energy changes C7.15 Chromatography C7.16 Interpretating chromatograms C7.17 Gas chromatography C7.18 Titrations C7.8 How much energy C7.9 How fast...rates of reaction C7.10 Reversible changes C7.11 Equilibrium C7.19 Precision and accuracy C7.20 Overview of the chemical industry C7.21 Green chemistry C7.22 Improving yield in industrial chemistry C7.12 Theories on acidity C7.13 Stages in analysis C7.23 Making industrial chemistry greener C7.24 Reducing waste in industrial chemistry C7.6 fats and human health C7.14 Sampling C7.25 Using by-products and reducing waste C7.26 Making ethanoic acid
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3. Extension questions: 1: Explain why the ample is vaporised before it moves through the separating column ? 2: Explain why the coiled separating column is placed inside a heated oven ? 3: If a sample is injected and it produces three peaks at different times, what can you conclude about this sample ? 4: Another sample is injected and it produces one peak only, what can you say about this sample ? Know this: a: Know how gas chromatography works to separate complex mixtures. b: Know how the retention time for a compound arises. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Gas chromatography separates our complex mixtures of chemicals based on the time taken for a compound to travel through the column. The process involves a sample being vapourised and injected onto the head of the column. The sample is then transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase. If a sample contains a mixture of different compounds they will be separated out and a detector records a ‘peak’ which is a record of how long the compound took to pass through the column. The height of the peak tells us how much of the compound is present. C7.17 Gas chromatography
4. Key concepts C7.17 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: In a typical gas chromatograph the sample to be analysed is introduced by a syringe into the hot flowing carrier gas. The sample vaporises immediately and the analysis proceeds by repeated transfer of the components to the stationary phase and back to the gas again. The more strongly a substance is adsorbed or the more soluble it is in the liquid film, the more slowly it moves through the column. Give one similarity between gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography ? Explain how you could use gas chromatography to check the quality oif drinking water ? Look at the diagram below left, how many components have been separated from left to right ? Modern gas chromatography Gas chromatography column chromatography column (retention time)
5. Key concepts C7.17 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Why is the column a) coiled and b) heated by the oven ? Look at the chromatogram in the diagram what is the retention time (approx of the highest and smallest peak ? The carrier gas (mobile phase) must be chemically inert. Commonly used gases include nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide. When the carrier gas and sample mixture travel through the column (stationary inert phase) they begin to separate out. Most packed columns are 1.5 - 10m in length and have an internal diameter of 2 - 4mm. The separated out molecules are then detected and shown as peaks on a computer trace carrier gas sample oven column detector readout trace Overview of gas chromatography
6. Key concepts C7.17 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Compare the retention times for the reference same and the athlete’s blood sample. Has he taken any banned drugs and which ones if you have answered yes ? Give two other uses for gas chromatography other than testing athletes blood for banned drugs ? At the end of the column is a detector which signals when a separated out molecule (from the original sample) is leaving the column. It also provides a measure of the amount of the compound present. The diagram opposite left shows a typical trace for 6 different compounds. Each compound has its own unique retention time. As with HPLC compounds are generally identified by the time (after injection) that they take to reach the detector (the retention time) when conditions are carefully controlled. This means that pure samples of all likely compounds in the mixture must be available 0 2 4 6 normal 37 o C time days Recorder response o 0 50 100 0 2 4 6 normal 37 o C time days Recorder response o 0 50 100 Athletes blood sample Reference drug sample adrenaline steroid EPO urea 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7. C7.17 Plenary Lesson summary: separate mobile injected column Friday 21 October 2011 The smallest gas chromatography device was sent recently to planet Mars on a probe that main purpose was to find molecules that would show evidence of life such as proteins, DNA or even simple waste products like urea. So far no positive results have shown evidence of life on planet Mars . How Science Works: Research into titrations and how this technique is used to determine the concentrations of an acid or alkaline of unknown solutions. Preparing for the next lesson: In gas chromatography, the carrier gas, also known as the _______ phase is mixed with the sample mixture and __________ into the ________ . When different molecules in the sample begin to ____________ out as they travel through the column they are read by a detector and recorded using a computer. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Thin layer chromatography is more effective at separating complex mixtures ? False True 2: Each compound appears as a distinct peak in the chromatogram ? False True 1: Using gas chromatograms we can detect illegal drugs like steroids ?
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9. C7.18 Extension questions: 1: Explain why a) an indicator is used during a titration b) the volume of acid is measured using an accurate burette c) the titration is repeated two or three times d) an errors in the data are repeated ? 2: If one litre of a 1 molar solution of sodium hydroxide solution contained 40 grams of sodium hydroxide a) what would 0.5 litre of a 0.5 M solution of NaOH contain b) 2 litres of 0.25 M NaOH contain ? 3: Explain what this statement means. The accuracy of a titration can be no more accurate than the accuracy of the solutions used ? Know this: a: Know that a titrations a quantitative technique. b: Know that titrations can determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Titration is a quantitative technique to investigate the unknown concentration or quantity of a dissolved solute that will react with an acid or alkaline. In a titration the pipette is used to transfer a fixed volume (normally 25 cm 3 ) of a solution of unknown concentration into a conical flask. Another solution with a known concentration is carefully added from a burette until it has all exactly reacted. This is called the end point of the titration. An indicator tell us when the end point is reached. The titration is repeated until successive titres are within 0.1 cm 3 . Using equation for the reaction the concentration of the unknown solution can be calculated. Titration
10. C7.18 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain why using a data logger and pH probe is a more accurate method to monitor the reaction between an acid and a soluble base ? Explain why the first titration volume is not included when you calculate the average for the titration experiment ? Quantitative titration Key concepts Acid 25cm 3 of soluble base + indicator Titrating volume 1 st titration 2 nd titration 3 rd titration 4 th titration Volume cm 3 7cm 3 6.8cm 3 6.7cm 3 6.7cm 3 Average 6.73cm 3 A typical titration allows you to determine the concentration of an acid or base. When reacting an acid with a soluble base we can monitor the pH of the neutralisation reaction by using a pH probe connected to a data logger or a chemical indicator which changes colour. In the reaction shown opposite left, acid is being added to the base. At the moment when neutralisation occurs, the pH of the mixture will be exactly 7. It is always important to do a rough titration and then three more where the volume should not be more than 0.1cm 3 apart from each other
11. Key concepts C7.18 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Give one reason why the company made false claims about the quantity of Vitamin C in their soft drink ? Think of another two products (drinks, cleaning fluids e.t.c.) that could be tested using titration analysis ? Two New Zealand schoolgirls humbled one of the world's biggest food and drugs companies after their school science experiment found that Ribena contained almost no trace of vitamin C. Students Anna Devathasan and Jenny Suo tested the amount of vitamin C (citric acid) using titration and found that despite the company claiming that their drink contained 4 times the amount of Vitamin C when compared to orange juice it contain only trace amounts. As a result of the titration by the schoolgirls, the company was fined large amount of money. Ribena and the vitamin C scandal Anna Devathasan and Jenny Suo
12. C7.18 Plenary Lesson summary: quantity precise indicator endpoint Friday 21 October 2011 Titrations are highly accurate quantitative methods to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or basic solution. In order to be precise, accurate and reliable. Chemists take great care in choosing accurate equipment, reducing the possibility of errors and ensuring reliability by repeating their titrations at least three times. How Science Works: Research into reliability accuracy and precision of data generated during an experiment or analytical method used by scientists. Preparing for the next lesson: A titration is a ________ of analysis that will allow you to determine the precise __________ of a reaction and therefore the precise _________ of reactant in the titration flask. A burette is used to deliver the second reactant to the flask and an __________ or pH meter is used to detect the endpoint of the reaction. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Usually an acid titrated a base until an endpoint is reached ? False True 2: Using a burette instead of measuring cylinder makes the data more precise ? False True 1: Repeated titrations make your data more reliable ?
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14. Extension questions: 1: Give two pieces of equipment that are a) accurate b) precise c) neither accurate or precise ? 2: Which is the more precise a thermometer with 0.1 o C or 0.5 o C between its scale ? 3: Explain what is a systematic error and which is more reliable a set of results that his an average of five or three readings ? 5: Which is a more accurate method of measuring liquids, a conical flask or a graduated burette ? Know this: a: Know the difference between precision, accuracy and data reliability. b: Know that in any experiment there are errors that need to be controlled and minimised. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: As scientists, it is important to be sure that the data we are collecting is accurate, precise and reliable. If not, we may not be confident about our findings. In some cases errors in our data can also cost lives. There is always uncertainty (also known as ‘error’) for any measured or calculated value. This does not refer to mistakes, but rather unavoidable error due to the nature of the experiment or the equipment we use. Chemists work very hard to reduce error and improve data accuracy, precision and reliability. C7.19 Precision, reliability and accuracy of data
15. Key concepts C7.19 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Which is the more accurate balance a) balance one which measure to 0.1g or b) balance two which measure to 0.01g ? Which is more reliable a) a average which is the results of two reading or b) an avarge which is the result of 10 readings ? Accuracy, precision and reliability are three of the most misunderstood terms in science. Many times people talk about one of the terms when they are really expressing the thoughts contained in the other. 1: Accuracy describes how close a result, reading or measurement is to the actual value. 2: Precision is a measure of the spread of measured values. A large spread means a greater uncertainty than does a small spread. 3: Reliability describes how repeatable a particular result or set of results are. precise but not accurate accurate but not precise not precise not accurate accurate and precise Precision and accuracy
16. Key concepts C7.19 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Accuracy: if you were measuring the width of a grape using a ruler, you might report a value of 12.3 mm but there would definitely be some error incorporated in that last digit. Precision: if you measured temperature with a thermometer with a manufacturers claimed accuracy to within 0.1º C. This means that the precision of the thermometer is only 0.1 o C. Similarly, balances found in school laboratories are usually only accurate to within 0.1 g or 0.01 g. During an experiment a teacher offered you either a) an accurate balance, accurate thermometer and a inaccurate timer or b) an inaccurate balance, inaccurate thermometer and a accurate timer. Which would you chose and why in order to ensure that your experiment contain the least errors ? Precision and accuracy in experiments what level of accuracy does the timer measure time ? what level of accuracy does the thermometer measure temperature ? are the solution used during the experiment the right volume and concentration what level of accuracy does the balance measure mass ? are the substrates used during the experiment to the right mass and purity
17. Key concepts C7.19 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain why when doing a titration, you have to a) reduce the influence of error sand b) estimate the level of accuracy in any experiment ? Explain why when using an indicator it is difficult to make a precise judgement when end point is reached ? In any titration there are parts of the experiment where errors are made usually based on accuracy and the precision of equipment used. An accuracy error might be for example does the glassware allow you to measure volume to 0.1 cm 3 or 0.5cm 3 . An precision error might be do you have three set of data for the same experiment close to each other or is there a large spread in the data. Precision and accuracy of a acid-base titration Is the burette accurate, are readings precise ? Are solutions the right concentration ? Is the indicator accurate ? Is the titration data reliable ?
18. C7.19 Plenary Lesson summary: wrong actual error bias Friday 21 October 2011 Leyland who used to make the mini car before the government sold it off to German owned BMW, miscalculated the cost of making the mini. They priced the mini below what it actually cost them to make meaning that the company never made a profit and the taxpayer had to bail them out. This was a very long and expensive mistake. (BMW have not repeated this error and make a very good profit !) How Science Works: Research into green chemistry and how chemists are helping to provide solutions that are environmental friendly from biodegradable plastics to improves fuels that reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Preparing for the next lesson: Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the _______ (true) value. Precision is how close you can measure to the actual value. When doing experiments, there is also ______ or a systematic ______. Bias is a systematic (built in) error which makes all measurements _______ by a certain amount . Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: When you miss the bulls eye that dart you have thrown was accurate ? False True 2: A conical flask is less precise than a burette for measuring volumes ? False True 1: A set of weighing scales that doesn’t zero has a bias or systematic error ?
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21. Key concepts C7.20 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. It is central to modern world economy, converting raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, minerals) into more than 70,000 different products. The largest corporate producers worldwide, with plants in numerous countries, are BASF, Shell, Bayer, ExxonMobil, DuPont and BP. Name three companies that produce fuels and lubricants ? Name the company that produces a) fibre optics b) Viagra and c) Gortex ? Name a company that produces a) a dye b) a prescribed drug c) a polymer and d) bulk chemicals ?
22. Key concepts C7.20 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: It very easy to overlook the importance of German industrial scientist Fritz Haber’s industrial process of making ammonia form nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonia is the raw material used to manufacture fertilisers. Without fertiliser, our populations in developed countries would crash. Using fertiliser increases crop yield by 200 to 300 percent ! Explain why the Haber process is so important to people living in the industrialised World ? Explain where the nitrogen, one of the raw materials to make ammonia is sourced ? The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen only proceeds at 400 to 500 o C. Why does this make the Haber process expensive ?
23. Key concepts C7.20 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: In order to separate out the different fractions, crude oil is heated to about 400 o C. Explain why this is done in an oxygen free environment ? Which fraction do you think is in highest demand and which is in lowest demand ? An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as petrol, diesel fuel, bitumen, heating oil, paraffin, and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. C1 – C4 C5 – C10 C10 – C12 C12 – C16 C16 – C30 C30 – C100 C100 – C300 < 40 o C 40 o C – 200 o C 175 o C – 275 o C 235 o C – 300 o C >300 o C > 350 o C Highly flammable gas fuel Car fuel (petrol) Valuable source of organic molecules Aviation fuel Larger vehicle fuels (diesel) lubricants 125 o C – 175 o C Bitumen. Used to lay roads. Overview of crude oil fractional distillation
24. Plenary Lesson summary: oils refining reactions products Friday 21 October 2011 Crude oil perhaps the most value ever raw material is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. We currently use about 80 million barrels every day. How Science Works: Research into how the chemical industry is trying to become more environmentally friendly in how it manufactures products to the products it makes. Preparing for the next lesson: The chemical industry involves the use of chemical processes such as chemical __________ and ______ methods to produce a wide variety of products used directly (solvents, pesticides, washing soda, and cement) and indirectly including, petro and agro-chemicals, polymers and rubber, _____, explosives, fragrances and flavours . C7.20 Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Metal ores are used to manufacture metals like iron and aluminium ? False True 2: Often water, raw material and energy are required for industrial processes ? False True 1: Crude oil is a source of fuels, lubricants and plastics ?
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26. Extension questions: 1: State which of the following raw materials are renewable or non-renewable a) crude oil b) wood c) cotton fibres d) glass and e) plastic ? 2: Compare the environmental impact of using a paper versus a plastic versus a cotton bag (think of the raw material used during its manufacture, its life expectancy and how we recycle or landfill it ? 3: Give three examples of chemical industries polluting the a) the soil b) the atmosphere and c) drinking water ? 4: Explain why chemical companies want a green image ? Know this: a: Know how to ensure that the products and how chemists make them are environmentally friendly. b: Know how to improve yields, reduce waste and energy consumption during a product’s manufacture. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Green Industry is producing environment friendly products or products or technology which can directly help the environment. Many businesses and chemists work very hard to ensure that a process of a finished product cause minimal damage to environment. Green chemistry where possible uses renewable natural raw materials, minimal amounts of energy for manufacture, transport and storage and ensure that the product has a long life expectancy of use and when no longer required by the consumer can be partially or fully recycled. C7.21 Green chemistry
27. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Key concepts Using crude oil raw material ethene polythene products crude oil The word polymer literally means "many parts." A polymer contains many units or monomers which are joined together to form a long chain. Polymers can be man made or naturally occurring like cotton, silk or even human hair. Three of the best know polymers used widely are nylon, rubber and polythene. Except rubber, these are synthetic polymers made in factories. Give two uses of the following polymers a) polythene b) cotton c) plastic d) Nylon and e) polystyrene ? PVC a synthetic polymer is used to make window and door frames...give three advantages to using PVC when compared to using natural materials like wood ? Plastics have a very short life cycle and normally disposed of after one use. Plastic no biodegrade and can fill landfill. Why is this a problem for us of ? C7.21 a
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29. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The word polymer literally means "many parts." A polymer contains many units or monomers which are joined together to form a long chain. Polymers can be man made or naturally occurring like cotton, silk or even human hair. Three of the best know polymers used widely are nylon, rubber and polythene. Except rubber, these are synthetic polymers made in factories. Give two uses of the following polymers a) polythene b) cotton c) plastic d) Nylon and e) polystyrene ? PVC a synthetic polymer is used to make window and door frames...give three advantages to using PVC when compared to using natural materials like wood ? Plastics have a very short life cycle and normally disposed of after one use. Plastic no biodegrade and can fill landfill. Why is this a problem for us of ? Key concepts Products that use synthetic polymers Neoprene Kevlar Latex PET polythene HD PVC LD PVC C7.21 c
30. Plenary Lesson summary: short food waste natural Friday 21 October 2011 Enjoy synthetic polymers while you can ! The raw materials and the source of entry to make these polymers is of course crude oil. With only 50 years of supply left, in your life time you may be one of the last person to use a polythene bag to carry your shopping home from the supermarket. How Science Works: Research into ‘is it better and more environmentally friendly to use paper or china plates on a daily basis Preparing for the next lesson: Most plastics used in the _____ industry and a very _____ life cycle and contribute up to 8% of our domestic _____ that is taken to landfill sites across the country. Such a short life cycle is a waste of our _________ resources and our energy. C7.21 Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: In landfill sites, plastic take many centuries to rot and decompose ? False True 2: When crude oil runs out, bulk polythene manufacture will cease ? False True 1: A bag made from cotton which can be reused is environmentally friendly ?