In stand-alone photovoltaic installations the photovoltaic inverter allows transforming the DC power produced by the photovoltaic modules into an AC power. Depending on the shape of the AC output voltage generated by the inverter there exist three main types of stand-alone PV inverters: pure sine waveform inverters, modulated sine waveform inverters and square waveform inverters and each type of these inverters is also divided into different topologies. In this paper we will be interested and study the square waveform stand-alone inverter topologies which are the half bridge and the full bridge inverter topologies.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC TRICYCLE EMPLOYING BLDC DRIVE USING ...IAEME Publication
A hybrid electric Tricycle (HET) is a type of electric vehicle that uses BLDC motor
and a conventional internal combustion engine and manual pedal for physically
challenged people. This type of Tricycle is considered to have good performance and
fuel economy compared to a conventional method. This paper concentrates on the
design and simulation of a hybrid electric Tricycle using a DC-DC power boost
converter. Three types of input sources are used: lithium-ion Battery, Two stroke
petrol engine and pedal. A DC-DC power boost converter is designed in closed loop
speed control of BLDC Motor which arbitrates power to the battery. The main
components of the proposed hybrid electric Tricycle (HET) is: battery, two stroke
petrol engine, pedal, DC-DC Boot converter, PID controller and BLDC motor. The
working model of electric Tricycle is built and the performance of the battery and the
power boost converter are analyzed and the results are verified in MATLAB/ simulink
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC TRICYCLE EMPLOYING BLDC DRIVE USING ...IAEME Publication
A hybrid electric Tricycle (HET) is a type of electric vehicle that uses BLDC motor
and a conventional internal combustion engine and manual pedal for physically
challenged people. This type of Tricycle is considered to have good performance and
fuel economy compared to a conventional method. This paper concentrates on the
design and simulation of a hybrid electric Tricycle using a DC-DC power boost
converter. Three types of input sources are used: lithium-ion Battery, Two stroke
petrol engine and pedal. A DC-DC power boost converter is designed in closed loop
speed control of BLDC Motor which arbitrates power to the battery. The main
components of the proposed hybrid electric Tricycle (HET) is: battery, two stroke
petrol engine, pedal, DC-DC Boot converter, PID controller and BLDC motor. The
working model of electric Tricycle is built and the performance of the battery and the
power boost converter are analyzed and the results are verified in MATLAB/ simulink
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A Integrated Technique of SIDO PFC Fly back Converter in power systemIJMTST Journal
Energy saving is the major international efforts to control down the global warming .Power electronics based devices has being improving day by day for saving the electrical energy in the power grids. The govt. of India is also contributing several projects based on energy conservation. The Designing of a single-inductor dual output (SIDO) fly-back power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, in which the PFC and power conversion are done at the same time, multiplexing of a single-inductor is implemented through which each output can be regulated independently. The converter will be operating under in critical conduction mode (CRM). A SIDO PFC converter is a system of dual efficient DC output obtained from the AC source, it can also be replaced by solar panel and our system is capable of running a dc motor also, fly back converter can be used in both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion process. The efficiency along with power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time and output accuracy of this converter will be improved by implementing the neural network as controllers in the system
Modern trend in power generation is the use of two-stage configuration i.e., allocating a single PV cell
to a converter to produce grid voltage of adequate requirement and then to convert DC to AC voltage for grid
cnnection. Usually, the first stage is a DC-DC boost type converter which is responsible for extracting maximum
power from panel and boosting PV voltage to a value higher than peak of grid voltage. A converter is proposed,
which is derived from an active network based converter, is chosen as the first stage and a five level inverter is
used as the second stage of the configuration. Thus, in overall, the converter used is having high gain and reduced
switching stress. The Inverter used is having the advantage of low filter requirement, reduced stress, EMI and
reduced THD level. A closed loop control of the converter is done to maintain constant output voltage under
varying input voltage. MATLAB R2014a version software is used to simulate the model. The prototype of the
two stage configuration was developed and tested in the laboratory and results were verified using PIC 16F877A.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The existing mixer grinder comprises of the universal motor operating in alternating current supply due to high starting torque characteristics and simple controlling of the speed. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the Brushless DC (BLDC) extends its lifetime and makes it ideal in a mixer grinder. A novel solar-powered BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC boost converter has been utilised to operate a PV (photovoltaic) array at its highest power. The proposed hysteresis current control BLDC system has been developed in the MATLAB. A performance comparison is made using the commercially available mixer grinder along with the simulated proposed system.
Development of a Microcontroller Based 12/24 Volts Push-Pull Inverter Systemiosrjce
Conventional power inverter systems are normally specified to work with a single nominal battery
voltage. This is somewhat restrictive and causes downtimes when d.c power sources of specified voltages are not available.
In this work, a push-pull inverter circuit that generates its rated output voltage from either a 12Volts or 24 Volts d.c source
was developed. The circuit, based on a PIC 16F877A microcontroller, determines the battery voltage and generates the
required MOSFET gate drive signals required to generate a 240 volts r.m.s modified square wave output waveform. The
developed circuit and the associated microcontroller firmware were designed and modelled using proteus® software and
MicroC software respectively. The circuit was constructed, programmed and then tested. The circuit generated 240 volts
r.m.s output waveforms when it was powered from either a 12 volts or a 24 volts d.c voltage sources.
A solar fed BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder using a buck converter IJECEIAES
In large and small scale applications, different kinds of variable speed driving systems can be found. For saving the energy consumption of these devices, eco-friendly electronics are used, which lead to the development of the Brushless DC motor (BLDC). Its higher power density, higher efficiency, higher torque at low speed, and low maintenance enhances the use of a BLDC motor. The existing mixer grinder consists of the universal motor, which operates in alternating current supply due to high starting torque characteristics and simple controlling of the speed. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the BLDC extends its life and makes it ideal in a mixer grinder. A solar-powered BLDC motor drive for a mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC buck converter is utilized to operate the PV (photovoltaic) array at its maximum power. The proposed hysteresis current control BLDC system has been developed in the MATLAB. The commercially available mixer grinder is presented along with the proposed simulated system for performance comparison. It can be concluded that at the no load condition, the efficiency of the experimental existing mixer grinder is 51.03% and simulated proposed system is 81.25% and at load condition, the efficiency of the experimental mixer grinder is 49.32% and simulated system is 79.85%.
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for 21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Single Phase Eleven Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for Photovo...IJMER
Abstract: A Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter is a power electronic converter built to synthesize a desired ac voltage
from several levels of dc voltages with better harmonic spectrum. Such inverters are suitable for high voltage and high
power applications and have been an important development in recent years. This paper presents the performance of a
eleven level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter topology with multicarrier pulse width modulation technique for
photovoltaic cell. This inverter is capable of producing eleven levels of output voltage from the dc supply voltage. This
topology magnifies the fundamental output voltage with reduction in total harmonic distortion . The output is drawn near the
sine wave because of more levels. It can also be easily extended to an m-level inverter. The performance of the proposed
PWM strategy in terms of output voltage and THD is shown using MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: Multilevel inverter, Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter, Multicarrier pulse width modulation, PV cell, Total
harmonic distortion.
Application of single phase matrix converter topology to an uninterruptible p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A single phase Z source inverter is developed for better voltage boosting and inversion ability suited for photovoltaic power generation systems. The operation of the Z source inverter is described with relevant equations. Simple boost scheme is used for switching actions of the inverter. The performance of the inverter used for photovoltaic applications can be checked with simulation and experimental results, which prove that it has single-stage buck and boost capability and improved reliability.
This paper introduces a new topology of multilevel inverter, which is able to operate at high performance. This proposed circuit achieves requirements of reduced number of switches, gate-drive circuits, and high design flexibility. In most cases fifteen-level inverters need at least twelve switches. The proposed topology has only ten switches. The inverter has a quasi-sine output voltage, which is formed by level generator and polarity changer to produce the desired voltage and current waveforms. The detailed operation of the proposed inverter is explained. The theoretical analysis and design procedure are given. Simulation results are presented to confirm the analytical approach of the proposed circuit. A 15-level and 31-level multilevel inverters were designed and tested at 50 Hz.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A Integrated Technique of SIDO PFC Fly back Converter in power systemIJMTST Journal
Energy saving is the major international efforts to control down the global warming .Power electronics based devices has being improving day by day for saving the electrical energy in the power grids. The govt. of India is also contributing several projects based on energy conservation. The Designing of a single-inductor dual output (SIDO) fly-back power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, in which the PFC and power conversion are done at the same time, multiplexing of a single-inductor is implemented through which each output can be regulated independently. The converter will be operating under in critical conduction mode (CRM). A SIDO PFC converter is a system of dual efficient DC output obtained from the AC source, it can also be replaced by solar panel and our system is capable of running a dc motor also, fly back converter can be used in both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion process. The efficiency along with power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time and output accuracy of this converter will be improved by implementing the neural network as controllers in the system
Modern trend in power generation is the use of two-stage configuration i.e., allocating a single PV cell
to a converter to produce grid voltage of adequate requirement and then to convert DC to AC voltage for grid
cnnection. Usually, the first stage is a DC-DC boost type converter which is responsible for extracting maximum
power from panel and boosting PV voltage to a value higher than peak of grid voltage. A converter is proposed,
which is derived from an active network based converter, is chosen as the first stage and a five level inverter is
used as the second stage of the configuration. Thus, in overall, the converter used is having high gain and reduced
switching stress. The Inverter used is having the advantage of low filter requirement, reduced stress, EMI and
reduced THD level. A closed loop control of the converter is done to maintain constant output voltage under
varying input voltage. MATLAB R2014a version software is used to simulate the model. The prototype of the
two stage configuration was developed and tested in the laboratory and results were verified using PIC 16F877A.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The existing mixer grinder comprises of the universal motor operating in alternating current supply due to high starting torque characteristics and simple controlling of the speed. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the Brushless DC (BLDC) extends its lifetime and makes it ideal in a mixer grinder. A novel solar-powered BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC boost converter has been utilised to operate a PV (photovoltaic) array at its highest power. The proposed hysteresis current control BLDC system has been developed in the MATLAB. A performance comparison is made using the commercially available mixer grinder along with the simulated proposed system.
Development of a Microcontroller Based 12/24 Volts Push-Pull Inverter Systemiosrjce
Conventional power inverter systems are normally specified to work with a single nominal battery
voltage. This is somewhat restrictive and causes downtimes when d.c power sources of specified voltages are not available.
In this work, a push-pull inverter circuit that generates its rated output voltage from either a 12Volts or 24 Volts d.c source
was developed. The circuit, based on a PIC 16F877A microcontroller, determines the battery voltage and generates the
required MOSFET gate drive signals required to generate a 240 volts r.m.s modified square wave output waveform. The
developed circuit and the associated microcontroller firmware were designed and modelled using proteus® software and
MicroC software respectively. The circuit was constructed, programmed and then tested. The circuit generated 240 volts
r.m.s output waveforms when it was powered from either a 12 volts or a 24 volts d.c voltage sources.
A solar fed BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder using a buck converter IJECEIAES
In large and small scale applications, different kinds of variable speed driving systems can be found. For saving the energy consumption of these devices, eco-friendly electronics are used, which lead to the development of the Brushless DC motor (BLDC). Its higher power density, higher efficiency, higher torque at low speed, and low maintenance enhances the use of a BLDC motor. The existing mixer grinder consists of the universal motor, which operates in alternating current supply due to high starting torque characteristics and simple controlling of the speed. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the BLDC extends its life and makes it ideal in a mixer grinder. A solar-powered BLDC motor drive for a mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC buck converter is utilized to operate the PV (photovoltaic) array at its maximum power. The proposed hysteresis current control BLDC system has been developed in the MATLAB. The commercially available mixer grinder is presented along with the proposed simulated system for performance comparison. It can be concluded that at the no load condition, the efficiency of the experimental existing mixer grinder is 51.03% and simulated proposed system is 81.25% and at load condition, the efficiency of the experimental mixer grinder is 49.32% and simulated system is 79.85%.
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for 21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Single Phase Eleven Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for Photovo...IJMER
Abstract: A Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter is a power electronic converter built to synthesize a desired ac voltage
from several levels of dc voltages with better harmonic spectrum. Such inverters are suitable for high voltage and high
power applications and have been an important development in recent years. This paper presents the performance of a
eleven level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter topology with multicarrier pulse width modulation technique for
photovoltaic cell. This inverter is capable of producing eleven levels of output voltage from the dc supply voltage. This
topology magnifies the fundamental output voltage with reduction in total harmonic distortion . The output is drawn near the
sine wave because of more levels. It can also be easily extended to an m-level inverter. The performance of the proposed
PWM strategy in terms of output voltage and THD is shown using MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: Multilevel inverter, Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter, Multicarrier pulse width modulation, PV cell, Total
harmonic distortion.
Application of single phase matrix converter topology to an uninterruptible p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A single phase Z source inverter is developed for better voltage boosting and inversion ability suited for photovoltaic power generation systems. The operation of the Z source inverter is described with relevant equations. Simple boost scheme is used for switching actions of the inverter. The performance of the inverter used for photovoltaic applications can be checked with simulation and experimental results, which prove that it has single-stage buck and boost capability and improved reliability.
This paper introduces a new topology of multilevel inverter, which is able to operate at high performance. This proposed circuit achieves requirements of reduced number of switches, gate-drive circuits, and high design flexibility. In most cases fifteen-level inverters need at least twelve switches. The proposed topology has only ten switches. The inverter has a quasi-sine output voltage, which is formed by level generator and polarity changer to produce the desired voltage and current waveforms. The detailed operation of the proposed inverter is explained. The theoretical analysis and design procedure are given. Simulation results are presented to confirm the analytical approach of the proposed circuit. A 15-level and 31-level multilevel inverters were designed and tested at 50 Hz.
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drive Fed from a Photovoltaic Multil...IJERA Editor
This paper presents Direct Torque Control (DTC) using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) for an induction motor drive fed from a photovoltaic multilevel inverter (PV-MLI). The system consists of two main parts PV DC power supply (PVDC) and MLI. The PVDC is used to generate DC isolated sources with certain ratios suitable for the adopted MLI. Beside the hardware system, the control system which uses the torque and speed estimation to control the load angle and to obtain the appropriate flux vector trajectory from which the voltage vector is directly derived based on direct torque control methods. The voltage vector is then generated by a hybrid multilevel inverter by employing space vector modulation (SVM). The inverter high quality output voltage which leads to a high quality IM performances. Besides, the MLI switching losses is very low due to most of the power cell switches are operating at nearly fundamental frequency. Some selected simulation results are presented for system validation.
Application ofBoost Inverter to Multi Input PV systemIJERA Editor
With the shortage of the energy and ever increasing of the oil price, research on the renewable and green energy
sources, especially the solar arrays and the fuel cells, becomes more and more important. How to achieve high
step- up and high efficiency DC/DC converters is the major consideration in the renewable power applications
due to the low voltage of PV arrays and fuel cells. The conventional boost converters increase the harmonics
rate and add an extra stage of power conversion. This paper proposes a boost dc-ac inverter that can invert and
boost the output voltage in a single stage. In this paper the proposed boost dc-ac inverter is applied to the solar
power panels and is simulated using Simulink. The output results of the boost inverter are worthy promising.
Design and Development of Power Electronic Controller for Grid-connected PV A...IJAPEJOURNAL
Design and simulation of a simple power electronic interface for grid-connected PV array has been proposed using boost converter and line-commutated inverter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The output of PV array varies with irradiation, and hence the duty cycle of the PI controller is adjusted automatically to supply a constant DC voltage to the inverter circuit, the output of which is directly connected to the grid. The MPPT controller extracts maximum power from the solar array and feeds it to the single-phase utility grid. The proposed scheme has been modeled in the MATLAB 7.1 software and the complete system has been simulated for open loop and closed loop configurations. The active power fed to the grid is taken for different firing angles in open loop mode and the firing angle for maximum power has been determined. This is compared with the firing angle obtained from the closed loop mode and found that both results agree with each other.
Novel Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter Formed by Floating CapacitorsIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a new single-phase bridge inverter is described which can
generate a more steps of voltage levels with reduced number of switches,
gate driver circuits and diodes as compare to normal multilevel inverter.
Another feature of this inverter is its ability to prodeuce the voltages from a
single dc-link power supply which enables back-to-back operation of
converter. The proposed method with more number of levels can improve
power quality, lower switching losses and produce high quality voltage
waveforms. Moreover at all load power factors the proposed method can be
operated.The research of the model is done by means of computer simulation
with the software MATLAB/SIMULINK. This topology has very low
common mode voltage variation and dv/dt stress. Also this inverter is help
full for reactive power compensation.
This paper presented single DC bus single phase seven level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter for multi-panel photovoltaic grid-connected applications. A single DC bus supplying flyback converters to produce DC link voltages for CHB cells is suggested. A balanced operation of CHB inverter cells is obtained irrespective to power unbalance occurred by individual maximum power point tracking boost converter of photovoltaic (PV) panels due to the non-uniform irradiation and partial shading. A DC bus voltage control system with addition of estimated DC bus ripple voltage to the reference is proposed to eliminate the second order harmonic contained in the feedback voltage of DC bus enabling to design high bandwidth of DC voltage control loop. This produces fast dynamic response, low total harmonic distortion (THD) of grid current and smaller DC bus capacitance. Mathematical modeling of bus voltage control system is presented. PSIM simulation program is used and the simulation results are obtained to validate the proposed control system.
Performance of Photovoltaic Assisted Five Level Diode Clamped Inverter fed In...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents the simulation and analysis of Photovoltaic assisted three phase five level Diode Clamped multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive. Photovoltaic technology is one of the most promising for distributed low power generation. Its ability to produce power by directly converting solar energy has led to tremendous surge in its demand. The Photovoltaic output DC is fed to the boost converter to step up the voltage. The use of multilevel inverters have become popular in recent years for high power applications and an effective and practical solution for increasing power and reducing harmonics of AC waveforms. So, here a five level multilevel inverter is used for generating AC voltage from five levels of DC voltages and enhance the performance of the system. The proposed system is used to reduce the amplitudes of all harmonics at the output of the inverter. The power quality improves by reducing the harmonics level. The simulation results for the proposed system are verified using Mat lab / Simulink. The TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD) for Diode Clamped multi-level inverter is compared with the three phase inverter and it can be observed that in the higher levels the THD is reduced.
Comparative performance of modular with cascaded H-bridge three level invertersIJECEIAES
The conventional two-level inverter becomes no longer has the ability to cope with the high-power requirement, so this paper discusses two very common topologies of multilevel inverter like modular multilevel converter (MMC) and cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverter for induction motor drive applications. This work attempts to investigate the comparison between MMC and CHB. The comparison is done in aspects of the configuration, concept of operation, advantages and disadvantages, the comparison is also considering output voltage (line to line) waveform, total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output line voltage waveform and the current drawn by both inverters. The performance of the inverters under carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM) technique and mainly in-phase disposition (IPD), level shifted pulse width modulation is viewed. The paper discusses the comparison between the two multilevel inverters (MLIs) with motor drive applications especially induction motor. The operation of the motor is studied under certain value of load torque. The simulation results for the induction motor with the two inverters (modular multilevel and Cascaded H-bride) for three numbers of levels using MATLAB/Simulink are provided). The obtained results are encouraging and promising especially in the improvement of the THD% results.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
Hardware Implementation of Solar Based Boost to SEPIC Converter Fed Nine Leve...IJPEDS-IAES
Multi level inverters are widely used in high power applications because of
low harmonic distortion. This paper deals with the simulation
and implementation of PV based boost to SEPIC converter with multilevel
inverter. The output of PV system is stepped up using boost to sepic
converter and it is converted into AC using a multilevel inverter.
The simulation and experimental results with the R load is presented in this
paper. The FFT analysis is done and the THD values are compared. Boost to
SEPIC converter is proposed to step up the voltage to the required value. The
experimental results are compared with the simulation results. The results
indicate that nine level inverter system has better performance than seven
level inverter system.
This paper proposes a non-isolated three port SEPIC converter for stand-alone photovoltaic applications. The proposed topology uses the Single Input Multi Output (SIMO) structure. This topology consists of a single photovoltaic source as input and it is a unidirectional power converter. Mathematical analysis for the proposed system is performed and simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The design parameters of capacitors and inductors are calculated from small ripple analysis. The simulation analysis for the proposed open loop topology is verified using a real time hardware setup.The entire process is carried out in Continuous Current Mode (CCM) of operation. The experimental results for hardware are verified with simulations and compared.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
The two basic topologies of switch mode DC-DC converters (Buck and Boost) are analyzed with a view of their use in PV (photovoltaic) systems, as the photovoltaic generator exhibits non-linear characteristics due to the change in environmental condition and load variation. As the efficiency of PV panels is low it becomes mandatory to extract maximum power from the PV panel at a given period of time. Several MPPT algorithms with different types of converters are being proposed for extracting maximum power from the PV panel. It is found that the nature of load plays an important role in the choice of topology. This paper investigates the implementation issues of Incremental Conductance method with Buck and Boost Converters. Mathematical analysis and desirable steady-state operating point of the converters are derived to give satisfactory maximum power point tracking operation.
Similar to A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform solar inverter topologies: Half bridge and full bridge (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform… (Aicha Chemseddine)
3385
2. HALF BRIDGE SQUARE WAVEFORM SOLAR INVERTER CIRCUIT
Figure 1 presents a single phase half bridge square waveform photovoltaicinverter which is
composed of two stages: dc-dc and dc-ac stage. The dc-dc stage is a boost converter which is used to convert
the low voltages produced by the PV modules (12-24V) into V 440 to have an RMS voltage value equal to
220V by the half bridge inverter. The output of the boost converter is connected in parallel with tow
capacitors dividers to get 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑏 2⁄ when :𝑆2 is on and 𝑆3 is off and get 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑏 2⁄ when 𝑆3 is on and
𝑆2 is off [16-20]. The swiches of this topology would be driven by simple square pulses.
Figure 1. Single phase half bridge square waveform inverter stages
3. FULL BRIDGE SQUARE WAVEFORM SOLARINVERTER CIRCUIT
Figure 2 presents a single phase full bridge square waveform solar inverter which is also composed
of two stages as the half bridge one: a dc-dc and a dc-ac stage. The dc-dc stage is a boost converter which is
used to convert the low voltages produced by the PV modules (12-24V) into a Vdc equal to 220 to have an
RMS voltage value equal to 220V by the full bridge inverter. The output of the boost converter is connected
in parallel with two legs and each leg is composed of two inverting switches connected in series. The output
voltage of the inverter equal to 𝑉𝑏 when𝑆2 and 𝑆5 are on and 𝑆3 and 𝑆4 are off and equal to −𝑉𝑏 when 𝑆3 and
𝑆4 are on and 𝑆2 and 𝑆5 are off [21-25]. The swiches would be driven by simple square pulses.
Figure 2. Single phase half bridge square waveform inverter stages
4. DESIGN OF THE BOOST CONVERTER
Figure 3 shows the basic configuration of a boost converter, its composed of an inductor, a switch:
IGBT or a MOSFET transistor, a diode and a capacitor. In this part of the paper we will presents how to size
and calculate the parameters of each one of its components which depend on the output voltage
and current [26-28].
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2020 : 3384 - 3392
3386
Figure 3. The boost converter power stage [26].
4.1. Duty cycle
𝐷 = 1 −
𝑉𝐼𝑁
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
× 𝜂 (1)
Where,
𝑉𝐼𝑁: Is the voltage coming from the PV module which is equal to 12V or 24V.
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇: Is the desired voltage 220 for the full bridge inverter and 440V for the half bridge one.
𝜂: The inverter efficiency.
4.2. Inductor selection
Equation 2 [26] presents a good estimation for the right inductor:
𝐿 =
𝑉𝐼𝑁 × (𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 − 𝑉𝐼𝑁)
Δ𝑙𝑙 × 𝑓𝑆 × 𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
(2)
Where,
Δ𝑙𝑙: The estimated inductor ripple current, a good estimation for the inductor ripple current is 20% to 40% of
the output current.
𝑓𝑆: Minimum switching frequency of the converter.
4.3. Inductor ripple current
The inductor ripple current is calculated by the expression [26]:
Δ𝑙𝑙 = (0.2 𝑡𝑜 0.4) × 𝐼 𝑂𝑈𝑇(𝑀𝐴𝑋) (3)
Where,
𝐼 𝑂𝑈𝑇(𝑀𝐴𝑋): The maximum output current.
4.4. Output capacitor selection
Capacitors are used to minimize the ripple on the output voltage. The following equation can be
used to adjust the output capacitor values for a desired output voltage ripple [26]:
𝐶 𝑂𝑈𝑇(𝑀𝐼𝑁) =
𝐼 𝑂𝑈𝑇(𝑀𝐴𝑋) × 𝐷
𝑓𝑆 × Δ𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
(4)
5. SIMULATION PROCEDURES
In this part two stand-alone square waveform inverters topologies have been simulated on ISIS
Proteus software: a half and a full bridge inverter. Each one of them has been designed to deliver an output
power equal to 1000 wat and an output voltage equal to 220V with 50HZ of frequency. The PWMs used to
control the circuit switches have been generated and controlled by the PIC 16F877A.
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform… (Aicha Chemseddine)
3387
5.1. The half bridge inverter circuit description
This inverter is composed of two stages: a dc-dc and a dc-ac stage as shown in Figure 4. The dc-dc
stage Figure 5 is a boost converter that converts the panel voltage Vp=24V into Vb=440V. An IGBT
(IRG4PC50S) is used as a switch controlled by the PIC 16F877A and the IR211 driver. The output of
the boost converter is connected in parallel with tow capacitors connected in series and a leg of two IGBTs
(IRG4PC50KD) connected also in seriesto get an output voltage Vo= Vb/2=220V when t=T/2 and
Vo=-Vb/2=-220 when t=T Figure 6. Table 1 presents the boost parameters, they were determined using
the (1-4).
Figure 4. The boost simulated circuit of the half bridge inverter
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2020 : 3384 - 3392
3388
Figure 5. The haf bridge inverter simulated circuit
HIN
10
LIN
12
VB
6
HO
7
VS
5
LO
1
COM
2
SD
11
VC
3 U10
IR2112
D11(A)
R10
10
D14
1N4007G
D11
1N4007G C12
470nC10
47u
D1
1N4007G
B1
24V
L1
49mH
C1
161u
b
Q5
IRG4PC50KD
Q20
IRG4PC50KD
HIN
10
LIN
12
VB
6
HO
7
VS
5
LO
1
COM
2
SD
11
VC
3 U1
IR2112
C100
10u
C2
470n
D10(A)
D10
1N4007G
R1
33
R20
33
U30
NOT
b
U3
AND
U5
AND
RA0/AN0
2
RA1/AN1
3
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF
4
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT
6
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
7
RE0/AN5/RD
8
RE1/AN6/WR
9
RE2/AN7/CS
10
OSC1/CLKIN
13
OSC2/CLKOUT
14
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
16
RC2/CCP1
17
RC3/SCK/SCL
18
RD0/PSP0
19
RD1/PSP1
20
RB7/PGD
40
RB6/PGC
39
RB5
38
RB4
37
RB3/PGM
36
RB2
35
RB1
34
RB0/INT
33
RD7/PSP7
30
RD6/PSP6
29
RD5/PSP5
28
RD4/PSP4
27
RD3/PSP3
22
RD2/PSP2
21
RC7/RX/DT
26
RC6/TX/CK
25
RC5/SDO
24
RC4/SDI/SDA
23
RA3/AN3/VREF+
5
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
15
MCLR/Vpp/THV
1
U2
PIC16F877A
+88.8
Volts
d1
d2
U30(D)
R2
194
A
B
C
D
Q1
IRG4PC50S
U10(LIN)
C3
100u
C4
100u
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform… (Aicha Chemseddine)
3389
Figure 6. Theoutput voltageofthe half bridge inverter
Table 1. Boost converter parameters of the half bridge inverter
Parameters Symbol Value
Duty cycle D 0.94
Minimum switching frequency of the converter
Sf 1kHz
Desired inductor ripple current (20% of the output current) Δ𝑙 𝐿 0.454
Desired output voltage ripple (3% of output voltage) Δ𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 13.2V
Maximum output current (𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 𝑅⁄ ) 𝐼 𝑂𝑈𝑇 2.27A
5.2. The full bridge inverter circuit description
This inverter is also composed of two stages: a dc-dc and a dc-ac as shown in Figure 7 .The dc-dc
stage Figure 8 is a boost converter that converts the panel voltage Vp=24V into Vb=220V. An IGBT
(IRG4PC50S) is used as a switch controlled by the IR211 driver. The output of the boost converter is
connected in parallel with two capacitors in series and two legs, each leg contains two IGBTs
(IRG4PC50KD) in series to give an output voltage Vo=(+Vb/2+Vb/2=+Vb=220V) when t=T/2 and
Vo=(-Vb/2-Vb/2=-Vb=-220V) when t=T. Table 2 presents the Boost converter parameters of the full bridge
inverter.
Figure 7. The boost simulated circuit of the full bridge inverter
HIN
10
LIN
12
VB
6
HO
7
VS
5
LO
1
COM
2
SD
11
VC
3 U10
IR2112
D11(A)
R10
10
D14
1N4007G
D11
1N4007G C12
470nC10
47u
B1
24V
L1
11.7mH
C1
0.6m
b
Volts
+200
U30(D)
U10(LIN)
Q1
IRG4PC50S
D1
1N4007G
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2020 : 3384 - 3392
3390
Figure 8. The full bridge inverter simulated circuit
Table 2. Boost converter parameters of the full bridge inverter
Parameters Symbol Value
Duty cycle D 0.89
Minimum switching frequency of the converter Sf 1kHz
Desired inductor ripple current (20% of the output current) Δ𝑙 𝐿 0.908
Desired output voltage ripple (3% of output voltage) Δ𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 6.6V
Maximum output current (𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 𝑅⁄ ) 𝐼 𝑂𝑈𝑇 4.54A
6. SIMULATION RESUTS AND COMPARISON
As presented in Figues 4 and 7, the output voltages of boost converters are different: 220V for
the one used in the full bridge inverter and 440V for that one used in the half bridge inverter that make
theircomponents parameters different using the same switching frequency and the input voltage, the main
differences between the two inverters cited in the points below indicate that the half bridge inverter has less
conduction losses than the full bridge inverter , due to the high output voltage of its boost converter, whereas,
this high voltage could makes a risk on operators and the system, that leads to the use of an important
isolation. Also the half bridge inverter has a simpler circuit design than the full bridge inverter wich reduces
the cost and the time of asemblage
6.1. Desired output voltage ripple
As shown in Figures 9 and 10 the output voltage ripple of the boost converter used in half bridge
inverter is more important than that of full bridge output voltage ripple they are the double because 3% of
220V equal to 6.6 and 3% of 440V equal to 13.2.
HIN
10
LIN
12
VB
6
HO
7
VS
5
LO
1
COM
2
SD
11
VC
3 U10
IR2112
D11(A)
R10
10
D14
1N4007G
D11
1N4007G C12
470nC10
47u
B1
24V
L1
11.7mH
C1
0.6m
b
Q5
IRG4PC50KD
Q20
IRG4PC50KD
HIN
10
LIN
12
VB
6
HO
7
VS
5
LO
1
COM
2
SD
11
VC
3 U1
IR2112
C100
10u
C2
470n
D10(A)
D10
1N4007G
R1
33
R20
33
U30
NOT
Q3
IRG4PC50KD
Q4
IRG4PC50KD
HIN
10
LIN
12
VB
6
HO
7
VS
5
LO
1
COM
2
SD
11
VC
3 U4
IR2112
C3
10u
C4
470n
D2(A)
D2
1N4007G
R3
33
R4
33
U6
NOT
b
U30(D)
U6(D)
R2
49
U10(LIN)
Q1
IRG4PC50S
D1
1N4007G
A
B
C
D
C5
100u
C6
100u
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform… (Aicha Chemseddine)
3391
Figure 9.The boost converter output voltage used in the half bridge inverter
Figure 10.The boost converter output voltage used in the full bridge inverter
6.2. The output voltage in the half bridge inverter
As has been sized, the boost converter of the half bridge inverter has to deliver an output voltage
equal to 440V this high voltage could be a risk on operators and the system which leads to the use of an
important isolation, however,the advantage of this topology voltage is to reduce the current following
the IGBTs into the half and by consequently the conduction losses in the IGBTs with 50% (200% less than
that in the IGBTs of the full bridge inverter).
6.3. Duty cycle and conduction losses
As presented in Tables 1 and 2 the duty cycle of the boost used in the half bridge inverter topology
is higher than that used in the full bridge topology with 5 % (10 % higher than a full bridge inverter) that
enhances the conduction losses in the IGBT with the same amount, because the conduction losses are present
during the period of the duty cycle [15, 19].
6.4. The boost inductor and output capacitor
As shown in Table 1, the boost converter used in the full bridge inverter topology has a higher
capacitor capacitancethan that one used in the half bridge inverter topology but the contrary for the inductor
inductance: the boost converter used in the half bridge inverter has a higher inductor inductance than that one
of the full bridge converter.
6.5. The component number
The full bridge inverter contains more components than the half bridge inverter due to the presence
of one more leg of switches which makes its circuit more complex. Also the production cost of the full bridge
inverter is higher than that of half bridge inverter because of the time and the effort of the assemblage.
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper a comparative study between tow topologies of stand-alone square waveform
photovoltaic inverters has been done, simulating them on ISIS Proteus software. This study shows that
the pefomance and the simplicity of half bridge inverter are higher than those of full bidge inveter wich make
it the best solution in stand alone photovoltaic insallations that feed inductive loads and motors.
9. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2020 : 3384 - 3392
3392
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[17] Y. R. Kafle, et al., "Performance Comparison of Single-Phase Transformerless PV Inverter System,"
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![International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2020, pp. 3384~3392
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i4.pp3384-3392 3384
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE
A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform solar
inverter topologies: Half bridge and full bridge
Aicha Chemseddine1
, Noureddine Benabadji 2
, Ali Cheknane3
, Salah Eddine Mankour4
1,2
Laboratory of Analysis and Application of Radiation,
University of Science and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf, Algeria
3
Laboratory of Semiconductor and Functional Materials, Amar Tlidji University, Algeria
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf, Algeria
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 10, 2019
Revised Jan 12, 2020
Accepted Feb 2, 2020
In stand-alone photovoltaic installations the photovoltaic inverter allows
transforming the DC power produced by the photovoltaic modules into an
AC power. Depending on the shape of the AC output voltage generated by
the inverter there exist three main types of stand-alone PV inverters: pure
sine waveform inverters, modulated sine waveform inverters and square
waveform inverters and each type of these inverters is also divided into
different topologies. In this paper we will be interested and study the square
waveform stand-alone inverter topologies which are the half bridge and
the full bridge inverter topologies.
Keywords:
Boost converer
Full bridge inverter
Half bridge inverter
Photovoltaic inverter
Stand-alone installation Copyright © 2020 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Aicha Chemseddine,
Département de Physique,
Laboratoire d’analyse et d’application des rayonnements (LAAR),
Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d’Oran Mohamed Boudiaf,
BP 1505, El M’naouer, 31000 Oran Algérie.
Email: aicha.chemseddine@univ-usto.dz
1. INTRODUCTION
With the revolution and the advance of the use of photovoltaic installations all around the word,
many designs and conceptions of photovoltaic devices have been developed [1-3], especially the conception
and the design of DC-DC and DC-AC converters circuits [4-6]. Because of the low efficiency and the high
cost of solar modules in photovoltaic systems [7], the effiecicy and the cicuits simplicity of the other devices
of photovoltaic system have to be the most higher possible. A Stand-alone photovoltaic installation is an off
grid installation, in which the photovoltaic modules are the only source that generates the electric power to
feed a DC or an AC load [8]. Photovoltaic modules generate a DC electric power thus to feed an AC load in
stand-alone photovoltaic installation a stand-alone photovoltaic inverter has to be used to convert the DC
power produced by the photovoltaic modules into an AC power [9-12].
Depending on the shape of the AC output voltage generated by the inverter there exist three main
types of single phase stand-alone photovoltaic inverters: pure sinewaveform inverters, modulated waveform
inverters and square waveform inverters [13-15] and each type of these inverters is also divided into different
topologies: half bridge and full bridge for the square waveform inverters and multilevel (bridges) for
the modulated waveform and the pure sinewave inverters. Square waveform inverters are designed to feed
loads which have an important inductance [6] as motors because inductive loads allow having relatively pure
sinewave current. Looking for the most efficient and the simplest cicuit design of stand alone single phase
solar inveter to feed AC motors and inductive loads, in this paper we will be interested by the square
waveform single phase inverters doing a comparative study of the efficiency and the simplicity between
the half bridge and full bridge topologies simulating them on ISIS Proteus software.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/v07193852feb12jan10apr19y-201211024239/85/A-comparison-of-single-phase-standalone-square-waveform-solar-inverter-topologies-Half-bridge-and-full-bridge-1-320.jpg)
![Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A comparison of single phase standalone square waveform… (Aicha Chemseddine)
3385
2. HALF BRIDGE SQUARE WAVEFORM SOLAR INVERTER CIRCUIT
Figure 1 presents a single phase half bridge square waveform photovoltaicinverter which is
composed of two stages: dc-dc and dc-ac stage. The dc-dc stage is a boost converter which is used to convert
the low voltages produced by the PV modules (12-24V) into V 440 to have an RMS voltage value equal to
220V by the half bridge inverter. The output of the boost converter is connected in parallel with tow
capacitors dividers to get 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑏 2⁄ when :𝑆2 is on and 𝑆3 is off and get 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑏 2⁄ when 𝑆3 is on and
𝑆2 is off [16-20]. The swiches of this topology would be driven by simple square pulses.
Figure 1. Single phase half bridge square waveform inverter stages
3. FULL BRIDGE SQUARE WAVEFORM SOLARINVERTER CIRCUIT
Figure 2 presents a single phase full bridge square waveform solar inverter which is also composed
of two stages as the half bridge one: a dc-dc and a dc-ac stage. The dc-dc stage is a boost converter which is
used to convert the low voltages produced by the PV modules (12-24V) into a Vdc equal to 220 to have an
RMS voltage value equal to 220V by the full bridge inverter. The output of the boost converter is connected
in parallel with two legs and each leg is composed of two inverting switches connected in series. The output
voltage of the inverter equal to 𝑉𝑏 when𝑆2 and 𝑆5 are on and 𝑆3 and 𝑆4 are off and equal to −𝑉𝑏 when 𝑆3 and
𝑆4 are on and 𝑆2 and 𝑆5 are off [21-25]. The swiches would be driven by simple square pulses.
Figure 2. Single phase half bridge square waveform inverter stages
4. DESIGN OF THE BOOST CONVERTER
Figure 3 shows the basic configuration of a boost converter, its composed of an inductor, a switch:
IGBT or a MOSFET transistor, a diode and a capacitor. In this part of the paper we will presents how to size
and calculate the parameters of each one of its components which depend on the output voltage
and current [26-28].](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)