International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance Comparison of Multi Input Capacitor Converter CircuitsIJECEIAES
This paper analyze the operation of a multi input switched capacitor (MIC) converters using a couple of switches, diodes and capacitors for several levels. With two input sources it is possible to obtain 8 output voltage levels. Here, 5 topologies of switched capacitor circuits namely summation, subtraction, inverting, double and half circuits are simulated and their performances are analyzed. Multi Input Converters have a high regard for multiple renewable energy sources used in smart grid systems, especially for distributed generators. The effects on output voltage with variation in load for different frequencies are also analyzed. Hardware implementation of summation and subtraction circuit is carried out and the results are compared with the simulated results
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance Comparison of Multi Input Capacitor Converter CircuitsIJECEIAES
This paper analyze the operation of a multi input switched capacitor (MIC) converters using a couple of switches, diodes and capacitors for several levels. With two input sources it is possible to obtain 8 output voltage levels. Here, 5 topologies of switched capacitor circuits namely summation, subtraction, inverting, double and half circuits are simulated and their performances are analyzed. Multi Input Converters have a high regard for multiple renewable energy sources used in smart grid systems, especially for distributed generators. The effects on output voltage with variation in load for different frequencies are also analyzed. Hardware implementation of summation and subtraction circuit is carried out and the results are compared with the simulated results
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCONTINUOUS INDUCTOR CURRENT MODE IN CUK CONVERTERS FED B...Journal For Research
This paper presents a bridgeless Cuk converter-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. A Bridgeless Cuk converter is constructed to operate at discontinuous inductor current mode to improve the quality of power and power factor at the AC mains for better speed control. The bridgeless converter is designed for obtaining the low conduction losses and requirement of low size of heat sink for the switches. TI-TMS320-F2812-based Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is used for the development of the hardware prototype of proposed BLDC motor drive.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform solar inverter topolo...IJECEIAES
In stand-alone photovoltaic installations the photovoltaic inverter allows transforming the DC power produced by the photovoltaic modules into an AC power. Depending on the shape of the AC output voltage generated by the inverter there exist three main types of stand-alone PV inverters: pure sine waveform inverters, modulated sine waveform inverters and square waveform inverters and each type of these inverters is also divided into different topologies. In this paper we will be interested and study the square waveform stand-alone inverter topologies which are the half bridge and the full bridge inverter topologies.
Now day’s the power factor has become a major problem in power system to improve the power quality of the grid, as power factor is affected on the grid due to the nonlinear loads connected to it. Single phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) topology to improve the power factor as well as the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the utility grid is proposed. By removing the input bridge in conventional PFC converters, the control circuit is simplified; the total harmonics distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are improved. The PI controller operates in two loops one is the outer control loop which calculates the reference current through LC filter and signal processing. Inner current loop generates PWM switching signals through the PI controller. The output of the proposed PFC topology is verified for prototype using MATLAB circuit simulations. The experimental system is developed, and the simulation results are obtained.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
Modern trend in power generation is the use of two-stage configuration i.e., allocating a single PV cell
to a converter to produce grid voltage of adequate requirement and then to convert DC to AC voltage for grid
cnnection. Usually, the first stage is a DC-DC boost type converter which is responsible for extracting maximum
power from panel and boosting PV voltage to a value higher than peak of grid voltage. A converter is proposed,
which is derived from an active network based converter, is chosen as the first stage and a five level inverter is
used as the second stage of the configuration. Thus, in overall, the converter used is having high gain and reduced
switching stress. The Inverter used is having the advantage of low filter requirement, reduced stress, EMI and
reduced THD level. A closed loop control of the converter is done to maintain constant output voltage under
varying input voltage. MATLAB R2014a version software is used to simulate the model. The prototype of the
two stage configuration was developed and tested in the laboratory and results were verified using PIC 16F877A.
High Efficiency Dc-Dc Converter for Renewable Energy Applications and High Vo...IOSRJEEE
Renewable sources like solar PV cell is prefer to be operated at low voltages. This paper proposes a novel high voltage gain, high efficiency dc-dc converter based on coupled inductor, intermediate capacitor. The input energy acquired from the source is first stored in the coupled inductor and intermediate capacitor in a lossless manner. Improve the voltage gain and efficiency of the system. Exorbitant duty cycle values are not required for high voltage gain, when prevent the problems such as diode reverse recovery. Presence of a passive clamp network causes reduced voltage stress on the switch. Overall performance of the renewable energy with a step-up DC/DC converter using closed loop control action is used in the proposed system, improving the overall efficiency of the system.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This paper presents a circuit configuration of five-level PWM voltage-source inverter developed from the three-level H-bridge inverter using only a single DC input power source. In the proposed five-level inverter, an auxiliary circuits working as the voltage balancing circuits of the inverter’s DC capacitors is presented. The auxiliary circuits work to keep stable DC capacitor voltages of the inverter, and also to reduce the capacitor size of the inverter. The unique point of the proposed balancing circuits is that it needs only a single voltage sensor to control the voltages of the two capacitors in the inverter. Moreover, a minimum number the inverter’s switching devices is also an important feature of the proposed inverter topology. A simple proportional integral controller is applied to control the voltage of the DC capacitors. The proposed topology is tested through computer simulation using PSIM software. Laboratory experimental tests were also conducted to verify the proposed inverter circuits. The computer simulation and experimental test results showed that the proposed balancing circuits works properly keeping stable voltages across the two DC capacitors of the inverter using only a single voltage sensor. The inverter also works well to synthesize a five-level PWM voltage waveform with sinusoidal load current.
This paper presents a step up DC-to-DC converter with hybrid switch capacitor technique having high voltage conversion ratio with small switch voltage stress . The converter is suitable for the applications where high voltage conversion is required. The proposed DC-DC converter has low voltage ratted MOSFET switch and is connected to PV array to get high output voltage at small duty ratios. Hence it has high efficiency. The principles of operations and the theoretical analysis are presented in this paper. All the simulations are done in MATLAB- SIMULINK Environment and results were obtained with voltage conversion ratio of 4.9.
A Low Cost Single-Switch Bridgeless Boost PFC ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes the single-switch bridgeless boost power factor correction (PFC) converter to achieve high efficiency in low cost. The proposed converter utilizes only one active switching device forPFC operation as well as expecting higher efficiency than typical boost PFC converters. On the other hand, the implementation cost is less than traditional bridgeless boost PFC converters, in where two active switching deivces are necessary. The operational principle, the modeling, and the control scheme of the proposed converter arediscussed in detail. In order to verify the operation of the proposed converter, a 500W switching model is built in PSIM software package. The simulation results show that the proposed converter perfectly achieves PFC operation with only a single active switch.
Soft Switched Multi-Output Flyback Converter with Voltage DoublerIJPEDS-IAES
A novel multi-output voltage doubler circuit with resonant switching
technique is proposed in this paper. The resonant topology in the primary
side of the flyback transformer switches the device either at zero voltage or
current thus optimizing the switching devices by mitigating the losses. The
voltage doubler circuit introduced in the load side increases the voltage by
twice the value thereby increasing the load power and density. The proposed
Multi-output Isolated Converter removes the need for mutiple SMPS units
for a particular application. This reduces the size and weight of the
converters considerably leading to a greater payload. This paper aims at
optimizing the proposed converter with some design changes. The results
obtained from the hardware prototype are given in a comprehensive manner
for a 3.5W converter operating at output voltages of 5V and 3.3V at 50 kHz
switching frequency. The converter output is regulated with the PI controller
designed with SG3523 IC. The effects of load and line regulation for ±20%
variations are analyzed in detail.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters w...Asoka Technologies
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCONTINUOUS INDUCTOR CURRENT MODE IN CUK CONVERTERS FED B...Journal For Research
This paper presents a bridgeless Cuk converter-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. A Bridgeless Cuk converter is constructed to operate at discontinuous inductor current mode to improve the quality of power and power factor at the AC mains for better speed control. The bridgeless converter is designed for obtaining the low conduction losses and requirement of low size of heat sink for the switches. TI-TMS320-F2812-based Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is used for the development of the hardware prototype of proposed BLDC motor drive.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform solar inverter topolo...IJECEIAES
In stand-alone photovoltaic installations the photovoltaic inverter allows transforming the DC power produced by the photovoltaic modules into an AC power. Depending on the shape of the AC output voltage generated by the inverter there exist three main types of stand-alone PV inverters: pure sine waveform inverters, modulated sine waveform inverters and square waveform inverters and each type of these inverters is also divided into different topologies. In this paper we will be interested and study the square waveform stand-alone inverter topologies which are the half bridge and the full bridge inverter topologies.
Now day’s the power factor has become a major problem in power system to improve the power quality of the grid, as power factor is affected on the grid due to the nonlinear loads connected to it. Single phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) topology to improve the power factor as well as the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the utility grid is proposed. By removing the input bridge in conventional PFC converters, the control circuit is simplified; the total harmonics distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are improved. The PI controller operates in two loops one is the outer control loop which calculates the reference current through LC filter and signal processing. Inner current loop generates PWM switching signals through the PI controller. The output of the proposed PFC topology is verified for prototype using MATLAB circuit simulations. The experimental system is developed, and the simulation results are obtained.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
Modern trend in power generation is the use of two-stage configuration i.e., allocating a single PV cell
to a converter to produce grid voltage of adequate requirement and then to convert DC to AC voltage for grid
cnnection. Usually, the first stage is a DC-DC boost type converter which is responsible for extracting maximum
power from panel and boosting PV voltage to a value higher than peak of grid voltage. A converter is proposed,
which is derived from an active network based converter, is chosen as the first stage and a five level inverter is
used as the second stage of the configuration. Thus, in overall, the converter used is having high gain and reduced
switching stress. The Inverter used is having the advantage of low filter requirement, reduced stress, EMI and
reduced THD level. A closed loop control of the converter is done to maintain constant output voltage under
varying input voltage. MATLAB R2014a version software is used to simulate the model. The prototype of the
two stage configuration was developed and tested in the laboratory and results were verified using PIC 16F877A.
High Efficiency Dc-Dc Converter for Renewable Energy Applications and High Vo...IOSRJEEE
Renewable sources like solar PV cell is prefer to be operated at low voltages. This paper proposes a novel high voltage gain, high efficiency dc-dc converter based on coupled inductor, intermediate capacitor. The input energy acquired from the source is first stored in the coupled inductor and intermediate capacitor in a lossless manner. Improve the voltage gain and efficiency of the system. Exorbitant duty cycle values are not required for high voltage gain, when prevent the problems such as diode reverse recovery. Presence of a passive clamp network causes reduced voltage stress on the switch. Overall performance of the renewable energy with a step-up DC/DC converter using closed loop control action is used in the proposed system, improving the overall efficiency of the system.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This paper presents a circuit configuration of five-level PWM voltage-source inverter developed from the three-level H-bridge inverter using only a single DC input power source. In the proposed five-level inverter, an auxiliary circuits working as the voltage balancing circuits of the inverter’s DC capacitors is presented. The auxiliary circuits work to keep stable DC capacitor voltages of the inverter, and also to reduce the capacitor size of the inverter. The unique point of the proposed balancing circuits is that it needs only a single voltage sensor to control the voltages of the two capacitors in the inverter. Moreover, a minimum number the inverter’s switching devices is also an important feature of the proposed inverter topology. A simple proportional integral controller is applied to control the voltage of the DC capacitors. The proposed topology is tested through computer simulation using PSIM software. Laboratory experimental tests were also conducted to verify the proposed inverter circuits. The computer simulation and experimental test results showed that the proposed balancing circuits works properly keeping stable voltages across the two DC capacitors of the inverter using only a single voltage sensor. The inverter also works well to synthesize a five-level PWM voltage waveform with sinusoidal load current.
This paper presents a step up DC-to-DC converter with hybrid switch capacitor technique having high voltage conversion ratio with small switch voltage stress . The converter is suitable for the applications where high voltage conversion is required. The proposed DC-DC converter has low voltage ratted MOSFET switch and is connected to PV array to get high output voltage at small duty ratios. Hence it has high efficiency. The principles of operations and the theoretical analysis are presented in this paper. All the simulations are done in MATLAB- SIMULINK Environment and results were obtained with voltage conversion ratio of 4.9.
A Low Cost Single-Switch Bridgeless Boost PFC ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes the single-switch bridgeless boost power factor correction (PFC) converter to achieve high efficiency in low cost. The proposed converter utilizes only one active switching device forPFC operation as well as expecting higher efficiency than typical boost PFC converters. On the other hand, the implementation cost is less than traditional bridgeless boost PFC converters, in where two active switching deivces are necessary. The operational principle, the modeling, and the control scheme of the proposed converter arediscussed in detail. In order to verify the operation of the proposed converter, a 500W switching model is built in PSIM software package. The simulation results show that the proposed converter perfectly achieves PFC operation with only a single active switch.
Soft Switched Multi-Output Flyback Converter with Voltage DoublerIJPEDS-IAES
A novel multi-output voltage doubler circuit with resonant switching
technique is proposed in this paper. The resonant topology in the primary
side of the flyback transformer switches the device either at zero voltage or
current thus optimizing the switching devices by mitigating the losses. The
voltage doubler circuit introduced in the load side increases the voltage by
twice the value thereby increasing the load power and density. The proposed
Multi-output Isolated Converter removes the need for mutiple SMPS units
for a particular application. This reduces the size and weight of the
converters considerably leading to a greater payload. This paper aims at
optimizing the proposed converter with some design changes. The results
obtained from the hardware prototype are given in a comprehensive manner
for a 3.5W converter operating at output voltages of 5V and 3.3V at 50 kHz
switching frequency. The converter output is regulated with the PI controller
designed with SG3523 IC. The effects of load and line regulation for ±20%
variations are analyzed in detail.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters w...Asoka Technologies
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
Analysis of Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques in Sfbc Ofdm SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become the most popular modulation echnique for high speed data transmission. But the great disadvantage of the OFDM technique is its high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In this paper, the Selected Mapping (SLM) technique and Clipping and Differential Scaling is applied to Space Frequency Block Coded (SFBC) OFDM systems to reduce the PAPR with Alamouti coding scheme. In SLM technique, different representations of OFDM symbols are generated by rotation of the original OFDM frame by different phase sequences, and the signal with minimum PAPR is selected and transmitted. To compensate for the effect of the phase rotation at the receiver, it is necessary to transmit the index of the selected phase sequence as side information (SI). Additionally, a suboptimum detection method that does not need SI is introduced at the receiver side. In Clipping and Differential Scaling technique, the amplitude of complex OFDM signal is clipped and then scaled in such a way so that the PAPR is reduced without causing much degradation in bit error rate (BER). The threshold values for clipping and scaling is determined using Monte Carlo Simulations. Simulation results show that the SLM method and Clipping and Scaling method effectively reduce the PAPR. Keywords: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), peak to average power ratio (PAPR), selected mapping (SLM), space frequency block coded (SFBC), Side information (SI), high power amplifiers (HPA), complementary cumulative density function (CCDF), inter-symbol interference (ISI).
Proximate, Mineral and Anti-Nutrient Evaluation of Pumpkin Pulp (Cucurbita Pepo)IOSR Journals
Abstract: Proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional concentration of Pumpkin pulp (Cucurbita pepo) were investigated using standard analytical methods as stipulated by AOAC (1990), Agte el al; (1995), Chapman and Pratt, (1961), Kadhakrishna and Sivaprasad (1980), Nelson (1968),Day and underwood, (1986). The proximate composition (%) showed that pumpkin pulp contained Total ash 15.988 ± 0.10, Moisture 0.532 ± 0.10, Fat extract 2.300 ± 0.01 Crude fibre 11.463 ± 0.10, Crude protein 3.070 ± 0.01 and Carbohydrate by difference 66.647 ± 0.01% .The mineral element were Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Ni and P with values of 189.91 ± 0.2, 179.01 ± 0.2, 0.502 ± 0.1, 1.370 ± 0.1, 3.910 ± 0.1, 0.290 ± 0.1, 0.110 ± o.1 and 11.83 ± 0.2 mg/kg respectively also Na and K with values of 159.01 ± 0.2 and K 160.31 ± 0.1 mg/l00kg were estimated using Flame Emission spectrophotometer. The anti-nutritional analysis of pumpkin pulp gives Phytates 0.618 ± 0.100mgl100kg, Oxalates 16.297 ± 0.100 mg/100kg and Tannins 0.358 ± 0.100 mg/100kg. The results obtained above goes a long way to proof that pumpkin pulp is highly nutritious and at the same time can be used as food formulation for infant due to its nutritional composition.
Key Words: Cucurbita pepo, cucurbitaceae, pumpkin pulp, proximate analysis, mineral
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A High Step Up Hybrid Switch Converter Connected With PV Array For High Volt...ijitjournal
T
his paper
presents
a
ste
p up DC
-
to
-
DC converter with
hybrid switch capacitor technique having
high
voltage conversion ratio with small
switch voltage stress
. The converter is suitable for the applications
where high voltage conversion is required. The proposed
DC
-
DC converter
has low voltage ratted
MOSFET switch and is connected to PV array to get high output voltage at small duty ratios.
Hence it has
high efficiency.
The principles of operations and the theoretical analysis are presented in this paper.
All the
simulations are
done in MATLAB
-
SIMULINK Environment and
results were obtained with voltage
conversion ratio of 4.
Fuzzy Control Based Quadrupler Boost ConverterIJSRD
A voltage quadruple boost converter is presented. This converter is used to obtain higher voltage gain and reduces the voltage stress across the switches and diodes. These voltage multipliers are used in high voltage, low current applications such as for accelerating purpose in a cathode ray tube and also this converter topology is advanced than previous dc-dc converters. Voltage quadruple converter uses parallel-input series-output connection. Comparing with two phase interleaved boost converter one can see that two more capacitors and two more diodes are added so that during the energy transfer period partial inductor stored energy is stored in one capacitor and partial inductor stored energy together with the other capacitor store energy is transferred to the output to achieve much higher voltage gain. However, the proposed voltage gain is twice that of the interleaved two-phase boost converter. Simulation of the converter is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The converter is simulated using fuzzy logic control and also the experimental setup was done.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transformer Less Voltage Quadrupler Based DC-DC Converter with Coupled Induct...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper a voltage quadrupler dc-dc converter with coupled inductor
and π filter is presented. The use of the coupled inductor reduces the high
leakage inductance which is present in a transformer enabled converter.
The output ripples in the converter is reduced by providing a π filter.
The interleaved voltage quadrupler is used in this system in order to boost the
output voltage. The voltage multiplier improves the output voltage gain.
The main advantage of this system is more voltage gain when compared with
the transformer eneabled circuit and the overall efficiency of the system is
improved. The circuit is simple to control. As a final point of this research,
the simulation and the hardware investigational results are presented to
demonstrate the effectiveness of this proposed converter.
High Frequency Soft Switching Of PWM Boost Converter Using Auxiliary Resonant...IJERA Editor
This thesis presents High frequency Soft Switching DC-DC boost Converter. The circuit consists of a general Boost Converter with an additional resonant circuit which has a switch, inductor, capacitor and a diode.In general Boost Converter circuits have snubber circuits where switching losses are dissipated in external passive resistors; which is known as hard switching. As the switching frequency of PWM converters is increased its switching losses and conduction losses also increases. This restricts the use of PWM technique. New Zero Voltage Transition-Zero Current Transition (ZVT-ZCT) PWM converter equipped with the snubber provides the most desirable features of both ZVT and ZCT converters presented previously. Moreover all semiconductors devices operate with soft switching and hence losses are reduced.
A DC Inrush Current Minimisation Method using Modified Z-Source Inverter in A...IAES-IJPEDS
The adjustable speed drives employ PWM converter-inverter system in order
to obtain unity power factor. The DC inrush current in DC link capacitors of
the rectifier limits the operation of power devices. Hence, this paper proposes
a new approach to reduce the DC inrush current by employing modified
Z-source inverter in a Adjustable Speed Drive system. The operating
principles, design procedure and simulation results are shown and compared
with the conventional Z-Source inverter.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
NON-ISOLATED SOFT SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER AND LOAD AT FULL RANGE OF ZVS IAEME Publication
A non isolated soft switching DC–DC converter and load at full range of zero-voltage
switching (ZVS) characteristic is proposed. The proposed converter consists of an auxiliary circuit,
an inductor, two switches, and 2 diodes to achieving high efficiency at full range of load. At low
and heavy loads, ZVS of switching device is achieved by energy storing component. The inductor
energy stored varies with load and hence results in minimizes conduction loss. This leads to
switching of device for full range of load. The proposed DC - DC converter achieves high
efficiency as switching loss is reduced due to soft switching and ZVS operation which severe to
reduce conduction loss. The efficiency is improved about 4% in boost mode (2.5% in buck mode) at
full range of load. To verify the performance of the proposed converter, experimental results
prototype are presented.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
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Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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P01051125133
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 5, Ver. I (Sep - Oct .2015), PP 125-133
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1051125133 www.iosrjournals.org 125 | Page
AC to DC Converter for Low Voltage Small Scale Generator
Md. Mujibur Rahman1
, Moshfiqul kabir chy.1
Abu Riduan Md Foisal1
and
Abdul Gafur1
1
Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering (ETE), Department, International Islamic University
Chittagong ( IIUC), Bangladesh
Abstract : AC-DC single-stage converters are attractive because of their simplicity. The conventional power
electronics converters used for such application have two stages, a diode bridge rectifier at the front end
followed by a dc-dc boost converter. However, the extremely low output voltage of electromagnetic micro-
generator does not allow diode bridge rectification. Even if possible, the losses in the front and diode bridge
make the conventional power electronic interfaces quite inefficient. The proposed single stage converter directly
boosts the micro-generator low ac voltage to usable dc voltage level, and hence, achieves higher efficiency. The
main objective of this study is to minimize the cost, output ripple and minimize use of the dc power sources
which makes converter circuit inefficient in the field of various electronic devices.
Keywords - Small scale generator, energy harvesting, AC to DC Converter, boost converter, pulse wide
modulation (PWM), doublers discontinuous conduction mode (DCM).
I. Introduction
Energy harvesting is the process which captures energy from different sources, like, radio waves,
traffic induced vibration and so on. Small scale generator or Micro generator is one of the most significant
inventions of our rapidly developed electronic system. It has recently attracted various applications such as
wireless sensor nodes (WSN) including remote environmental monitoring, homeland security, automotive
sensors and biomedical implement etc. [1] [2]. There are different types of micro generator or small scale
generator such as piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and electrostatic. The output voltage of micro generator is ac
type, but almost all the electronic loads require DC voltage for further operation. Power processing system is
another important thing, because micro generator produces very low ac voltage but we need DC voltage for
most of the sensor applications. There are different kinds of power processing systems, but all are not efficient
and cost effective.
Now-a-days, all the portable electronic devices use battery as a power source. Energy harvesting can be
an effective alternative [3]. Some of the studies have designed the power processing circuits, but most of them
are not cost effective. They have used different specific components, such as, polarity detector, comparator, PI
controller, flip-flop, low pass filter, and feedback controller etc.. A few studies have discussed the charge pump
circuit for the boost converter [1]-[8].
The proposed converter presents a dual polarity boost converter as an energy harvesting system. In this
study, Section II presents the background of study, Sections III discusses the proposed converter, mathematical
derivation is presented in Section IV and simulation is presented in section V. A new methodology is proposed
for producing duty cycle which completely depends on power processing circuit of the input voltage.
II. Background
This paper developed a converter of energy harvesting for the small scale generator or micro generator.
A schematic diagram of micro generator is shown in Fig.1. We find out a method of using voltage multiplier for
the low voltage converter. Furthermore the concept is utilized to design a new converter at low cost.
2. AC to DC Converter for Low Voltage Small Scale Generator
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1051125133 www.iosrjournals.org 126 | Page
Fig 1: Small scale generator [1].
A. Buck-boost converter
The Buck boost converter (Fig.2) can operate in four modes. Modes (1, 2) are operating for positive
half cycle and Modes (3, 4) for negative half cycle of input sinusoidal voltage [5]. The main advantage of the
buck boost converter is that it works in both cycles and reduces the problem of dual polarity boost converter.
MODE 1: When supply voltage is positive, switch S1will be ON and inductor gets energy through
switch S1.
MODE 2: When switch S1 will be OFF and diode D1 will be forward biased, the stored energy of the
inductor will be delivered to the load. After that, inductor current will decrease to zero.
MODE 3: The buck-boost converter operates in negative half cycle, then the switch will be ON and
inductor preserves the current. The capacitor discharges through the load.
MODE 4: In this mode switch S2 is OFF and diode D2 will be forward biased. Inductor current will be
discharged through the load and capacitor will be charged.
Fig. 2: Buck-boost converter [3].
III. Proposed Converter
A. Proposed Dual Polarity Boost Converter
The proposed converter separately processes the positive and negative half cycles of the generated
voltage. Diode rectification will be replaced by alternate activation of one of two voltage boost circuits. This is a
form of synchronous rectification which avoids a series connection of separate rectifier and voltage converters.
To limit the step-up ratio, the two circuits will provide half of the output voltage each. The target
output voltage is 4.16V. When the generator voltage is positive, upper half of the output voltage is produced.
Similarly, lower half of the output voltage is generated, when the input voltage is negative. In order to prevent
conduction in the negative polarity boost converter when the generator voltage is positive, it is sufficient to hold
off the MOSFET of the negative polarity converter. This gate voltage of the two converters needs to be
synchronized to the generator voltage. Synchronous rectification has been integrated in the boost converter so as
to avoid series connection of separate rectifier and boost stages. The proposed converter operates the boost
converters in discontinuous conduction mode to avoid turn-on power loss in the MOSFET and reverses recovery
effects in the diode. Several other benefits follow from this choice: relatively small passive components can be
3. AC to DC Converter for Low Voltage Small Scale Generator
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1051125133 www.iosrjournals.org 127 | Page
added to the output side to manage the device parasitic capacitance etc. Schottky diodes have been used in this
simple example, but synchronously switched MOSFETs could be used instead.
Fig 3: Dual polarity boost converter [2].
B. Startup circuit:
A startup circuit provides dc supply to the controller and gate driver circuit. The node voltage Vdc+
and Vdc- are providing positive and negative DC voltage. Batteries E1 and E2 provide the charge for the
capacitor C1 and C2 through the diode D2 and D3 forward bias and reverse bias respectively. Battery E1 is
charging through the DaR1 and E2 is charging through the DaR2 [2].
Fig 4: Start-up Circuit [2].
C. Voltage doubler
Voltage multipliers are AC-to-DC power conversion devices, comprised of diodes and capacitors that
produces a high potential DC voltage from a lower voltage AC source [9]. Multipliers are made up of multiple
stages. Each stage is comprised of one diode and one capacitor. Two staged multiplier is called voltage doubler.
Voltage doubler consists of two diodes and two capacitors as presented in Fig.5.
Fig: 5 Half wave voltage doublers [4].
During the negative half cycle of AC input voltage (Fig. 5) diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is
reverse biased. Therefore, C1 will be charged until the voltage across it becomes equal to the peak value of the
source voltage. During the positive half cycle of AC input voltage, D1 is reverse biased and D2 is forward
biased. Hence C1 (charged to Vs) and C2 will be charged with the sum of series peak voltage, i.e. 2Vs. Hence
doubler circuit passes to the duty voltage (Vduty).
4. AC to DC Converter for Low Voltage Small Scale Generator
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1051125133 www.iosrjournals.org 128 | Page
IV. Mathematical derivation
When the input peak voltage pV with frequency is if , the input power of the circuit is as below[1] :
2 2
4
p
i
s
V D
P
f L
(1)
1
2
2
00
sin
2 sin 1
P
dt
V
V
(2)
Here, β is close to the unity (Vo>>Vp) and L is the inductor and 2 .
i
t
T
. Output power of the
circuit depends on its switching loss and component loss.
_ _ 1,2output in loss c sw MP P P P (3)
The switching loss can be estimated as:
2
_ 1,2
2
p
sw M
S
V
P
T L
(4)
is the switching transistor time.
Total component loss can be calculated by following equation
2 2
_ ( ) ( ) ( ). . 4loss c i rms ind sw rms ds on f diode avgP I R I R V I (5)
Where,
,iI swI and ( )diodeI are input current , switching frequency and diode current respectively.
(a)
(b)
Fig:6 (a) Input current and (b) diode current [1].
The peak of the input current can be defined as:
/p i Si V DT L (6)
Where
5. AC to DC Converter for Low Voltage Small Scale Generator
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1051125133 www.iosrjournals.org 129 | Page
(sin 2 . / )i p s iV V T T
The rise time of input current is
/s p iDT i L V (7)
And the fall time of input current is
0/ ( )f s p id T i L V V (8)
Since the input current has a triangular shape Fig. 7(a), its rms value over a switching cycle can be
derived as [1]:
2 2 2
0
1 1
( ) ( ). . ( )
3
sT
i i p f
s
I rms I t dt i D d
T
(9)
Using above equation (6), (7), (8) and (9), we can write-
3 2 2
2
( ) 2
0
1 1
. .
3 1 /
s i
rms
i
D T V
I
L V V
(10)
The total number of switching cycles in a line cycle can be defined as N = /s iT T . Since the converter
is being operated for a high step-up ratio ( 0/ 1iV V ), for a large value of N, the summation can be
approximated as integration over the line cycle. Therefore,
3 2 2
2
( ) 2
6
s p
sw rms
D T V
I
L
(11)
The switch current and the diode currents can be calculated as :
3 2 2
2
( ) 2
6
s p
sw rms
D T V
I
L
(12)
And
2 2
( )
04
s p
diode avg
D TV
I
LV
(13)
Hence, the Capacitor current is Equal to the diode current.
( ) 3 4diode avg c cI I I .
Hence,
1
i
T
f
,
where, T=input voltage time
/2
3 3
3 0
1
2
T
c CV I dt
C
(14)
And similarly,
4 4
4 /2
1
2
T
C C
T
V I dt
C
(15)
Output Current across the load resistance is,
3 4
0
2
C CV V
I
R
(16)
V. Simulation and Result
The proposed design is simulated by LTspice software. The converter is shown in Fig. 7. The value of
parameters is given in the table.
The converter operates at a switching frequency of 50 kHz. In practical cases micro generator did not
give the input voltage which is an ideal sinusoid. But here the simulation is done with a pure sinusoidal
waveform [1]. It can be seen that the converter operates in DCM. The input current over a few switching cycles
is along with positive gate signals. The converter operates in DCM to reduce switching losses. It can be seen
that the gate voltage of them-MOSFET (Vgn) is positive when the p-MOSFET gate voltage (Vgp) is negative.
Therefore, both the MOSFET are turned ON at the same instance.
6. AC to DC Converter for Low Voltage Small Scale Generator
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1051125133 www.iosrjournals.org 130 | Page
Parameter Value
Switching Frequency 50kHz
Input Voltage 400mV,100Hz
Output Voltage 4.16V
Capacitor(C1 and C2) 1uF
Capacitor(C3 and C4) 4.7uF
Inductor(L) 10uH
Filter capacitor 100uF
Capacitor (C5, C6, C7) 22uF
MOSFET and OPAM AO6407,AO6408 and LTC6247
Fig 7: Proposed Converter Circuit.
(A)
(B)
7. AC to DC Converter for Low Voltage Small Scale Generator
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1051125133 www.iosrjournals.org 131 | Page
(C)
Fig 8: (A) Input Voltage (B) Input Current(c). Input Gate Current (Mn) for positive cycle
Fig 9: Sawtooth waveform & Duty cycle.
Fig 10: Doubler circuit output.
Fig 11: PWM waveform for MOSFET.
8. AC to DC Converter for Low Voltage Small Scale Generator
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1051125133 www.iosrjournals.org 132 | Page
Fig 12: Voltage across capacitor C3 & C4.
Secondary voltages are used for first time triggering gate voltage of the MOSFET. The circuit is
working autonomously. Fig 12 shows the output voltage across the capacitors C3&C4. Each capacitor works as
a charge storage for every half cycle.
Fig 13: Final output voltage
Hence, the output voltage of the converter is 4.16V, duty voltage is 0.613V, steady state time is 150
millisecond, and 70mV is the output voltage ripple.
VI. Conclusion
In this paper, we have designed a new method for producing duty cycle and minimized the secondary
battery sources for power processing circuit. In most of the previous circuits, duty cycle depends on the battery
of primary stage. But, the proposed circuit removes this disadvantage. The duty cycle of our circuit completely
depends on its input. Another specification of this circuit is that, we can control the duty cycle. For instance, if
we use a silicon diode bridge rectifier then it gives 0.18 duty cycle and Tripler gives 0.9 duty cycle. Our
proposed circuit input power is estimated to be around 30mW. If duty cycle is 0.18 and 0.9 , input power is
estimated 26mW and 65mW respectively. Power consumption of the circuit is 7mW and output power is
23mW.
References
[1] R. Dayal, S. Dwari, and L. Parsa, “A New Design for Vibration-Based Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Systems Using Coil
inductance of Microgenerator”, IEEE Trans. Indus. Vol-47,No 2,pp-820-830, March H/Aprile 2011.
[2] A.D.Nath,K.Radhakrishna and Eldhose, “Low-Voltage Direct AC-DC Boost Converter for Micro generator Based Energy
Harvesting”, IJAREEIE Vol.2, p.p 2278-8875, March 2013.
[3] V. Vijayan, V.K , “A Review of AC-DC Boost Converters for Low Voltage Energy Harvesting”, ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008
Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014.
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[4] C.L. Yuen, M.H. Lee, W.J. Li, and H.W. Leong. “ An AA-Sized Vibration-Based Micro generator for Wireless Sensor”, Chinese
University of Hong Kong, p.p 1536-1568/07. 2007.
[5] P.D. Mitcheson, T.C. Green and E.M. Yeatman “Power Processing Circuits For MEMS Inertial Energy Scavengers”, DITP of
MEMS & MOEMS Stresa, Italy, April 2006.
[6] A.D. Joseph, “Energy Harvesting Prpject”, IEEE Pervasive Computing”, Vol.4, pp. 69-71, March-2005.
[7] X. Cao, W.J. Chiang, Y.C. King “ Electromangnetic Energy Harvesting Circuit With Feedforward and Feedback DC-DC PWM
Boost Converter for Vibration Power Generation System”, IEEE Transaction On Power Electronics, Vol. 22, NO.2, March 2007.
[8] K. Madhuri , Dr.A Srujana “Low Voltage Energy Harvesting by an Efficient AC-DC Step-Up Converter”, IOSR -ISSN: 2278-
1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 7, Issue 3 PP 32-47, (Sep. – Oct.)-2013.
[9] M.H.Rashid, “power electronics circuit device and application”. 3rd
Edition