P2 concept 1 radiation
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This document discusses background radiation and radioactive materials. It explains that radiation comes from the unstable nuclei of atoms and is emitted randomly in the forms of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles. Radioactive elements are naturally found in the environment and contribute to background radiation from sources like rocks and food. The document prompts the reader to calculate their annual background radiation dose and provides information on how radiation comes from radioactive materials in nature.
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P2 concept 1 radiation
Background radiation comes from radioactive elements found naturally in the environment, such as rocks and food. Radiation is emitted from unstable atomic nuclei through random processes and can take the form of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles. The document instructs students to calculate their annual dose of background radiation using a Geiger-Muller tube and counter.
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Nuclear materials like uranium can be used to generate electricity through fission, but they also pose environmental and health risks. The document discusses how nuclear fission splits atoms to release energy for power plants or bombs, but it leaves radioactive waste and exposure can cause cancer. While nuclear power can replace fossil fuels, explosions would damage the environment.
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The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays. It is divided into bands including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Microwave ovens utilize microwaves, centered around 2.45 GHz, to heat water molecules in food through dielectric heating. Dark matter, which accounts for 85% of matter in the universe, may consist partially of hypothetical axion particles that could transform between photons and axions when passing through magnetic fields, allowing detection of gamma ray bursts from supernovae.
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P2 concept 1 radiation
Background radiation comes from radioactive elements found naturally in the environment, such as rocks and food. Radiation is emitted from unstable atomic nuclei through random processes and can take the form of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles. The document instructs students to calculate their annual dose of background radiation using a Geiger-Muller tube and counter.
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Nuclear materials like uranium can be used to generate electricity through fission, but they also pose environmental and health risks. The document discusses how nuclear fission splits atoms to release energy for power plants or bombs, but it leaves radioactive waste and exposure can cause cancer. While nuclear power can replace fossil fuels, explosions would damage the environment.
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The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays. It is divided into bands including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Microwave ovens utilize microwaves, centered around 2.45 GHz, to heat water molecules in food through dielectric heating. Dark matter, which accounts for 85% of matter in the universe, may consist partially of hypothetical axion particles that could transform between photons and axions when passing through magnetic fields, allowing detection of gamma ray bursts from supernovae.
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Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
* Original amount: 64 g
* Amount after t hours: 2 g
* Half-life: 1/2 hours
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* Plug in the values: 2 = 64 * (1/2)^(t/0.5)
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* Solve for t: t = 1 hour
Therefore, the time for the amount to reduce to 2
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* The half-life of I-123 is 13 hours
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This document discusses a university course on nuclear physics and its goals of educating the public on basic nuclear concepts and issues. It outlines the course schedule which includes lectures on radiation properties, nuclear creation in the cosmos, applications of nuclear physics, and modern research frontiers. Laboratory sessions are planned to demonstrate radiation detection, half-life measurement, shielding, and source identification. The document also provides information on alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation, and examples of isotope half-lives and their applications.
Radioisotope Techniques
1. Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei through radioactive decay, releasing energy and radiation. Radioactive materials contain unstable nuclei that emit particles like alpha or beta particles during decay.
2. A Geiger-Müller counter detects ionizing radiation through gas ionization. When radiation enters the GM tube, it causes electrons to be ejected from gas atoms, creating an avalanche effect along the wire that is detected as pulses and counted.
3. Scintillation counting uses scintillator crystals that emit a flash of light when struck by radiation. This light is amplified via photomultiplier tube and counted electronically to measure radiation levels. Autoradiography uses radioactive samples and photographic film
TOPIC 1: HISTORY OF RADIATION
Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He found that X-rays could pass through human tissue but not bones, allowing him to see inside the body. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896 by accident. The Curies isolated radioactive elements radium and polonium between 1898-1902 through long purification processes which unfortunately led to their early deaths from radiation exposure. Rutherford discovered three types of radiation emitted from atoms - alpha, beta, and gamma rays - in the late 1890s. These early pioneers in the late 19th century laid the foundations for understanding radiation and nuclear physics.
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P2 concept 1 history of radioactivity
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The document traces the history and development of telescopes from their invention in the early 1600s to modern space-based observatories. It describes key figures like Hans Lippershey, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton who developed early refracting and reflecting telescope designs. Later inventors such as William Herschel, William Parsons and Grote Reber expanded telescope technology to observe new wavelengths and make new discoveries. Modern telescopes like Hubble, Chandra and the VLA now observe from space and orbit to bypass atmospheric limitations and provide new views into the universe.
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P2 concept 1 radiation
- 1. Demo: Background radiation Geiger–Muller tube and counter
- 2. Notes…The word ‘Radioactive’ is… …used to describe a material, atom or element that emits radiation (alpha, beta or gamma). Radiation is emitted from unstable nuclei of atoms and is a random process. These radiation can be in the form of electromagnetic waves, or energetic particles. Radioactive elements are naturally found in the environment, contributing to background radiation e.g. rocks and food.
- 3. Task Calculate your annual dose of background radiation.
- 4. Check learning Where does radiation come from?
- 5. 4 2 6 1 6 3 2 9 5 6 Copy the table into the back of your book 4 0 Starter Designed by Eugene Brunet; Adapted for PowerPoint by A. Camburn, St George School 6
- 6. The history of radioactivity • Prepare a role-play to tell the story of how the ideas about the dangers of using radioactive materials developed. • Time: 30 minutes
- 7. Scene 1 Bequerel and research assistants • Discovery of gamma rays from uranium
- 8. Scene 2 Marie Curie part 1 • Her research, unaware of the dangers
- 9. Scene 3 Quack cures • Early misguided use of radioactivity
- 10. Scene 4 Marie Curie part 2 • Her medical achievement and suffering
- 11. Scene 5 Hiroshima • The legacy of atomic bomb
- 12. Scene 6 Hospital waiting room • Modern radiation treatment