The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays. It is divided into bands including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Microwave ovens utilize microwaves, centered around 2.45 GHz, to heat water molecules in food through dielectric heating. Dark matter, which accounts for 85% of matter in the universe, may consist partially of hypothetical axion particles that could transform between photons and axions when passing through magnetic fields, allowing detection of gamma ray bursts from supernovae.

1. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
CLIL PROJECT – AIELLI SIMONE

2. WHAT IS THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM?
• The electromagnetic spectrum is the range
of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and
their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
• The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves
with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above
1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands
of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic
nucleus.
• The spectrum is divided into separated bands:radio
waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays,
and gamma rays.

3. HOW WE CAN USE THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES?
• The microwave oven is the perfect example of how we can utilize this specific
type of waves.
• It is made up of: a magnetron,an electronic magnetron control and power
circuit,a wave guide,a cooking chamber,a wire mesh.
• The magnetron, powered by high voltage direct current (2000 V), generates an
electromagnetic wave with an emission spectrum that is (with)centered on the
frequency of 2,45 Ghz, in the microwave range, and a power usually between
100 W and 700 W, which the wave guide sends to the cooking chamber.
• Water, fats, and carbohydrates that make up food absorb microwave energy in
a process called dielectric heating.
• Energy transfer is possible when the radiation has an energy equal to the
difference between two rotational levels of molecules. The excited molecules
transfer the motion to the rest of the substance through shocks, thus obtaining
its heating. Microwaves are more efficiently absorbed by liquid water
molecules, but to a lesser extent also by fats and sugars.
THE MAGNETRON

4. SWEET LABORATORY
EXPERIENCE . . .
What we need:
o Microwave
o Chocolate
1. Open the microwave oven and take out the
rotating plate. Put a dish in the oven and postion it
upside down, then put the chocolate onto the dish,
this way the chocolate will not rotate when your
start the oven.
2. Heat the chocolate for 15 to 20 seconds, as soon as
it starts melting turn off the oven and take the
chocolate out.
3. Measure the distance between the melted areas in
the chocolate and check the wave frequency of
your oven in the user's manual. Most ovens have a
frequency of 2.45GHz

5. THE DARK MATTER
• The nature of dark matter, the substance that accounts for more than 85% of all matter in the Universe, remains a mystery.
• One popular hypothesis is that dark matter consists at least partially of hypothetical particles called axions or axion-like
particles.
• When flying through a magnetic field or close to charged particles, a beam of axions could actually transform into photons
or vice versa.
• This special property leads to an intriguing possibility, where axions could be created during the explosion of a massive star
at the end of its lifetime, an event commonly known as a supernova.
• In the core of the explosion, ions and protons are densely squeezed together, allowing energetic photons, called gamma
rays, to transform into axions. In this ghostly axion form, they can quickly escape the dense core and slowly return to gamma-
ray form on their long path through the magnetic fields in space.
• Upon reaching Earth, the resulting short burst of gamma rays could be detected with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board
the Fermi satellite, which constantly scans the entire sky for gamma rays and sees roughly 20% of the sky at any given
moment. The challenge is to know when exactly to look for the burst, which, according to theory, is only tens of seconds long.
• A new study uses the wealth of data collected with the Fermi LAT to search for the axion-induced bursts by correlating it
with, for the first time, the results of dedicated supernova surveys. These surveys, which use traditional optical telescopes,
detect hundreds of supernovae each year. By modeling the fading glow of the explosions, from the Erlangen Center of
Astroparticle Physics and Tanja Petrushevska from the University Nova Gorica were able to make predictions for the time
window of the explosion and search for the expected
Team work:
• Aielli
• Cacciafiori
• Mazzocchetti
• Torrieri

6. ELECTROMAGNETIC
POLLUTION
• We are living an era where tecnologic solutions make the
difference. This solutions are under observation expecially for the
radiation they produce(non-ionising radiation).
• Microwaves and artificially generated low frequency radio waves
have raised concerns and suspicion. Power lines, mobile phone
communication antennas, big tv repeaters, traffic radars. We are
constantly immersed in electromagnetic fields.
• The human body is a good conductor of electricity and detects
radiation much like an antenna does. This radiations cause our
body to partially absorb their energy and to increase our
temperature.
• Some hypothesise that non-ionising radiations can alter
DNA molecules, and that prolunged exposure can cause cancer
and brain damage.
• There aren't jet sufficient information to assess with certainty the
risks or damage connected to non-ionising radiation. However
the Internetional Health and Environment set the safety limit for
electric fields to 40N/C.
• Italian legislation set a more conservative limit of 6N/C.

7. THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
CLIL PROJECT – AIELLI SIMONE 5E