This document discusses various topics in physics including nuclear reactions, radioactive decay, stellar nucleosynthesis, nuclear fission and fusion, atomic structure, nuclear power and energy, plate tectonics, earthquakes, tsunamis, and wave mechanics. It provides explanations of physical phenomena like alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, conservation of nucleons, and conservation of energy. It also discusses choices and tradeoffs around different energy sources.
RADIOACTIVITY
Atomic theory
In chemistry and physics, the atomic theory explains how our understanding of the atom has changed over time. Atoms were once thought to be the smallest pieces of matter.
The first idea of the atom came from the Greek philosopher Democritus. A lot of the ideas in the modern theory came from John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist.
Democritus' atomic theory
My collogues often asked me what I was so absorbed in my free time reading books.
I made this PPT to educate them.
I did not include my views in the PPT but only what great minds had to say on the subject.
RADIOACTIVITY
Atomic theory
In chemistry and physics, the atomic theory explains how our understanding of the atom has changed over time. Atoms were once thought to be the smallest pieces of matter.
The first idea of the atom came from the Greek philosopher Democritus. A lot of the ideas in the modern theory came from John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist.
Democritus' atomic theory
My collogues often asked me what I was so absorbed in my free time reading books.
I made this PPT to educate them.
I did not include my views in the PPT but only what great minds had to say on the subject.
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
I gave this talk in April to a beginning class of thesis ID students. I wanted to inspire them to get outside, engage with the world and start an authentic deign process.
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
I gave this talk in April to a beginning class of thesis ID students. I wanted to inspire them to get outside, engage with the world and start an authentic deign process.
Indeed, the structure of an atom is fundamental to understanding the properties and behaviour of matter. At its core, an atom consists of three primary subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These constituents collectively determine the atom's mass and charge.
To learn more about VAVA Classes, visit: www.vavaclasses.com
How much of the human body is made up of stardust,Does atoms age and what is ...Healthcare consultant
How much of the human body is made up of stardust,Does atoms age and what is the age of atoms. If an atom or molecule becomes electrically charged by gaining or losing one or more electrons, it becomes an ion. If the atom gains electrons, it has a negative charge. If it loses electrons, it has a positive charge.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Leading Change strategies and insights for effective change management pdf 1.pdf
Physics in the news: Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Nuclear Power
1. Physics in The News: Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Nuclear Power.
2. Work Conservation of Energy Stellar Nucleosynthesis Nuclear Reactions What Radiation is Nuclear Reactors How the Earth Works Wave Mechanics Choices for the Future
3. I like work. It fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours. Jerome K. Jerome, English Playwright
19. 2 4 H He 1 2 E + + + 1 3 n H 0 1 In nuclear fusion, two nuclei with low mass numbers combine to produce a single nucleus with a higher mass number. This happens in stars.
20. Protons are positively charged little particles...they repel each other The neutron helps balance out the positive repulsion via the strong nuclear force. Too many or too few neutrons creates instability. Wait. What’s an isotope? What the hell is a Proton? And what is a Neutron For? How do we know all this?
21. Band of Stability and Radioactive Decay: some atoms are more stable than others….just like people.
22. All science is either physics or stamp collecting. Ernest Rutherford, English Physicist. Nobel Prize in not-Stamp Collecting, 1908.
23. Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) On the rays emitted by phosphorescence [read before the French Academy of Science 24 Feb. 1896 (ComptesRendus 122, 420 (1896)) translated by Carmen Giunta] In an earlier session, M. Chairman Henry announced that phosphorescent zinc sulfide placed in the path of rays emanating from a Crookes tube augmented the intensity of rays passing through the aluminum. Elsewhere, M. Niewenglowski recognized that commercial phosphorescent calcium sulfide emits rays which pass through opaque bodies. This fact extends to various phosphorescent bodies, and in particular to uranium salts whose phosphorescence has a very brief duration. With the double sulfate of uranium and potassium, of which I have a few crystals forming a thin transparent crust, I was able to perform the following experiment: One wraps a Lumière photographic plate with a bromide emulsion in two sheets of very thick black paper, such that the plate does not become clouded upon being exposed to the sun for a day. One places on the sheet of paper, on the outside, a slab of the phosphorescent substance, and one exposes the whole to the sun for several hours. When one then develops the photographic plate, one recognizes that the silhouette of the phosphorescent substance appears in black on the negative. If one places between the phosphorescent substance and the paper a piece of money or a metal screen pierced with a cut-out design, one sees the image of these objects appear on the negative. One can repeat the same experiments placing a thin pane of glass between the phosphorescent substance and the paper, which excludes the possibility of chemical action due to vapors which might emanate from the substance when heated by the sun's rays. One must conclude from these experiments that the phosphorescent substance in question emits rays which pass through the opaque paper and reduces silver salts.
29. 4Be 1H 2He 6C 2He 1H 1H 6C 2He 4Be 8O 2He 2He Stellar NucleoSynthesis: Making everything up to iron!
30.
31. During a supernova, neutrons bombard heavy ions, building heavy atoms though beta decay. Forged in intense conditions, these atoms are unstable.
32. 14 N 7 Energy + + + 1 4 p He 1 2 Balancing Nuclear Reactions Atomic numbers must balance Mass numbers must balance Use a particle or isotope to fill in the missing protons and neutron Rutherford in 1919 transmutes nitrogen into...
33. 14 17 N O 7 8 Energy + + + 1 4 p He 1 2 Rutherford in 1919 transmutes nitrogen into oxygen.
34. 226 88 4 He 2 Nuclear Reactions: Radium Alpha emission Ra
35. 226 222 Ra Rn 88 86 + 4 He 2 (aka α) Nuclear Reactions: Alpha emission Mass number (A) goes down by 4. atomic number (Z) goes down by 2. Nucleons (nuclear particles… protons and neutrons) are rearranged but conserved
36. 239 239 U Np 92 93 + 0 β -1 Nuclear Reactions: Beta emission Mass number (A) is unchanged. atomic number (Z) goes down up. Here, a neutron breaks down into a proton and an electron.
37. 10 1 n 5 0 + + 4 He 2 (aka α) What happens when we: B Remember: Nucleons (nuclear particles…protons and neutrons) are rearranged but conserved
38. 10 1 B n 5 0 + + 4 13 He N 2 7 (aka α) What happens when we: Nitrogen usually has 7 protons and 7 neutrons…so this has one too few. Nitrogen-13 is a radioisotope of nitrogen used in positron emission tomography (PET). It has a half life of a little under ten minutes, so it must be made at the PET site. A cyclotron may be used for this purpose.
40. 60 60 Co Ni 27 28 + 0 β -1 What happens when: Cobalt 60 has such a short half life you can’t find it in nature. Usually it is created by bombarding a Co-59 atom with a neutron. When it decays, the Nickel atoms are energized and release gamma rays. They used to be employed in radiation therapy for cancer.
41. 60 59 60 60 Co Co Co Ni 27 27 27 28 + 0 β -1 1 + n 0 Cobalt 60 has such a short half life you can’t find it in nature. Usually it is created by bombarding a Co-59 atom with a neutron. When it decays, the Nickel atoms are energized and release gamma rays. They used to be employed in radiation therapy for cancer.
42. 4Be 1H 2He 6C 2He 1H 1H 6C 2He 4Be 8O 2He 2He Stellar NucleoSynthesis: Making everything up to iron!
43. Fission Chain reaction, given enough neutrons. While induced here, it happens naturally, just more slowly.
44. The radioactive decay process can be thought of as a reversal of their formation in the heat of a supernova. As they decay, they release that energy back, due to conservation of Energy
45. The problem with Half life in radioactive elements: it’s a long time. Where to put it when you don’t want it anymore?
46. What’s Uranium Good for? Until 1960, ceramic glazes. Now, since it is so dense (68.4% denser than lead), it ironically make a great radiation shield. And a dense, piercing projectile.
49. So how do we harness this power to make energy?
50. So how do we harness this power to make energy?
51. Three layers of protection: Uranium in a ceramic matrix, in a Zirconum tube, in a Vessel and a Containment building. All the bad stuff stays locked up
53. When containment fails, what happens? Radiation doesn’t get far. But Radioactive particles do.
54. Cesium-137 looks like Potassium to our bodies, and so is harmful when ingested. When a neutron transforms to a proton and a beta particle, the additional proton changes the atom to barium-137. The nucleus ejects the beta particle. However, the nucleus still has too much energy and ejects a gamma photon (gamma radiation) to become more stable.
55. Radioactive Iodine in absorbed by the thyroid, causing cancers. Iodine is an essential element that enables the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones: triiodothyronineand thyroxine-- the two key hormones produced by the thyroid gland the “master gland of metabolism”.
56. Usually these reactions only take place quickly when concentrated and purified. This is done via gas centrifuge.
57. Natural nuclear fission reactor, discovered in 1972 at Oklo in Gabon, by French physicist Francis Perrin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
58. I feel the Earth move under my feet. Carole King
60. An old idea: Antonio Snider-Pellegrini's Illustration of the closed and opened Atlantic Ocean (1858)
61. Mid-Ocean Ridges: this was quack science in 1912 when Alfred Wegner re- proposed the idea. Only in the 1960s was it explained via sea-floor spreading.
64. http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/The%20Restless%20Earth%20v.2.0.htm The aesthenosphere is kept loose and flowing largely through heat generated by radioactive decay. The material that is decaying is primarily radioactive isotopes of light elements like aluminum and magnesium. This heat source is small on an absolute scale (the corresponding heat flow at the surface out of the Earth is only about 1/6000 of the Solar energy falling on the surface). “Nevertheless, because of the insulating properties of the Earth's rocks this is sufficient to keep the aesthenosphere plastic in consistency.” http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/earth/tectonics.html
65. Another View: Hot Spots form from convection currents, lasering their way through the Earth’s crust.
66. So the planet is like this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNcXataE0YM
77. The physics of wave height and speed: In the deep ocean, the typical water depth is around 4000 m, so a tsunami will therefore travel at around 200 m/s, or more than 700 km/h. Oddly, Tsunamis slow down as they get to land. http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/info/index.shtml
78. Conservation of Energy! If we loose Kinetic Energy, we must gain Potential. The Wave increases in Height, an effect called shoaling. A tsunami with a height of 1 m in the open ocean where the water depth is 4000m would have a wave height of 4 to 5 m in water of depth 10 m.